2013 AMC 12B 真题

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1.

在一月的某一天,内布拉斯加州 Lincoln 的最高气温比最低气温高 1616 度,最高气温与最低气温的平均值是 33^\circ。这一天 Lincoln 的最低气温是多少度?

On a particular January day, the high temperature in Lincoln, Nebraska, was 1616 degrees higher than the low temperature, and the average of the high and low temperatures was 3.3^\circ. In degrees, what was the low temperature in Lincoln that day?

13-13

8-8

5-5

3-3

1111

答案:C
知识点:平均数一次方程
难度评级:920
小提示:

最高和最低相差 1616,所以它们各自离平均值 88 度。

The high and low differ by 16,16, so each is 88 away from their average

大提示:

最低气温比平均值 3388 度。

The low temperature is 88 below the average of 33

解答:

最高气温比最低气温高 1616,所以最低气温比平均值低 88。平均值为 33^\circ,因此最低气温为 38=53 - 8 = -5^\circ。所以正确答案是 C

The high exceeds the low by 16,16, so the low is 88 below the average. Since the average is 3,3^\circ, the low temperature is 38=5.3 - 8 = -5^\circ. Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

Green 先生通过沿着长方形花园的两条边走路来测量花园,发现它是 1515 步乘 2020 步。他每一步长 22 英尺。Green 先生预计花园每平方英尺能产半磅土豆。他预计花园能产多少磅土豆?

Mr. Green measures his rectangular garden by walking two of the sides and finds that it is 1515 steps by 2020 steps. Each of Mr. Green’s steps is 22 feet long. Mr. Green expects a half a pound of potatoes per square foot from his garden. How many pounds of potatoes does Mr. Green expect from his garden?

600600

800800

10001000

12001200

14001400

答案:A
难度评级:1020
小提示:

先把步数换算成英尺:每步 22 英尺。

Convert steps to feet first: each step is 22 feet

大提示:

将平方英尺面积乘以每平方英尺 12\dfrac12 磅。

Multiply the area in square feet by 12\dfrac12 pound per square foot

解答:

花园的长和宽分别为 215=302\cdot 15 = 30 英尺和 220=402\cdot 20 = 40 英尺,面积为 12001200 平方英尺。每平方英尺能产半磅土豆,所以预计产量为 121200=600\tfrac12\cdot 1200 = 600 磅。正确答案是 A

The garden is 215=302\cdot 15 = 30 feet by 220=402\cdot 20 = 40 feet, an area of 12001200 square feet. At half a pound per square foot, Mr. Green expects 121200=600\tfrac12\cdot 1200 = 600 pounds. Thus, the correct answer is A.

3.

33 数到 201201 时,5353 是数到的第 5151 个数。从 201201 倒数到 33 时,5353 是数到的第 nn 个数。nn 是多少?

When counting from 33 to 201,201, 5353 is the 5151st number counted. When counting backwards from 201201 to 3,3, 5353 is the nnth number counted. What is n?n?

146146

147147

148148

149149

150150

答案:D
难度评级:1100
小提示:

倒数时,201201 是第 11 个数,200200 是第 22 个数,依此类推。

Counting backwards, 201201 is the 11st number, 200200 is the 22nd, and so on

大提示:

数值 xx 是第 (202x)(202-x) 个被数到的数。

The value xx is the (202x)(202-x)th number counted

解答:

201201 往下数时,数值 xx 是第 (202x)(202-x) 个数。因此 5353 是第 (20253)=149(202-53) = 149 个数。正确答案是 D

Counting down from 201,201, the value xx is the (202x)(202-x)th number. So 5353 is the (20253)=149(202-53) = 149th number. Thus, the correct answer is D.

4.

Ray 的车平均每加仑汽油行驶 4040 英里,Tom 的车平均每加仑汽油行驶 1010 英里。Ray 和 Tom 各自行驶相同的英里数。两辆车合起来的每加仑英里数是多少?

Ray’s car averages 4040 miles per gallon of gasoline, and Tom’s car averages 1010 miles per gallon of gasoline. Ray and Tom each drive the same number of miles. What is the cars’ combined rate of miles per gallon of gasoline?

1010

1616

2525

3030

4040

答案:B
知识点:速率比与比例
难度评级:1220
小提示:

合并油耗是总英里数除以总加仑数,不是两个油耗率的普通平均。

Combined mileage is total miles divided by total gallons, not the average of the two rates

大提示:

若每人行驶 DD 英里,耗油分别为 D40\dfrac{D}{40}D10\dfrac{D}{10} 加仑。

If each drives DD miles, the gallons used are D40\dfrac{D}{40} and D10\dfrac{D}{10}

解答:

若每人行驶 DD 英里,两人共行驶 2D2D 英里,耗油量为 D40+D10=D8\dfrac{D}{40}+\dfrac{D}{10} = \dfrac{D}{8} 加仑。因此合并油耗率为 2DD8=16\dfrac{2D}{\frac{D}{8}} = 16 英里每加仑。正确答案是 B

If each drives DD miles, together they cover 2D2D miles using D40+D10=D8\dfrac{D}{40}+\dfrac{D}{10} = \dfrac{D}{8} gallons. The combined rate is 2DD8=16\dfrac{2D}{\frac{D}{8}} = 16 miles per gallon. Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

3333 名五年级学生的平均年龄是 1111。他们的 5555 位家长的平均年龄是 3333。这些家长和五年级学生全体的平均年龄是多少?

The average age of 3333 fifth-graders is 11.11. The average age of 5555 of their parents is 33.33. What is the average age of all of these parents and fifth-graders?

