2013 AMC 12B 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
在一月的某一天,内布拉斯加州 Lincoln 的最高气温比最低气温高 度,最高气温与最低气温的平均值是 。这一天 Lincoln 的最低气温是多少度?
On a particular January day, the high temperature in Lincoln, Nebraska, was degrees higher than the low temperature, and the average of the high and low temperatures was In degrees, what was the low temperature in Lincoln that day?
小提示:
最高和最低相差 ,所以它们各自离平均值 度。
The high and low differ by so each is away from their average
大提示:
最低气温比平均值 低 度。
The low temperature is below the average of
解答:
最高气温比最低气温高 ,所以最低气温比平均值低 。平均值为 ,因此最低气温为 。所以正确答案是 C。
The high exceeds the low by so the low is below the average. Since the average is the low temperature is Thus, the correct answer is C.
2.
Green 先生通过沿着长方形花园的两条边走路来测量花园,发现它是 步乘 步。他每一步长 英尺。Green 先生预计花园每平方英尺能产半磅土豆。他预计花园能产多少磅土豆?
Mr. Green measures his rectangular garden by walking two of the sides and finds that it is steps by steps. Each of Mr. Green’s steps is feet long. Mr. Green expects a half a pound of potatoes per square foot from his garden. How many pounds of potatoes does Mr. Green expect from his garden?
小提示:
先把步数换算成英尺:每步 英尺。
Convert steps to feet first: each step is feet
大提示:
将平方英尺面积乘以每平方英尺 磅。
Multiply the area in square feet by pound per square foot
解答:
花园的长和宽分别为 英尺和 英尺,面积为 平方英尺。每平方英尺能产半磅土豆,所以预计产量为 磅。正确答案是 A。
The garden is feet by feet, an area of square feet. At half a pound per square foot, Mr. Green expects pounds. Thus, the correct answer is A.
3.
从 数到 时, 是数到的第 个数。从 倒数到 时, 是数到的第 个数。 是多少?
When counting from to is the st number counted. When counting backwards from to is the th number counted. What is
答案:D
小提示:
倒数时, 是第 个数, 是第 个数,依此类推。
Counting backwards, is the st number, is the nd, and so on
大提示:
数值 是第 个被数到的数。
The value is the th number counted
解答:
从 往下数时,数值 是第 个数。因此 是第 个数。正确答案是 D。
Counting down from the value is the th number. So is the th number. Thus, the correct answer is D.
4.
Ray 的车平均每加仑汽油行驶 英里,Tom 的车平均每加仑汽油行驶 英里。Ray 和 Tom 各自行驶相同的英里数。两辆车合起来的每加仑英里数是多少?
Ray’s car averages miles per gallon of gasoline, and Tom’s car averages miles per gallon of gasoline. Ray and Tom each drive the same number of miles. What is the cars’ combined rate of miles per gallon of gasoline?
小提示:
合并油耗是总英里数除以总加仑数,不是两个油耗率的普通平均。
Combined mileage is total miles divided by total gallons, not the average of the two rates
大提示:
若每人行驶 英里,耗油分别为 与 加仑。
If each drives miles, the gallons used are and
解答:
若每人行驶 英里,两人共行驶 英里,耗油量为 加仑。因此合并油耗率为 英里每加仑。正确答案是 B。
If each drives miles, together they cover miles using gallons. The combined rate is miles per gallon. Thus, the correct answer is B.
5.
名五年级学生的平均年龄是 。他们的 位家长的平均年龄是 。这些家长和五年级学生全体的平均年龄是多少?
The average age of fifth-graders is The average age of of their parents is What is the average age of all of these parents and fifth-graders?
答案:C
小提示:
总平均年龄等于所有年龄总和除以总人数。
The overall average is the total of all ages divided by the total number of people
大提示:
年龄总和为 ,人数为 。
The total age is spread over people
解答:
家长年龄总和为 ,五年级学生年龄总和为 ,合计 。总人数为 ,所以平均年龄为 。正确答案是 C。
The parents’ ages sum to and the fifth-graders’ to a total of Dividing by people gives Thus, the correct answer is C.
6.
实数 和 满足方程 。 是多少?
