2016 AMC 12A 第 25 题

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25.

kk 为正整数。Bernardo 和 Silvia 轮流在黑板上写数和擦数:Bernardo 先写下最小的 k+1k+1 位完全平方数。每当 Bernardo 写下一个数,Silvia 就擦去它的最后 kk 位数字。然后 Bernardo 写下下一个完全平方数,Silvia 再擦去最后 kk 位,如此继续,直到黑板上最后留下的两个数相差至少 22。令 f(k)f(k) 为黑板上没有出现过的最小正整数。例如,当 k=1k=1 时,Bernardo 写下的数为 16162525363649496464;Silvia 擦除后黑板上显示的数为 1122334466,因此 f(1)=5f(1)=5。求 f(2)+f(4)f(2)+f(4) +f(6)++f(2016)+f(6)+\cdots+f(2016) 的各位数字之和。

Let kk be a positive integer. Bernardo and Silvia take turns writing and erasing numbers on a blackboard as follows: Bernardo starts by writing the smallest perfect square with k+1k+1 digits. Every time Bernardo writes a number, Silvia erases the last kk digits of it. Bernardo then writes the next perfect square, Silvia erases the last kk digits of it, and this process continues until the last two numbers that remain on the board differ by at least 2.2. Let f(k)f(k) be the smallest positive integer not written on the board. For example, if k=1,k=1, then the numbers that Bernardo writes are 16,16, 25,25, 36,36, 49,49, and 64,64, and the numbers showing on the board after Silvia erases are 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, and 6,6, and thus f(1)=5.f(1)=5. What is the sum of the digits of f(2)+f(4)f(2)+f(4) +f(6)++f(2016)?+f(6)+\cdots+f(2016)?

79867986

80028002

80308030

80488048

80648064

答案:E
知识点:完全平方数取整函数数字
难度评级:2720
小提示:

对偶数 k=2jk=2j,黑板上显示的数是 n210k\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{10^{k}}\right\rfloor,其中 n10jn\ge 10^{j}

For even k=2j,k=2j, the numbers shown are n210k\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{10^{k}}\right\rfloor for n10jn\ge 10^{j}

大提示:

证明 f(2j)=102j4+10jf(2j)=\dfrac{10^{2j}}{4}+10^{j},然后对 jj 求和。

Show f(2j)=102j4+10j,f(2j)=\dfrac{10^{2j}}{4}+10^{j}, then add over jj

解答:

k=2jk=2j。最小的 k+1k+1 位完全平方数是 10k=(10j)210^{k}=(10^{j})^2。Silvia 擦除数字后,黑板上显示的数为 n210k\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{10^{k}}\right\rfloor,其中 n=10j,10j+1,n=10^{j}, 10^{j}+1,\ldots

M=10kM=10^k。从 nnn+1n+1 要出现至少为 22 的跳跃,需要 (n+1)2n2=2n+1>M(n+1)^2-n^2=2n+1\gt M,因此写 n=M2+mn=\frac{M}{2}+m,其中 m0m\ge0。当 m=0m=0 时跳跃只有 11,所以第一次更大的跳跃满足 m1m\ge1。令 A=n2MA=\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{M}\right\rfloorB=(n+1)2MB=\left\lfloor\frac{(n+1)^2}{M}\right\rfloor。因为 MM 能被 44 整除,A=M4+m+m2M,B=M4+m+1+(m+1)2M \begin{aligned} A&=\dfrac M4+m+\left\lfloor\dfrac{m^2}{M}\right\rfloor,\\ B&=\dfrac M4+m+1\\ &\quad{}+\left\lfloor\dfrac{(m+1)^2}{M}\right\rfloor \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此第一次至少为 22 的跳跃出现在使 m2<M(m+1)2m^2\lt M\le(m+1)^2 成立的最小 mm 处。因为 M=10j\sqrt M=10^j,所以 m=10j1m=10^j-1。间隙之前最后显示的数是 M4+10j1\frac{M}{4}+10^j-1,所以最小的未出现正整数为 f(2j)=102j4+10jf(2j)=\dfrac{10^{2j}}4+10^j\text{。}

j=1,,1008j=1,\ldots,1008 求和,得到 j=11008f(2j)=25j=01007102j+10j=0100710j=2525252016 位数字+111101009 位数字 \begin{gathered} \sum_{j=1}^{1008}f(2j)\\ =25\sum_{j=0}^{1007}10^{2j}\\ {}+10\sum_{j=0}^{1007}10^{j}\\ =\underbrace{2525\cdots25}_{2016\text{ 位数字}}\\ {}+\underbrace{111\cdots10}_{1009\text{ 位数字}} \end{gathered}\text{。} 相加时没有进位,所以各位数字之和为 1008(2+5)1008\cdot(2+5) +10081=10088=8064+1008\cdot 1=1008\cdot 8=8064

所以正确答案是 E

Take k=2j.k=2j. The smallest perfect square with k+1k+1 digits is 10k=(10j)2,10^{k}=(10^{j})^2, and after Silvia erases, the numbers shown are n210k\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{10^{k}}\right\rfloor for n=10j,10j+1,n=10^{j}, 10^{j}+1,\ldots

Put M=10k.M=10^k. A jump of at least 22 from nn to n+1n+1 requires (n+1)2n2=2n+1>M,(n+1)^2-n^2=2n+1\gt M, so write n=M2+mn=\frac{M}{2}+m with m0.m\ge0. The case m=0m=0 gives a jump of only 1,1, so the first larger jump has m1.m\ge1. Let A=n2MA=\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{M}\right\rfloor and B=(n+1)2M.B=\left\lfloor\frac{(n+1)^2}{M}\right\rfloor. Because MM is divisible by 4,4, A=M4+m+m2M,B=M4+m+1+(m+1)2M. \begin{aligned} A&=\dfrac M4+m+\left\lfloor\dfrac{m^2}{M}\right\rfloor,\\ B&=\dfrac M4+m+1\\ &\quad{}+\left\lfloor\dfrac{(m+1)^2}{M}\right\rfloor. \end{aligned}

Therefore the first jump of at least 22 occurs at the first mm for which m2<M(m+1)2.m^2\lt M\le(m+1)^2. Since M=10j,\sqrt M=10^j, this is m=10j1.m=10^j-1. The last displayed value before the gap is M4+10j1,\frac{M}{4}+10^j-1, so the smallest missing integer is f(2j)=102j4+10j.f(2j)=\dfrac{10^{2j}}4+10^j.

Summing over j=1,,1008,j=1,\ldots,1008, j=11008f(2j)=25j=01007102j+10j=0100710j=2525252016 digits+111101009 digits. \begin{gathered} \sum_{j=1}^{1008}f(2j)\\ =25\sum_{j=0}^{1007}10^{2j}\\ {}+10\sum_{j=0}^{1007}10^{j}\\ =\underbrace{2525\cdots25}_{2016\text{ digits}}\\ {}+\underbrace{111\cdots10}_{1009\text{ digits}}. \end{gathered} There are no carries, so the digit sum is 1008(2+5)1008\cdot(2+5) +10081=10088=8064.+1008\cdot 1=1008\cdot 8=8064.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

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