2222

23.2523.25

24.7524.75

26.2526.25

2828

答案:C
知识点:平均数
难度评级:1270
小提示:

总平均年龄等于所有年龄总和除以总人数。

The overall average is the total of all ages divided by the total number of people

大提示:

年龄总和为 5533+331155\cdot 33 + 33\cdot 11,人数为 55+3355+33

The total age is 5533+3311,55\cdot 33 + 33\cdot 11, spread over 55+3355+33 people

解答:

家长年龄总和为 553355\cdot 33,五年级学生年龄总和为 331133\cdot 11,合计 336633\cdot 66。总人数为 8888,所以平均年龄为 336688=24.75\dfrac{33\cdot 66}{88} = 24.75。正确答案是 C

The parents’ ages sum to 553355\cdot 33 and the fifth-graders’ to 3311,33\cdot 11, a total of 3366.33\cdot 66. Dividing by 8888 people gives 336688=24.75.\dfrac{33\cdot 66}{88} = 24.75. Thus, the correct answer is C.

6.

实数 xxyy 满足方程 x2+y2=10x6y34x^2 + y^2 = 10x - 6y - 34x+yx+y 是多少?

Real numbers xx and yy satisfy the equation x2+y2=10x6y34.x^2 + y^2 = 10x - 6y - 34. What is x+y?x+y?

11

22

33

66

88

答案:B
知识点:配方法
难度评级:1370
小提示:

将所有项移到一边,并分别对 xxyy 配方。

Move every term to one side and complete the square in both xx and yy

大提示:

两个平方和等于 00,就迫使每个平方都等于 00

A sum of two squares equal to 00 forces each square to be 00

解答:

整理并配方得 x210x+25+y2+6y+9x^2 - 10x + 25 + y^2 + 6y + 9 =0= 0,即 (x5)2+(y+3)2=0(x-5)^2 + (y+3)^2 = 0。因此 x=5x = 5y=3y = -3,所以 x+y=2x + y = 2。正确答案是 B

Rearranging gives x210x+25+y2+6y+9x^2 - 10x + 25 + y^2 + 6y + 9 =0,= 0, that is (x5)2+(y+3)2=0.(x-5)^2 + (y+3)^2 = 0. Hence x=5x = 5 and y=3,y = -3, so x+y=2.x + y = 2. Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

Jo 和 Blair 轮流从 11 开始数,每次比对方上一轮说到的最后一个数多说一个数。Jo 先说“11”,所以 Blair 接着说“1122”。然后 Jo 说“112233”,依此类推。说出的第 5353 个数是什么?

Jo and Blair take turns counting from 11 to one more than the last number said by the other person. Jo starts by saying “11”, so Blair follows by saying “1,1, 22”. Jo then says “1,1, 2,2, 33”, and so on. What is the 5353rd number said?

22

33

55

66

88

答案:E
知识点:三角形数
难度评级:1380
小提示:

nn 结尾的一轮,就是某人说 1,2,,n1, 2, \ldots, n

The turn that ends at nn consists of someone saying 1,2,,n1, 2, \ldots, n

大提示:

到以 nn 结尾的那一轮结束时,总共说了 12n(n+1)\tfrac12 n(n+1) 个数。

After the turn ending at n,n, a total of 12n(n+1)\tfrac12 n(n+1) numbers have been said

解答:

到数到 nn 的那一轮结束时,共说了 1+2++n=12n(n+1)1 + 2 + \cdots + n = \tfrac12 n(n+1) 个数。当 n=9n = 9 时,这个总数为 4545。下一轮从 1,2,1, 2, \ldots 开始,所以第 5353 个数是这一轮的第 88 个数,即 88。正确答案是 E

After the turn that counts up to n,n, exactly 1+2++n=12n(n+1)1 + 2 + \cdots + n = \tfrac12 n(n+1) numbers have been said. For n=9n = 9 that is 45.45. The next turn starts 1,2,,1, 2, \ldots, so the 5353rd number is the 88th number of that turn, namely 8.8. Thus, the correct answer is E.

8.

直线 1\ell_1 的方程为 3x2y=13x - 2y = 1,并经过点 A=(1,2)A = (-1, -2)。直线 2\ell_2 的方程为 y=1y = 1,与 1\ell_1 交于点 BB。直线 3\ell_3 斜率为正,经过点 AA,并与 2\ell_2 交于点 CCABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 333\ell_3 的斜率是多少?

Line 1\ell_1 has equation 3x2y=13x - 2y = 1 and goes through A=(1,2).A = (-1, -2). Line 2\ell_2 has equation y=1y = 1 and meets line 1\ell_1 at point B.B. Line 3\ell_3 has positive slope, goes through point A,A, and meets 2\ell_2 at point C.C. The area of ABC\triangle ABC is 3.3. What is the slope of 3?\ell_3?

23\dfrac{2}{3}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

11

43\dfrac{4}{3}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

答案:B
难度评级:1460
小提示:

联立 3x2y=13x - 2y = 1y=1y = 1,求出 BB

Find BB by solving 3x2y=13x - 2y = 1 together with y=1y = 1

大提示:

AA 到直线 2\ell_2 的距离为 33,所以由 12BC3=3\tfrac12\cdot BC\cdot 3 = 3 可求 BCBC

The distance from AA to line 2\ell_2 is 3,3, so 12BC3=3\tfrac12\cdot BC\cdot 3 = 3 gives BCBC

解答:

联立 3x2y=13x - 2y = 1y=1y = 1,得 B=(1,1)B = (1, 1)。点 A=(1,2)A = (-1, -2) 到直线 y=1y = 1 的距离为 33,所以 12BC3=3\tfrac12\cdot BC\cdot 3 = 3,从而 BC=2BC = 2。于是 C=(3,1)C = (3, 1)C=(1,1)C = (-1, 1);后者会使 3\ell_3 竖直,所以 C=(3,1)C = (3, 1)。因此斜率为 1(2)3(1)=34\dfrac{1 - (-2)}{3 - (-1)} = \dfrac34。正确答案是 B

Solving 3x2y=13x - 2y = 1 with y=1y = 1 gives B=(1,1).B = (1, 1). The distance from A=(1,2)A = (-1, -2) to the line y=1y = 1 is 3,3, so 12BC3=3\tfrac12\cdot BC\cdot 3 = 3 gives BC=2.BC = 2. Then C=(3,1)C = (3, 1) or C=(1,1);C = (-1, 1); the latter makes 3\ell_3 vertical, so C=(3,1)C = (3, 1) and the slope is 1(2)3(1)=34.\dfrac{1 - (-2)}{3 - (-1)} = \dfrac34. Thus, the correct answer is B.