Real numbers and satisfy the equation What is
答案:B
小提示:
将所有项移到一边,并分别对 与 配方。
Move every term to one side and complete the square in both and
大提示:
两个平方和等于 ,就迫使每个平方都等于 。
A sum of two squares equal to forces each square to be
解答:
整理并配方得 ,即 。因此 、,所以 。正确答案是 B。
Rearranging gives that is Hence and so Thus, the correct answer is B.
7.
Jo 和 Blair 轮流从 开始数,每次比对方上一轮说到的最后一个数多说一个数。Jo 先说“”,所以 Blair 接着说“、”。然后 Jo 说“、、”,依此类推。说出的第 个数是什么?
Jo and Blair take turns counting from to one more than the last number said by the other person. Jo starts by saying “”, so Blair follows by saying “ ”. Jo then says “ ”, and so on. What is the rd number said?
答案:E
小提示:
以 结尾的一轮,就是某人说 。
The turn that ends at consists of someone saying
大提示:
到以 结尾的那一轮结束时,总共说了 个数。
After the turn ending at a total of numbers have been said
解答:
到数到 的那一轮结束时,共说了 个数。当 时,这个总数为 。下一轮从 开始,所以第 个数是这一轮的第 个数,即 。正确答案是 E。
After the turn that counts up to exactly numbers have been said. For that is The next turn starts so the rd number is the th number of that turn, namely Thus, the correct answer is E.
8.
直线 的方程为 ,并经过点 。直线 的方程为 ,与 交于点 。直线 斜率为正,经过点 ,并与 交于点 。 的面积为 。 的斜率是多少?
Line has equation and goes through Line has equation and meets line at point Line has positive slope, goes through point and meets at point The area of is What is the slope of
小提示:
联立 与 ,求出 。
Find by solving together with
大提示:
点 到直线 的距离为 ,所以由 可求 。
The distance from to line is so gives
解答:
联立 与 ,得 。点 到直线 的距离为 ,所以 ,从而 。于是 或 ;后者会使 竖直,所以 。因此斜率为 。正确答案是 B。
Solving with gives The distance from to the line is so gives Then or the latter makes vertical, so and the slope is Thus, the correct answer is B.
9.
能整除 的最大完全平方数,其平方根的质因数分解中各指数之和是多少?
What is the sum of the exponents of the prime factors of the square root of the largest perfect square that divides ?
小提示:
分解 。
Factor
大提示:
最大平方因数只保留偶数指数;再把指数减半得到平方根。
The largest square divisor keeps only even exponents; halving them gives the square root
解答:
因为 ,能整除它的最大完全平方数为 ,其平方根为 。指数和为 。正确答案是 C。
Since the largest perfect square dividing it is whose square root is The exponents sum to Thus, the correct answer is C.
10.
Alex 有 个红色代币和 个蓝色代币。有一个摊位可以用两个红色代币换一个银色代币和一个蓝色代币;另一个摊位可以用三个蓝色代币换一个银色代币和一个红色代币。Alex 持续交换,直到无法再交换为止。最后 Alex 会有多少个银色代币?
Alex has red tokens and blue tokens. There is a booth where Alex can give two red tokens and receive in return a silver token and a blue token, and another booth where Alex can give three blue tokens and receive in return a silver token and a red token. Alex continues to exchange tokens until no more exchanges are possible. How many silver tokens will Alex have at the end?
小提示:
若第一个摊位交换 次,第二个摊位交换 次,则 Alex 剩下 个红色代币和 个蓝色代币。
After exchanges at the first booth and at the second, Alex has red and blue tokens
大提示:
交换停止时红色少于 个且蓝色少于 个;银色代币数为 。
Exchanges stop when fewer than red and fewer than blue remain; the silver count is
解答:
经过 次红色摊位交换和 次蓝色摊位交换后,Alex 有 个红色代币、 个蓝色代币,以及 个银色代币。停止时,红色代币数为 或 ,蓝色代币数为 ,或 。对这六种情形求解代币方程,只得到 ,终态为 ,或 ,终态为 。后者不可能到达:最后一次交换前的状态只能是 或 。因此 Alex 最终有 个银色代币。所以正确答案是 E。
After red-booth and blue-booth exchanges, Alex has red tokens, blue tokens, and silver tokens. At termination the red count is or and the blue count is or Solving the token equations over these six cases leaves only ending at or ending at The latter is unreachable: its final exchange would have to start at either or Hence Alex finishes with silver tokens. Thus, the correct answer is E.
