2013 AMC 12B 第 25 题

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25.

GG 是所有如下形式多项式的集合:

P(z)=zn+cn1zn1++c2z2+c1z+50 \begin{aligned} &P(z) = z^n + c_{n-1}z^{n-1} + \cdots \\ &\quad {}+ c_2 z^2 + c_1 z + 50 \end{aligned}\text{,}

其中 c1c_1c2c_2\ldotscn1c_{n-1} 是整数,并且 P(z)P(z)nn 个互不相同的根,每个根形如 a+iba + ib,其中 aabb 为整数。集合 GG 中有多少个多项式?

Let GG be the set of polynomials of the form

P(z)=zn+cn1zn1++c2z2+c1z+50, \begin{aligned} &P(z) = z^n + c_{n-1}z^{n-1} + \cdots \\ &\quad {}+ c_2 z^2 + c_1 z + 50, \end{aligned}

where c1,c_1, c2,c_2, ,\ldots, cn1c_{n-1} are integers and P(z)P(z) has nn distinct roots of the form a+iba + ib with aa and bb integers. How many polynomials are in G?G?

288288

528528

576576

992992

10561056

答案:B
知识点:多项式复数因数个数分类讨论
难度评级:2720
小提示:

实系数使非实根成共轭对,所以 P(z)P(z) 可分解为线性因子 (zc)(z - c) 和二次因子 z22az+(a2+b2)z^2 - 2az + (a^2 + b^2),且每个因子的常数项都整除 5050

Real coefficients pair nonreal roots as conjugates, so P(z)P(z) factors into linear (zc)(z - c) and quadratic z22az+(a2+b2)z^2 - 2az + (a^2 + b^2) pieces, each with constant term dividing 5050

大提示:

5050 的每个因数 dd,数出大小为 dd 的基本因子,包括 a2+b2=da^2 + b^2 = d 的解以及 z±dz \pm d,再使所选因子的常数项乘积为 5050

For each divisor dd of 50,50, count the basic factors of magnitude dd (solutions of a2+b2=d,a^2 + b^2 = d, plus z±dz \pm d), then multiply choices so the constant terms multiply to 5050

解答:

因为系数为实数,非实根成共轭对,所以 P(z)P(z) 可分解为互不相同的线性因子 (zc)(z - c)(其中 cZc \in \mathbb{Z})以及二次因子 (z(a+ib))(z(aib))(z - (a+ib))(z - (a-ib)) =z22az+(a2+b2)= z^2 - 2az + (a^2 + b^2)。每个因子的常数项都整除 5050。对 d=1,2,5,10,25,50d=1,2,5,10,25,50,满足 a2+b2=da^2+b^2=db0b\ne0 的共轭对个数依次为 1,2,4,4,5,61,2,4,4,5,6。再加上两个线性选择 zd,z+dz-d,z+d,就得到 B1=3|B_1|=3B2=4|B_2|=4B5=6|B_5|=6B10=6|B_{10}|=6B25=7|B_{25}|=7B50=8|B_{50}|=8。把 5050 分解成若干个大于 11 的因子大小之积,方式有 50,252,10550,25\cdot2,10\cdot55525\cdot5\cdot2。在最后一种方式中,各根互不相同要求选取两个不同的 B5B_5 因子。最后,再计入 z+1z+1z2+1z^2+1 可以自由出现(而 z1z-1 是否出现由其余因子乘积的符号决定),总数为 22(8+74+66+4(62))=4(8+28+36+60)=528 \begin{aligned} &2^2\left(8 + 7\cdot 4 + 6\cdot 6 + 4\binom{6}{2}\right) \\ &\quad = 4(8 + 28 + 36 + 60) = 528 \end{aligned}\text{。} 所以正确答案是 B

Since the coefficients are real, nonreal roots occur in conjugate pairs, so P(z)P(z) factors into distinct linear factors (zc)(z - c) with cZc \in \mathbb{Z} and quadratics (z(a+ib))(z(aib))(z - (a+ib))(z - (a-ib)) =z22az+(a2+b2).= z^2 - 2az + (a^2 + b^2). Each factor’s constant term divides 50.50. For d=1,2,5,10,25,50,d=1,2,5,10,25,50, the numbers of conjugate pairs with a2+b2=da^2+b^2=d and b0b\ne0 are 1,2,4,4,5,6,1,2,4,4,5,6, respectively. Adding the two linear choices zd,z+dz-d,z+d gives B1=3,|B_1|=3, B2=4,|B_2|=4, B5=6,|B_5|=6, B10=6,|B_{10}|=6, B25=7,|B_{25}|=7, and B50=8.|B_{50}|=8. The factor-magnitude partitions of 5050 using values greater than 11 are 50,252,105,50,25\cdot2,10\cdot5, and 552.5\cdot5\cdot2. Distinct roots require choosing two different B5B_5 factors in the last case. Finally, account for the free presence of z+1z+1 and z2+1z^2+1 (with z1z-1 forced by the sign of the remaining product), gives 22(8+74+66+4(62))=4(8+28+36+60)=528. \begin{aligned} &2^2\left(8 + 7\cdot 4 + 6\cdot 6 + 4\binom{6}{2}\right) \\ &\quad = 4(8 + 28 + 36 + 60) = 528. \end{aligned} Thus, the correct answer is B.

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