9.

能整除 12!12! 的最大完全平方数,其平方根的质因数分解中各指数之和是多少?

What is the sum of the exponents of the prime factors of the square root of the largest perfect square that divides 12!12!?

55

77

88

1010

1212

答案:C
难度评级:1510
小提示:

分解 12!=210355271112! = 2^{10}\cdot 3^5\cdot 5^2\cdot 7\cdot 11

Factor 12!=210355271112! = 2^{10}\cdot 3^5\cdot 5^2\cdot 7\cdot 11

大提示:

最大平方因数只保留偶数指数;再把指数减半得到平方根。

The largest square divisor keeps only even exponents; halving them gives the square root

解答:

因为 12!=210355271112! = 2^{10}\cdot 3^5\cdot 5^2\cdot 7\cdot 11,能整除它的最大完全平方数为 21034522^{10}\cdot 3^4\cdot 5^2,其平方根为 253252^5\cdot 3^2\cdot 5。指数和为 5+2+1=85 + 2 + 1 = 8。正确答案是 C

Since 12!=2103552711,12! = 2^{10}\cdot 3^5\cdot 5^2\cdot 7\cdot 11, the largest perfect square dividing it is 2103452,2^{10}\cdot 3^4\cdot 5^2, whose square root is 25325.2^5\cdot 3^2\cdot 5. The exponents sum to 5+2+1=8.5 + 2 + 1 = 8. Thus, the correct answer is C.

10.

Alex 有 7575 个红色代币和 7575 个蓝色代币。有一个摊位可以用两个红色代币换一个银色代币和一个蓝色代币;另一个摊位可以用三个蓝色代币换一个银色代币和一个红色代币。Alex 持续交换,直到无法再交换为止。最后 Alex 会有多少个银色代币?

Alex has 7575 red tokens and 7575 blue tokens. There is a booth where Alex can give two red tokens and receive in return a silver token and a blue token, and another booth where Alex can give three blue tokens and receive in return a silver token and a red token. Alex continues to exchange tokens until no more exchanges are possible. How many silver tokens will Alex have at the end?

6262

8282

8383

102102

103103

答案:E
知识点:方程组不变量
难度评级:1550
小提示:

若第一个摊位交换 mm 次,第二个摊位交换 nn 次,则 Alex 剩下 75(2mn)75-(2m-n) 个红色代币和 75(3nm)75-(3n-m) 个蓝色代币。

After mm exchanges at the first booth and nn at the second, Alex has 75(2mn)75-(2m-n) red and 75(3nm)75-(3n-m) blue tokens

大提示:

交换停止时红色少于 22 个且蓝色少于 33 个;银色代币数为 m+nm+n

Exchanges stop when fewer than 22 red and fewer than 33 blue remain; the silver count is m+nm+n

解答:

经过 mm 次红色摊位交换和 nn 次蓝色摊位交换后,Alex 有 75(2mn)75 - (2m - n) 个红色代币、75(3nm)75-(3n-m) 个蓝色代币,以及 m+nm+n 个银色代币。停止时,红色代币数为 0011,蓝色代币数为 0,10,1,或 22。对这六种情形求解代币方程,只得到 (m,n)=(59,44)(m,n)=(59,44),终态为 (1,2)(1,2),或 (m,n)=(60,45)(m,n)=(60,45),终态为 (0,0)(0,0)。后者不可能到达:最后一次交换前的状态只能是 (1,3)(-1,3)(2,1)(2,-1)。因此 Alex 最终有 59+44=10359+44=103 个银色代币。所以正确答案是 E

After mm red-booth and nn blue-booth exchanges, Alex has 75(2mn)75 - (2m - n) red tokens, 75(3nm)75-(3n-m) blue tokens, and m+nm+n silver tokens. At termination the red count is 00 or 1,1, and the blue count is 0,1,0,1, or 2.2. Solving the token equations over these six cases leaves only (m,n)=(59,44),(m,n)=(59,44), ending at (1,2),(1,2), or (m,n)=(60,45),(m,n)=(60,45), ending at (0,0).(0,0). The latter is unreachable: its final exchange would have to start at either (1,3)(-1,3) or (2,1).(2,-1). Hence Alex finishes with 59+44=10359+44=103 silver tokens. Thus, the correct answer is E.

11.

两只蜜蜂从同一点出发,并以相同速度按如下方向飞行。蜜蜂 AA 先向北飞 11 英尺,再向东飞 11 英尺,再向上飞 11 英尺,然后不断重复这个模式。蜜蜂 BB 先向南飞 11 英尺,再向西飞 11 英尺,然后不断重复这个模式。当两只蜜蜂恰好相距 1010 英尺时,它们分别正朝什么方向飞?

Two bees start at the same spot and fly at the same rate in the following directions. Bee AA travels 11 foot north, then 11 foot east, then 11 foot upwards, and then continues to repeat this pattern. Bee BB travels 11 foot south, then 11 foot west, and then continues to repeat this pattern. In what directions are the bees traveling when they are exactly 1010 feet away from each other?