11.
两只蜜蜂从同一点出发,并以相同速度按如下方向飞行。蜜蜂 先向北飞 英尺,再向东飞 英尺,再向上飞 英尺,然后不断重复这个模式。蜜蜂 先向南飞 英尺,再向西飞 英尺,然后不断重复这个模式。当两只蜜蜂恰好相距 英尺时,它们分别正朝什么方向飞?
Two bees start at the same spot and fly at the same rate in the following directions. Bee travels foot north, then foot east, then foot upwards, and then continues to repeat this pattern. Bee travels foot south, then foot west, and then continues to repeat this pattern. In what directions are the bees traveling when they are exactly feet away from each other?
向东, 向西
east, west
向北, 向南
north, south
向北, 向西
north, west
向上, 向南
up, south
向上, 向西
up, west
小提示:
以东、北、上分别为 方向建立坐标;两只蜜蜂之间的距离只会随时间增加。
Use coordinates with east, north, up as the bees only get farther apart over time
大提示:
计算每一英尺移动前后的距离,找出它何时跨过 。
Compute the distance right before and right after each foot to find where it crosses
解答:
取东、北、上为 方向。飞行 英尺后,蜜蜂 在 ,蜜蜂 在 ,距离为 。下一英尺中, 向东到 , 向西到 ,距离为 。所以它们相距 英尺时, 正向东, 正向西。正确答案是 A。
Take east, north, up as After feet bee is at and bee is at a distance On the next foot bee moves east to and bee moves west to a distance So they pass through feet apart while heads east and heads west. Thus, the correct answer is A.
12.
城市 、、、、 由道路 、、、、、、 连接。有多少条从 到 的不同路线,可以恰好使用每条道路一次?(这样的路线必然会多次经过某些城市。)
Cities and are connected by roads and How many different routes are there from to that use each road exactly once? (Such a route will necessarily visit some cities more than once.)
小提示:
城市 和 各只连接两条道路,所以它们像 - 与 - 连接上的绕行。
Cities and each touch only two roads, so they behave like detours on the – and – connections
大提示:
先在化简后的图上数从 到 的通路,再乘以独立绕行的选择数。
Count the trails from to on the reduced graph, then multiply by the independent detour choices
解答:
城市 (道路 )是在 - 旅程上的绕行,城市 (道路 )是在 - 旅程上的绕行。把它们化简后,得到只含 的图,其中有两条 - 连接、两条 - 连接和一条 - 道路。恰好各用一次的 到 通路有 类:、、、。每个绕行(经 、经 )都可放在两次经过中的任一次,所以每类给出 条实际路线,共 条。正确答案是 D。
City (roads ) is a detour on an – trip, and city (roads ) is a detour on a – trip. Replace them to get a graph on with two – connections, two – connections, and one – road. The trails from to using each once are of types: and Each detour (through through ) can be taken on either passage, so each type gives actual routes, for routes. Thus, the correct answer is D.
13.
四边形 的内角成等差数列。三角形 与 相似,且 、。此外,这两个三角形各自的角也都成等差数列。 中最大的两个角之和最大可能是多少度?
The internal angles of quadrilateral form an arithmetic progression. Triangles and are similar with and Moreover, the angles in each of these two triangles also form an arithmetic progression. In degrees, what is the largest possible sum of the two largest angles of
小提示:
一个三角形的三个角成等差数列,当且仅当中间角为 。
A triangle’s angles form an arithmetic progression exactly when its middle angle is
大提示:
令 、,则四边形 的四个角为 。它们必须成等差数列,并且三角形中有一个角等于 。
Let and the four angles of become which must be an arithmetic progression with one triangle angle equal to
解答:
三角形的三个角成等差数列,当且仅当中间的角为 。令 、,则四边形 的四个角为 ,它们本身也必须成等差数列。按递增顺序排列,它们只能是 或 ,于是分别得到 或 。而三角形的三个角 中有一个等于 。代入后只剩下两组角 和 。最大的两个角之和至多为 。所以正确答案是 D。
The angles of a triangle form an arithmetic progression exactly when the middle one is With and the four angles of are which must itself be an arithmetic progression. In increasing order they are either or giving or One of the triangle angles is Substitution leaves the angle sets and The two largest angles sum to at most Thus, the correct answer is D.
14.
两个非负整数的不降序列有不同的首项。每个序列都满足从第三项开始,每项都是前两项之和,并且两个序列的第七项都是 。 的最小可能值是多少?
Two non-decreasing sequences of nonnegative integers have different first terms. Each sequence has the property that each term beginning with the third is the sum of the previous two terms, and the seventh term of each sequence is What is the smallest possible value of
小提示:
用前两项 表示,第七项等于 。
In terms of the first two terms the seventh term equals
大提示:
令两个第七项相等,得到 ;由于 与 互质,必须有 是 的倍数。
Setting the two seventh terms equal gives coprimality of and forces to be a multiple of
解答:
以 开始的序列第七项为 。对两个序列,,所以 。因为 ,需要 是 的倍数,且 是 的倍数。设 ,并利用不降条件,有 。取 、、,得到 。正确答案是 C。
A sequence starting has seventh term For the two sequences, so Since we need to be a multiple of and to be a multiple of Taking with nondecreasing terms gives Choosing yields Thus, the correct answer is C.
15.
数字 被表示为
其中 和 都是正整数,且 尽可能小。求 ?
The number is expressed in the form
where and are positive integers and is as small as possible. What is
小提示:
分解 ,其最大质因数为 。
Factor its largest prime is
大提示:
某个 必须至少达到 ,所以 。但 还含有质因数 ,必须在分母中约去。
Some must reach so but also contains the prime which must be cancelled from the denominator
解答:
因为 ,分子中至少需要一个 来提供质因数 ,所以 。但是 还含有 所不含的质因数 ,所以分母中必须有 。因此 。取 、,并使用 ,可以达到这个下界。于是 。所以正确答案是 B。
Since the numerator needs a factorial at least to supply the prime so But also has a factor of which does not, so the denominator needs Thus attained by via Then Thus, the correct answer is B.
16.
设 是周长为 的等角凸五边形。延长五边形各边所得直线的两两交点形成一个五角星多边形。设这个五角星的周长为 。 的最大可能值与最小可能值之差是多少?
Let be an equiangular convex pentagon of perimeter The pairwise intersections of the lines that extend the sides of the pentagon determine a five-pointed star polygon. Let be the perimeter of this star. What is the difference between the maximum and the minimum possible values of
小提示:
等角五边形每个内角为 ,所以星形的每个尖角都是顶角为 的等腰三角形。
Each interior angle of an equiangular pentagon is so every point of the star is an isosceles triangle with a apex
大提示:
每个星尖的两条相等边,都是它所在五边形边长的同一个固定倍数 ,所以星形周长是五边形周长的 倍。
Each star point’s two equal sides are the same fixed multiple of the pentagon side it sits on, so the star perimeter is times the pentagon perimeter
解答:
等角五边形的内角全为 ,所以星形的每个尖角都是底角为 、顶角为 的等腰三角形。由于底角相等,每个尖角贡献的两条边都是其所对应五边形边长的同一固定倍数 。把五个尖角相加,星形周长为 ,与各边的具体长度无关。因此 是常数,其最大值与最小值之差为 。所以正确答案是 A。
An equiangular pentagon has all interior angles so each point of the star is an isosceles triangle with base angles and apex By the equal base angles, each point contributes two sides that are the same fixed multiple of the pentagon side it rests on. Summing over the five points, the star perimeter equals independent of the individual side lengths. So is constant, and the difference between its maximum and minimum values is Thus, the correct answer is A.
17.
设 、 和 为实数,满足
且
的最大可能值与最小可能值之差是多少?