AA 向东,BB 向西

AA east, BB west

AA 向北,BB 向南

AA north, BB south

AA 向北,BB 向西

AA north, BB west

AA 向上,BB 向南

AA up, BB south

AA 向上,BB 向西

AA up, BB west

答案:A
难度评级:1610
小提示:

以东、北、上分别为 x,y,zx, y, z 方向建立坐标;两只蜜蜂之间的距离只会随时间增加。

Use coordinates with east, north, up as x,y,z;x, y, z; the bees only get farther apart over time

大提示:

计算每一英尺移动前后的距离,找出它何时跨过 1010

Compute the distance right before and right after each foot to find where it crosses 1010

解答:

取东、北、上为 x,y,zx, y, z 方向。飞行 77 英尺后,蜜蜂 AA(2,3,2)(2, 3, 2),蜜蜂 BB(3,4,0)(-3, -4, 0),距离为 78<10\sqrt{78} \lt 10。下一英尺中,AA 向东到 (3,3,2)(3, 3, 2)BB 向西到 (4,4,0)(-4, -4, 0),距离为 102>10\sqrt{102} \gt 10。所以它们相距 1010 英尺时,AA 正向东,BB 正向西。正确答案是 A

Take east, north, up as x,y,z.x, y, z. After 77 feet bee AA is at (2,3,2)(2, 3, 2) and bee BB is at (3,4,0),(-3, -4, 0), a distance 78<10.\sqrt{78} \lt 10. On the next foot bee AA moves east to (3,3,2)(3, 3, 2) and bee BB moves west to (4,4,0),(-4, -4, 0), a distance 102>10.\sqrt{102} \gt 10. So they pass through 1010 feet apart while AA heads east and BB heads west. Thus, the correct answer is A.

12.

城市 AABBCCDDEE 由道路 ABABADADAEAEBCBCBDBDCDCDDEDE 连接。有多少条从 AABB 的不同路线,可以恰好使用每条道路一次?(这样的路线必然会多次经过某些城市。)

Cities A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, and EE are connected by roads AB,AB, AD,AD, AE,AE, BC,BC, BD,BD, CD,CD, and DE.DE. How many different routes are there from AA to BB that use each road exactly once? (Such a route will necessarily visit some cities more than once.)

77

99

1212

1616

1818

答案:D
难度评级:1670
小提示:

城市 CCEE 各只连接两条道路,所以它们像 AA-DDBB-DD 连接上的绕行。

Cities CC and EE each touch only two roads, so they behave like detours on the AADD and BBDD connections

大提示:

先在化简后的图上数从 AABB 的通路,再乘以独立绕行的选择数。

Count the trails from AA to BB on the reduced graph, then multiply by the independent detour choices

解答:

城市 EE(道路 AE,DEAE, DE)是在 AA-DD 旅程上的绕行,城市 CC(道路 BC,CDBC, CD)是在 BB-DD 旅程上的绕行。把它们化简后,得到只含 A,B,DA, B, D 的图,其中有两条 AA-DD 连接、两条 BB-DD 连接和一条 AA-BB 道路。恰好各用一次的 AABB 通路有 44 类:ABDADBABDADBADABDBADABDBADBADBADBADBADBDABADBDAB。每个绕行(经 EE、经 CC)都可放在两次经过中的任一次,所以每类给出 44 条实际路线,共 44=164\cdot 4 = 16 条。正确答案是 D

City EE (roads AE,DEAE, DE) is a detour on an AADD trip, and city CC (roads BC,CDBC, CD) is a detour on a BBDD trip. Replace them to get a graph on A,B,DA, B, D with two AADD connections, two BBDD connections, and one AABB road. The trails from AA to BB using each once are of 44 types: ABDADB,ABDADB, ADABDB,ADABDB, ADBADB,ADBADB, and ADBDAB.ADBDAB. Each detour (through E,E, through CC) can be taken on either passage, so each type gives 44 actual routes, for 44=164\cdot 4 = 16 routes. Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

四边形 ABCDABCD 的内角成等差数列。三角形 ABDABDDCBDCB 相似,且 DBA=DCB\angle DBA = \angle DCBADB=CBD\angle ADB = \angle CBD。此外,这两个三角形各自的角也都成等差数列。ABCDABCD 中最大的两个角之和最大可能是多少度?

The internal angles of quadrilateral ABCDABCD form an arithmetic progression. Triangles ABDABD and DCBDCB are similar with DBA=DCB\angle DBA = \angle DCB and ADB=CBD.\angle ADB = \angle CBD. Moreover, the angles in each of these two triangles also form an arithmetic progression. In degrees, what is the largest possible sum of the two largest angles of ABCD?ABCD?

210210

220220

230230

240240

250250

答案:D
难度评级:1700
小提示:

一个三角形的三个角成等差数列,当且仅当中间角为 6060^\circ

A triangle’s angles form an arithmetic progression exactly when its middle angle is 6060^\circ

大提示:

DBA=x\angle DBA = xADB=y\angle ADB = y,则四边形 ABCDABCD 的四个角为 x,y,180y,180xx, y, 180-y, 180-x。它们必须成等差数列,并且三角形中有一个角等于 6060^\circ

Let DBA=x\angle DBA = x and ADB=y;\angle ADB = y; the four angles of ABCDABCD become x,y,180y,180x,x, y, 180-y, 180-x, which must be an arithmetic progression with one triangle angle equal to 6060^\circ

解答:

三角形的三个角成等差数列,当且仅当中间的角为 6060^\circ。令 DBA=x\angle DBA = xADB=y\angle ADB = y,则四边形 ABCDABCD 的四个角为 x,y,180y,180xx, y, 180 - y, 180-x,它们本身也必须成等差数列。按递增顺序排列,它们只能是 x,y,180y,180xx,y,180-y,180-xx,180y,y,180xx,180-y,y,180-x,于是分别得到 3y=x+1803y=x+1803y=360x3y=360-x。而三角形的三个角 x,y,180xyx,y,180-x-y 中有一个等于 6060^\circ。代入后只剩下两组角 (60,80,100,120)(60,80,100,120)(45,75,105,135)(45,75,105,135)。最大的两个角之和至多为 105+135=240105 + 135 = 240。所以正确答案是 D

The angles of a triangle form an arithmetic progression exactly when the middle one is 60.60^\circ. With DBA=x\angle DBA = x and ADB=y,\angle ADB = y, the four angles of ABCDABCD are x,y,180y,180x,x, y, 180 - y, 180-x, which must itself be an arithmetic progression. In increasing order they are either x,y,180y,180xx,y,180-y,180-x or x,180y,y,180x,x,180-y,y,180-x, giving 3y=x+1803y=x+180 or 3y=360x.3y=360-x. One of the triangle angles x,y,180xyx,y,180-x-y is 60.60^\circ. Substitution leaves the angle sets (60,80,100,120)(60,80,100,120) and (45,75,105,135).(45,75,105,135). The two largest angles sum to at most 105+135=240.105 + 135 = 240. Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

两个非负整数的不降序列有不同的首项。每个序列都满足从第三项开始,每项都是前两项之和,并且两个序列的第七项都是 NNNN 的最小可能值是多少?