Let and be real numbers such that
and
What is the difference between the maximum and minimum possible values of
小提示:
写成 和 。
Write and
大提示:
具有给定的和与平方和的实数 存在,当且仅当 。
Real with a given sum and sum of squares exist iff
解答:
由方程可得 和 。具有给定的和与平方和的实数 存在,当且仅当 ,也就是 。化简得 ,所以 。最大值与最小值之差为 。所以正确答案是 D。
From the equations, and Real numbers with a given sum and sum of squares exist iff i.e. This simplifies to so The difference is Thus, the correct answer is D.
18.
Barbara 和 Jenna 轮流进行如下游戏。桌上放着若干枚硬币。轮到 Barbara 时,她必须拿走 枚或 枚硬币;如果只剩一枚硬币,她就跳过这一轮。轮到 Jenna 时,她必须拿走 枚或 枚硬币。由抛硬币决定谁先走,拿走最后一枚硬币的人获胜。假设两人都采用最佳策略。当游戏分别从 枚和 枚硬币开始时,谁会获胜?
Barbara and Jenna play the following game, in which they take turns. A number of coins lie on a table. When it is Barbara’s turn, she must remove or coins, unless only one coin remains, in which case she loses her turn. When it is Jenna’s turn, she must remove or coins. A coin flip determines who goes first. Whoever removes the last coin wins the game. Assume both players use their best strategy. Who will win when the game starts with coins and when the game starts with coins?
Barbara 会在 枚硬币时获胜,Jenna 会在 枚硬币时获胜。
Barbara will win with coins, and Jenna will win with coins.
Jenna 会在 枚硬币时获胜,而 枚硬币时先手获胜。
Jenna will win with coins, and whoever goes first will win with coins.
Barbara 会在 枚硬币时获胜,而 枚硬币时后手获胜。
Barbara will win with coins, and whoever goes second will win with coins.
Jenna 会在 枚硬币时获胜,Barbara 会在 枚硬币时获胜。
Jenna will win with coins, and Barbara will win with coins.
枚硬币时先手获胜, 枚硬币时后手获胜。
Whoever goes first will win with coins, and whoever goes second will win with coins.
小提示:
追踪硬币数量模 的余数。
Track the number of coins modulo
大提示:
Jenna 可以总是在自己走完后恢复到 的倍数:Barbara 拿 时她拿 ,Barbara 拿 时她拿 ;再判断每个初始数量下谁能维持不变量。
Jenna can always restore a multiple of after her move, answering Barbara’s with and her with decide who can maintain the invariant for each starting count
解答:
按模 分析。因为 ,无论谁先走,Jenna 都能获胜。如果 Jenna 先走,她先拿走 枚,使剩余数量成为 的倍数;此后 Barbara 拿走 枚时,她就拿走 枚,Barbara 拿走 枚时,她就拿走 枚,从而始终留下 的倍数,并最终拿走最后一枚。如果 Jenna 后走,她可以使每轮结束后的硬币数保持 ,直到 Barbara 面对 枚硬币,只能拿走 枚,把最后一枚留给 Jenna。因为 ,这时先手获胜:Jenna 先走可把局面化为 枚的情形;Barbara 先走则可先拿走 枚,此后维持 的倍数。因此选择 B。所以正确答案是 B。
Work modulo With coins, Jenna wins either way: going first she takes to leave a multiple of then answers Barbara’s with and with to keep multiples of eventually taking the last coin; going second she keeps the count until Barbara is stuck at coins, must remove and leaves Jenna the last coin. With coins, whoever goes first wins: Jenna first reduces to the case, while Barbara first takes and then keeps multiples of This is choice B. Thus, the correct answer is B.
19.
在三角形 中,、、。不同的点 、、 分别在线段 、、 上,并且 、、。线段 的长度可写为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
In triangle and Distinct points and lie on segments and respectively, such that and The length of segment can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers. What is
小提示:
-- 三角形中的高 可得 、、。
The altitude in the -- triangle gives
大提示:
因为 ,所以 四点共圆;利用相似直角三角形求出 ,再由 计算。
Since points are concyclic; use similar right triangles to find then
解答:
从 到 的高可得 、、。因为 ,所以 ,从而 、。又因为 ,四边形 是圆内接四边形,所以 。于是直角三角形 与 相似,故 ,即 。因此 ,所以 。所以正确答案是 B。
The altitude from to gives Because triangle giving and Since quadrilateral is cyclic, so making right triangles and similar: so Hence and Thus, the correct answer is B.