Two non-decreasing sequences of nonnegative integers have different first terms. Each sequence has the property that each term beginning with the third is the sum of the previous two terms, and the seventh term of each sequence is N.N. What is the smallest possible value of N?N?

5555

8989

104104

144144

273273

答案:C
难度评级:1750
小提示:

用前两项 a1,a2a_1, a_2 表示,第七项等于 5a1+8a25a_1 + 8a_2

In terms of the first two terms a1,a2,a_1, a_2, the seventh term equals 5a1+8a25a_1 + 8a_2

大提示:

令两个第七项相等,得到 5(b1a1)=8(a2b2)5(b_1 - a_1) = 8(a_2 - b_2);由于 5588 互质,必须有 b1a1b_1 - a_188 的倍数。

Setting the two seventh terms equal gives 5(b1a1)=8(a2b2);5(b_1 - a_1) = 8(a_2 - b_2); coprimality of 55 and 88 forces b1a1b_1 - a_1 to be a multiple of 88

解答:

a1,a2a_1, a_2 开始的序列第七项为 5a1+8a25a_1 + 8a_2。对两个序列,5a1+8a2=5b1+8b25a_1 + 8a_2 = 5b_1 + 8b_2,所以 5(b1a1)=8(a2b2)5(b_1 - a_1) = 8(a_2 - b_2)。因为 gcd(5,8)=1\gcd(5, 8) = 1,需要 b1a1b_1 - a_188 的倍数,且 a2b2a_2 - b_255 的倍数。设 a1<b1a_1 \lt b_1,并利用不降条件,有 a1b18b28a213a_1 \le b_1 - 8 \le b_2 - 8 \le a_2 - 13。取 a1=0a_1 = 0b1=b2=8b_1 = b_2 = 8a2=13a_2 = 13,得到 N=50+813=104N = 5\cdot 0 + 8\cdot 13 = 104。正确答案是 C

A sequence starting a1,a2a_1, a_2 has seventh term 5a1+8a2.5a_1 + 8a_2. For the two sequences, 5a1+8a2=5b1+8b2,5a_1 + 8a_2 = 5b_1 + 8b_2, so 5(b1a1)=8(a2b2).5(b_1 - a_1) = 8(a_2 - b_2). Since gcd(5,8)=1,\gcd(5, 8) = 1, we need b1a1b_1 - a_1 to be a multiple of 88 and a2b2a_2 - b_2 to be a multiple of 5.5. Taking a1<b1a_1 \lt b_1 with nondecreasing terms gives a1b18b28a213.a_1 \le b_1 - 8 \le b_2 - 8 \le a_2 - 13. Choosing a1=0,a_1 = 0, b1=b2=8,b_1 = b_2 = 8, a2=13a_2 = 13 yields N=50+813=104.N = 5\cdot 0 + 8\cdot 13 = 104. Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

数字 20132013 被表示为

2013=a1!a2!am!b1!b2!bn! 2013 = \frac{a_1!\,a_2!\cdots a_m!}{b_1!\,b_2!\cdots b_n!}\text{,}

其中 a1a2ama_1 \ge a_2 \ge \cdots \ge a_mb1b2bnb_1 \ge b_2 \ge \cdots \ge b_n 都是正整数,且 a1+b1a_1 + b_1 尽可能小。求 a1b1|a_1 - b_1|\,

The number 20132013 is expressed in the form

2013=a1!a2!am!b1!b2!bn!, 2013 = \frac{a_1!\,a_2!\cdots a_m!}{b_1!\,b_2!\cdots b_n!},

where a1a2ama_1 \ge a_2 \ge \cdots \ge a_m and b1b2bnb_1 \ge b_2 \ge \cdots \ge b_n are positive integers and a1+b1a_1 + b_1 is as small as possible. What is a1b1?|a_1 - b_1|\,?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:B
难度评级:1840
小提示:

分解 2013=311612013 = 3\cdot 11\cdot 61,其最大质因数为 6161

Factor 2013=31161;2013 = 3\cdot 11\cdot 61; its largest prime is 6161

大提示:

某个 ai!a_i! 必须至少达到 6161,所以 a161a_1 \ge 61。但 61!61! 还含有质因数 5959,必须在分母中约去。

Some ai!a_i! must reach 61,61, so a161;a_1 \ge 61; but 61!61! also contains the prime 59,59, which must be cancelled from the denominator

解答:

因为 2013=311612013 = 3\cdot 11\cdot 61,分子中至少需要一个 61!61! 来提供质因数 6161,所以 a161a_1 \ge 61。但是 61!61! 还含有 20132013 所不含的质因数 5959,所以分母中必须有 b159b_1 \ge 59。因此 a1+b1120a_1 + b_1 \ge 120。取 a1=61a_1 = 61b1=59b_1 = 59,并使用 2013=61!11!3!59!10!5!2013 = \dfrac{61!\,11!\,3!}{59!\,10!\,5!},可以达到这个下界。于是 a1b1=2|a_1 - b_1| = 2。所以正确答案是 B

Since 2013=31161,2013 = 3\cdot 11\cdot 61, the numerator needs a factorial at least 61!61! to supply the prime 61,61, so a161.a_1 \ge 61. But 61!61! also has a factor of 59,59, which 20132013 does not, so the denominator needs b159.b_1 \ge 59. Thus a1+b1120,a_1 + b_1 \ge 120, attained by a1=61,a_1 = 61, b1=59b_1 = 59 via 2013=61!11!3!59!10!5!.2013 = \dfrac{61!\,11!\,3!}{59!\,10!\,5!}. Then a1b1=2.|a_1 - b_1| = 2. Thus, the correct answer is B.

16.

ABCDEABCDE 是周长为 11 的等角凸五边形。延长五边形各边所得直线的两两交点形成一个五角星多边形。设这个五角星的周长为 ssss 的最大可能值与最小可能值之差是多少?

Let ABCDEABCDE be an equiangular convex pentagon of perimeter 1.1. The pairwise intersections of the lines that extend the sides of the pentagon determine a five-pointed star polygon. Let ss be the perimeter of this star. What is the difference between the maximum and the minimum possible values of s?s?

00

12\dfrac{1}{2}

512\dfrac{\sqrt5 - 1}{2}

5+12\dfrac{\sqrt5 + 1}{2}

5\sqrt5

答案:A
难度评级:1890
小提示:

等角五边形每个内角为 108108^\circ,所以星形的每个尖角都是顶角为 3636^\circ 的等腰三角形。

Each interior angle of an equiangular pentagon is 108,108^\circ, so every point of the star is an isosceles triangle with a 3636^\circ apex

大提示:

每个星尖的两条相等边,都是它所在五边形边长的同一个固定倍数 cc,所以星形周长是五边形周长的 2c2c 倍。

Each star point’s two equal sides are the same fixed multiple cc of the pentagon side it sits on, so the star perimeter is 2c2c times the pentagon perimeter

解答:

等角五边形的内角全为 108108^\circ,所以星形的每个尖角都是底角为 7272^\circ、顶角为 3636^\circ 的等腰三角形。由于底角相等,每个尖角贡献的两条边都是其所对应五边形边长的同一固定倍数 cc。把五个尖角相加,星形周长为 2c(五边形周长)=2c2c\cdot(\text{五边形周长}) = 2c,与各边的具体长度无关。因此 ss 是常数,其最大值与最小值之差为 00。所以正确答案是 A

An equiangular pentagon has all interior angles 108,108^\circ, so each point of the star is an isosceles triangle with base angles 7272^\circ and apex 36.36^\circ. By the equal base angles, each point contributes two sides that are the same fixed multiple cc of the pentagon side it rests on. Summing over the five points, the star perimeter equals 2c(pentagon perimeter)=2c,2c\cdot(\text{pentagon perimeter}) = 2c, independent of the individual side lengths. So ss is constant, and the difference between its maximum and minimum values is 0.0. Thus, the correct answer is A.

17.

aabbcc 为实数,满足

a+b+c=2 a + b + c = 2 a2+b2+c2=12 a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 12\text{。}

cc 的最大可能值与最小可能值之差是多少?

Let a,a, b,b, and cc be real numbers such that

a+b+c=2 a + b + c = 2 and a2+b2+c2=12. a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 12.

What is the difference between the maximum and minimum possible values of c?c?

22

103\dfrac{10}{3}

44

163\dfrac{16}{3}

203\dfrac{20}{3}

答案:D
难度评级:1960
小提示:

写成 a+b=2ca + b = 2 - ca2+b2=12c2a^2 + b^2 = 12 - c^2

Write a+b=2ca + b = 2 - c and a2+b2=12c2a^2 + b^2 = 12 - c^2

大提示:

具有给定的和与平方和的实数 a,ba, b 存在,当且仅当 (a+b)22(a2+b2)(a+b)^2 \le 2(a^2 + b^2)

Real a,ba, b with a given sum and sum of squares exist iff (a+b)22(a2+b2)(a+b)^2 \le 2(a^2 + b^2)

解答:

由方程可得 a+b=2ca + b = 2 - ca2+b2=12c2a^2 + b^2 = 12 - c^2。具有给定的和与平方和的实数 a,ba, b 存在,当且仅当 (a+b)22(a2+b2)(a + b)^2 \le 2(a^2 + b^2),也就是 (2c)22(12c2)(2 - c)^2 \le 2(12 - c^2)。化简得 (3c10)(c+2)0(3c - 10)(c + 2) \le 0,所以 2c103-2 \le c \le \tfrac{10}{3}。最大值与最小值之差为 103(2)=163\tfrac{10}{3} - (-2) = \tfrac{16}{3}。所以正确答案是 D

From the equations, a+b=2ca + b = 2 - c and a2+b2=12c2.a^2 + b^2 = 12 - c^2. Real numbers a,ba, b with a given sum and sum of squares exist iff (a+b)22(a2+b2),(a + b)^2 \le 2(a^2 + b^2), i.e. (2c)22(12c2).(2 - c)^2 \le 2(12 - c^2). This simplifies to (3c10)(c+2)0,(3c - 10)(c + 2) \le 0, so 2c103.-2 \le c \le \tfrac{10}{3}. The difference is 103(2)=163.\tfrac{10}{3} - (-2) = \tfrac{16}{3}. Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

Barbara 和 Jenna 轮流进行如下游戏。桌上放着若干枚硬币。轮到 Barbara 时,她必须拿走 22 枚或 44 枚硬币;如果只剩一枚硬币,她就跳过这一轮。轮到 Jenna 时,她必须拿走 11 枚或 33 枚硬币。由抛硬币决定谁先走,拿走最后一枚硬币的人获胜。假设两人都采用最佳策略。当游戏分别从 20132013 枚和 20142014 枚硬币开始时,谁会获胜?

Barbara and Jenna play the following game, in which they take turns. A number of coins lie on a table. When it is Barbara’s turn, she must remove 22 or 44 coins, unless only one coin remains, in which case she loses her turn. When it is Jenna’s turn, she must remove 11 or 33 coins. A coin flip determines who goes first. Whoever removes the last coin wins the game. Assume both players use their best strategy. Who will win when the game starts with 20132013 coins and when the game starts with 20142014 coins?

Barbara 会在 20132013 枚硬币时获胜,Jenna 会在 20142014 枚硬币时获胜。

Barbara will win with 20132013 coins, and Jenna will win with 20142014 coins.

Jenna 会在 20132013 枚硬币时获胜,而 20142014 枚硬币时先手获胜。

Jenna will win with 20132013 coins, and whoever goes first will win with 20142014 coins.