20.
当 时,点 、、、 是一个梯形的四个顶点。求 。
For points and are the vertices of a trapezoid. What is
小提示:
四个点都在抛物线 上;连接参数为 和 的两点所得弦的斜率为 。
All four points lie on the parabola the slope of the chord joining parameters and is
大提示:
在这个范围内,平行边必须是 与 ,所以 。
On this range the parallel sides must be and so
解答:
每个点 都在 上,而连接参数为 的两点所得弦的斜率为 。当 时, 和 都介于 与 之间,所以 、 位于 、 之间,平行边为 和 。由斜率相等可得 。两边乘以 并化简,得 。两边平方,再利用 ,可得 。它在 中唯一的根为 。所以正确答案是 A。
Each point lies on and the chord through parameters has slope For both and lie between and so and sit between and and the parallel sides are and Equal slopes give Multiplying by and simplifying yields Squaring and using gives whose only root in is Thus, the correct answer is A.
21.
考虑如下定义的 条抛物线:所有抛物线的焦点都是 ,准线均形如 ,其中 和 是整数,且 、。这些抛物线中没有三条有公共点。平面上有多少个点恰好位于其中两条抛物线上?
Consider the set of parabolas defined as follows: all parabolas have as focus the point and the directrix lines have the form with and integers such that and No three of these parabolas have a common point. How many points in the plane are on two of these parabolas?
小提示:
两条有共同焦点的抛物线通常交于 点;例外是准线平行且焦点不在两准线之间。
Two parabolas sharing a focus meet in points unless their directrices are parallel with the focus not between them
大提示:
从所有 对中减去不相交的对:斜率相同且 -截距同号。
From all pairs, subtract the non-intersecting ones: equal slope and same-sign -intercepts
解答:
两条共同焦点为 的抛物线恰有 个交点,除非它们的准线平行且 在两准线之间的带状区域外,此时不相交。不相交的对具有相同斜率,且 -截距同号。共有 个斜率;对每个斜率,同号截距对有 对。每个相交对贡献 个点,且没有三条共点,所以总数为 。所以正确答案是 C。
Two parabolas with common focus meet in exactly points, except when their directrices are parallel and lies outside the strip between them, in which case they do not meet. The non-intersecting pairs have directrices of equal slope and -intercepts of the same sign. There are slopes, and for each, same-sign intercept pairs. Since every intersecting pair meets in points and no point lies on three parabolas, the total is Thus, the correct answer is C.
22.
设 和 为整数。假设下列方程关于 的所有解的乘积
是尽可能小的整数。求 。
Let and be integers. Suppose that the product of the solutions for of the equation
is the smallest possible integer. What is
小提示:
用 ,把方程化为关于 的二次方程。
Use to turn the equation into a quadratic in
大提示:
根的乘积满足 ,所以 ;再使这个整数最小。
The product of the roots satisfies so minimize this integer
解答:
写作 和 ,方程成为关于 的二次方程,其两根之和为 。于是 ,其中 。对每个整除 的质数,设它在 中的指数分别为 。那么 。 为奇数是不可能的。若 ,则 是 的倍数,这个质数至少贡献 ,但这时还必须有另一个质数整除 。若 且为正,则它对 的贡献至少是 ;若 ,则 ,此时最小的贡献是 。其余任何正偶数 的贡献都更大。因此最小值只在 且 时取到,此时 、、。从而 。所以正确答案是 A。
Writing and the equation becomes a quadratic in whose roots sum to Hence where For each prime dividing let its exponents in be Then An odd is impossible. If then is a multiple of and this prime contributes at least but some other prime must divide If is positive, its contribution to is at least if then and the least contribution is Every other positive even gives more. Thus the minimum uses only with giving and So Thus, the correct answer is A.
23.
Bernardo 选择一个三位正整数 ,并把它以 为底和以 为底的表示都写在黑板上。后来 LeRoy 看到了 Bernardo 写的两个数。他把这两个表示当作以 为底的整数相加,得到整数 。例如,若 ,Bernardo 写下 和 ,LeRoy 得到 。有多少个 使得 最右边两位数字按顺序与 的最右边两位数字相同?