Barbara 会在 20132013 枚硬币时获胜,而 20142014 枚硬币时后手获胜。

Barbara will win with 20132013 coins, and whoever goes second will win with 20142014 coins.

Jenna 会在 20132013 枚硬币时获胜,Barbara 会在 20142014 枚硬币时获胜。

Jenna will win with 20132013 coins, and Barbara will win with 20142014 coins.

20132013 枚硬币时先手获胜,20142014 枚硬币时后手获胜。

Whoever goes first will win with 20132013 coins, and whoever goes second will win with 20142014 coins.

答案:B
难度评级:2070
小提示:

追踪硬币数量模 55 的余数。

Track the number of coins modulo 55

大提示:

Jenna 可以总是在自己走完后恢复到 55 的倍数:Barbara 拿 22 时她拿 33,Barbara 拿 44 时她拿 11;再判断每个初始数量下谁能维持不变量。

Jenna can always restore a multiple of 55 after her move, answering Barbara’s 22 with 33 and her 44 with 1;1; decide who can maintain the invariant for each starting count

解答:

按模 55 分析。因为 201332013 \equiv 3,无论谁先走,Jenna 都能获胜。如果 Jenna 先走,她先拿走 33 枚,使剩余数量成为 55 的倍数;此后 Barbara 拿走 22 枚时,她就拿走 33 枚,Barbara 拿走 44 枚时,她就拿走 11 枚,从而始终留下 55 的倍数,并最终拿走最后一枚。如果 Jenna 后走,她可以使每轮结束后的硬币数保持 3(mod5)\equiv 3 \pmod 5,直到 Barbara 面对 33 枚硬币,只能拿走 22 枚,把最后一枚留给 Jenna。因为 201442014 \equiv 4,这时先手获胜:Jenna 先走可把局面化为 20132013 枚的情形;Barbara 先走则可先拿走 44 枚,此后维持 55 的倍数。因此选择 B。所以正确答案是 B

Work modulo 5.5. With 201332013 \equiv 3 coins, Jenna wins either way: going first she takes 33 to leave a multiple of 5,5, then answers Barbara’s 22 with 33 and 44 with 11 to keep multiples of 5,5, eventually taking the last coin; going second she keeps the count 3(mod5)\equiv 3 \pmod 5 until Barbara is stuck at 33 coins, must remove 2,2, and leaves Jenna the last coin. With 201442014 \equiv 4 coins, whoever goes first wins: Jenna first reduces to the 20132013 case, while Barbara first takes 44 and then keeps multiples of 5.5. This is choice B. Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=13AB = 13BC=14BC = 14CA=15CA = 15。不同的点 DDEEFF 分别在线段 BCBCCACADEDE 上,并且 ADBCAD \perp BCDEACDE \perp ACAFBFAF \perp BF。线段 DFDF 的长度可写为 mn\dfrac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

In triangle ABC,ABC, AB=13,AB = 13, BC=14,BC = 14, and CA=15.CA = 15. Distinct points D,D, E,E, and FF lie on segments BC,BC, CA,CA, and DE,DE, respectively, such that ADBC,AD \perp BC, DEAC,DE \perp AC, and AFBF.AF \perp BF. The length of segment DFDF can be written as mn,\dfrac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m + n?

1818

2121

2424

2727

3030

答案:B
难度评级:2140
小提示:

1313-1414-1515 三角形中的高 ADAD 可得 BD=5BD = 5CD=9CD = 9AD=12AD = 12

The altitude ADAD in the 1313-1414-1515 triangle gives BD=5,BD = 5, CD=9,CD = 9, AD=12AD = 12

大提示:

因为 AFB=ADB=90\angle AFB = \angle ADB = 90^\circ,所以 A,B,D,FA, B, D, F 四点共圆;利用相似直角三角形求出 FEFE,再由 DF=DEFEDF = DE - FE 计算。

Since AFB=ADB=90,\angle AFB = \angle ADB = 90^\circ, points A,B,D,FA, B, D, F are concyclic; use similar right triangles to find FE,FE, then DF=DEFEDF = DE - FE

解答:

AABCBC 的高可得 BD=5BD = 5CD=9CD = 9AD=12AD = 12。因为 DEACDE \perp AC,所以 AEDADCAED \sim ADC,从而 DE=365DE = \tfrac{36}{5}AE=485AE = \tfrac{48}{5}。又因为 AFB=ADB=90\angle AFB = \angle ADB = 90^\circ,四边形 ABDFABDF 是圆内接四边形,所以 ABD=AFE\angle ABD = \angle AFE。于是直角三角形 ABDABDAFEAFE 相似,故 FE5=48512\dfrac{FE}{5} = \dfrac{\frac{48}{5}}{12},即 FE=4FE = 4。因此 DF=DEFEDF = DE - FE =3654= \tfrac{36}{5} - 4 =165= \tfrac{16}{5},所以 m+n=21m + n = 21。所以正确答案是 B

The altitude from AA to BCBC gives BD=5,BD = 5, CD=9,CD = 9, AD=12.AD = 12. Because DEAC,DE \perp AC, triangle AEDADC,AED \sim ADC, giving DE=365DE = \tfrac{36}{5} and AE=485.AE = \tfrac{48}{5}. Since AFB=ADB=90,\angle AFB = \angle ADB = 90^\circ, quadrilateral ABDFABDF is cyclic, so ABD=AFE,\angle ABD = \angle AFE, making right triangles ABDABD and AFEAFE similar: FE5=48512,\dfrac{FE}{5} = \dfrac{\frac{48}{5}}{12}, so FE=4.FE = 4. Hence DF=DEFEDF = DE - FE =3654= \tfrac{36}{5} - 4 =165,= \tfrac{16}{5}, and m+n=21.m + n = 21. Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

135<x<180135^\circ \lt x \lt 180^\circ 时,点 P=(cosx,cos2x)P = (\cos x, \cos^2 x)Q=(cotx,cot2x)Q = (\cot x, \cot^2 x)R=(sinx,sin2x)R = (\sin x, \sin^2 x)S=(tanx,tan2x)S = (\tan x, \tan^2 x) 是一个梯形的四个顶点。求 sin(2x)\sin(2x)

For 135<x<180,135^\circ \lt x \lt 180^\circ, points P=(cosx,cos2x),P = (\cos x, \cos^2 x), Q=(cotx,cot2x),Q = (\cot x, \cot^2 x), R=(sinx,sin2x),R = (\sin x, \sin^2 x), and S=(tanx,tan2x)S = (\tan x, \tan^2 x) are the vertices of a trapezoid. What is sin(2x)?\sin(2x)?