Bernardo chooses a three-digit positive integer and writes both its base- and base- representations on a blackboard. Later LeRoy sees the two numbers Bernardo has written. Treating the two numbers as base- integers, he adds them to obtain an integer For example, if Bernardo writes the numbers and and LeRoy obtains the sum For how many choices of are the two rightmost digits of in order, the same as those of
小提示:
因为 ,条件只取决于 ,所以可令 从 到 变化。
Since the condition depends only on so let range from to
大提示:
匹配个位会迫使 进制和 进制的个位数字相等;再模 处理可确定允许的末两位数字对。
Matching last digits forces the base- and base- units digits equal; working modulo pins down the allowed last-two-digit pairs
解答:
因为 ,关于 的条件只取决于 ,所以考虑 。设以 为底的表示的末两位为 ,以 为底的表示的末两位为 。模 时,所要求的相等以及 迫使 。再对模 和 应用中国剩余定理,得到 把这个余数的两倍模 与十进制数 比较,可化简为 。因此有效的数对恰好是 。每一对都可与 种 的取法 结合,共给出 个 。所以正确答案是 E。
Because the condition on depends only on so consider Let the last two base- digits be and the last two base- digits be Modulo the desired equality and force The Chinese Remainder Theorem applied modulo and then gives Comparing twice this residue modulo with the decimal number reduces to Hence the valid pairs are exactly Each combines with choices of giving values of Thus, the correct answer is E.
24.
设 是一个三角形, 是 的中点, 是 的角平分线, 在 上。设 是中线 与角平分线 的交点。另外 是等边三角形,且 。 是多少?
Let be a triangle where is the midpoint of and is the angle bisector of with on Let be the intersection of the median and the bisector In addition is equilateral and What is
小提示:
令 、。由等边三角形可得 。
Let and the equilateral triangle gives
大提示:
由相似三角形可得 和 ,再在 中应用余弦定理。
Similar triangles yield and then apply the Law of Cosines in
解答:
令 、。由于 是等边三角形,所以 ,由此得到 和 。由第一组相似关系,并利用 ,可得 ,所以 。由第二组相似关系可得 。在 中,对 应用余弦定理,得到 。因此 。所以正确答案是 A。
Let and Since is equilateral, which gives and From the first, with we get so From the second, The Law of Cosines in with gives Hence Thus, the correct answer is A.
25.
设 是所有如下形式多项式的集合:
其中 ,,, 是整数,并且 有 个互不相同的根,每个根形如 ,其中 、 为整数。集合 中有多少个多项式?
Let be the set of polynomials of the form
where are integers and has distinct roots of the form with and integers. How many polynomials are in
小提示:
实系数使非实根成共轭对,所以 可分解为线性因子 和二次因子 ,且每个因子的常数项都整除 。
Real coefficients pair nonreal roots as conjugates, so factors into linear and quadratic pieces, each with constant term dividing
大提示:
对 的每个因数 ,数出大小为 的基本因子,包括 的解以及 ,再使所选因子的常数项乘积为 。
For each divisor of count the basic factors of magnitude (solutions of plus ), then multiply choices so the constant terms multiply to
解答:
因为系数为实数,非实根成共轭对,所以 可分解为互不相同的线性因子 (其中 )以及二次因子 。每个因子的常数项都整除 。对 ,满足 且 的共轭对个数依次为 。再加上两个线性选择 ,就得到 、、、、 和 。把 分解成若干个大于 的因子大小之积,方式有 和 。在最后一种方式中,各根互不相同要求选取两个不同的 因子。最后,再计入 和 可以自由出现(而 是否出现由其余因子乘积的符号决定),总数为 所以正确答案是 B。
Since the coefficients are real, nonreal roots occur in conjugate pairs, so factors into distinct linear factors with and quadratics Each factor’s constant term divides For the numbers of conjugate pairs with and are respectively. Adding the two linear choices gives and The factor-magnitude partitions of using values greater than are and Distinct roots require choosing two different factors in the last case. Finally, account for the free presence of and (with forced by the sign of the remaining product), gives Thus, the correct answer is B.