2222 - 2\sqrt2

3363\sqrt3 - 6

3253\sqrt2 - 5

34-\dfrac{3}{4}

131 - \sqrt3

答案:A
难度评级:2270
小提示:

四个点都在抛物线 y=t2y = t^2 上;连接参数为 t1t_1t2t_2 的两点所得弦的斜率为 t1+t2t_1 + t_2

All four points lie on the parabola y=t2;y = t^2; the slope of the chord joining parameters t1t_1 and t2t_2 is t1+t2t_1 + t_2

大提示:

在这个范围内,平行边必须是 QRQRPSPS,所以 cotx+sinx=tanx+cosx\cot x + \sin x = \tan x + \cos x

On this range the parallel sides must be QRQR and PS,PS, so cotx+sinx=tanx+cosx\cot x + \sin x = \tan x + \cos x

解答:

每个点 (t,t2)(t, t^2) 都在 y=t2y = t^2 上,而连接参数为 t1,t2t_1, t_2 的两点所得弦的斜率为 t1+t2t_1 + t_2。当 135<x<180135^\circ \lt x \lt 180^\circ 时,cosx\cos xtanx\tan x 都介于 cotx\cot xsinx\sin x 之间,所以 PPSS 位于 QQRR 之间,平行边为 QRQRPSPS。由斜率相等可得 cotx+sinx=tanx+cosx\cot x + \sin x = \tan x + \cos x。两边乘以 sinxcosx\sin x\cos x 并化简,得 cosx+sinxsinxcosx=0\cos x + \sin x - \sin x\cos x = 0。两边平方,再利用 2sinxcosx=sin2x2\sin x\cos x = \sin 2x,可得 1+sin2x=14sin22x1 + \sin 2x = \tfrac14\sin^2 2x。它在 (1,1)(-1, 1) 中唯一的根为 sin2x=222\sin 2x = 2 - 2\sqrt2。所以正确答案是 A

Each point (t,t2)(t, t^2) lies on y=t2,y = t^2, and the chord through parameters t1,t2t_1, t_2 has slope t1+t2.t_1 + t_2. For 135<x<180,135^\circ \lt x \lt 180^\circ, both cosx\cos x and tanx\tan x lie between cotx\cot x and sinx,\sin x, so PP and SS sit between QQ and RR and the parallel sides are QRQR and PS.PS. Equal slopes give cotx+sinx=tanx+cosx.\cot x + \sin x = \tan x + \cos x. Multiplying by sinxcosx\sin x\cos x and simplifying yields cosx+sinxsinxcosx=0.\cos x + \sin x - \sin x\cos x = 0. Squaring and using 2sinxcosx=sin2x2\sin x\cos x = \sin 2x gives 1+sin2x=14sin22x,1 + \sin 2x = \tfrac14\sin^2 2x, whose only root in (1,1)(-1, 1) is sin2x=222.\sin 2x = 2 - 2\sqrt2. Thus, the correct answer is A.

21.

考虑如下定义的 3030 条抛物线:所有抛物线的焦点都是 (0,0)(0, 0),准线均形如 y=ax+by = ax + b,其中 aabb 是整数,且 a{2,1,0,1,2}a \in \{-2, -1, 0, 1, 2\}b{3,2,1,1,2,3}b \in \{-3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3\}。这些抛物线中没有三条有公共点。平面上有多少个点恰好位于其中两条抛物线上?

Consider the set of 3030 parabolas defined as follows: all parabolas have as focus the point (0,0)(0, 0) and the directrix lines have the form y=ax+by = ax + b with aa and bb integers such that a{2,1,0,1,2}a \in \{-2, -1, 0, 1, 2\} and b{3,2,1,1,2,3}.b \in \{-3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3\}. No three of these parabolas have a common point. How many points in the plane are on two of these parabolas?

720720

760760

810810

840840

870870

答案:C
难度评级:2360
小提示:

两条有共同焦点的抛物线通常交于 22 点;例外是准线平行且焦点不在两准线之间。

Two parabolas sharing a focus meet in 22 points unless their directrices are parallel with the focus not between them

大提示:

从所有 (302)\binom{30}{2} 对中减去不相交的对:斜率相同且 yy-截距同号。

From all (302)\binom{30}{2} pairs, subtract the non-intersecting ones: equal slope and same-sign yy-intercepts

解答:

两条共同焦点为 OO 的抛物线恰有 22 个交点,除非它们的准线平行且 OO 在两准线之间的带状区域外,此时不相交。不相交的对具有相同斜率,且 yy-截距同号。共有 55 个斜率;对每个斜率,同号截距对有 2(32)=62\binom{3}{2} = 6 对。每个相交对贡献 22 个点,且没有三条共点,所以总数为 2((302)56)2\left(\binom{30}{2} - 5\cdot 6\right) =2(43530)= 2(435 - 30) =810= 810。所以正确答案是 C

Two parabolas with common focus OO meet in exactly 22 points, except when their directrices are parallel and OO lies outside the strip between them, in which case they do not meet. The non-intersecting pairs have directrices of equal slope and yy-intercepts of the same sign. There are 55 slopes, and for each, 2(32)=62\binom{3}{2} = 6 same-sign intercept pairs. Since every intersecting pair meets in 22 points and no point lies on three parabolas, the total is 2((302)56)2\left(\binom{30}{2} - 5\cdot 6\right) =2(43530)= 2(435 - 30) =810.= 810. Thus, the correct answer is C.

22.

m>1m \gt 1n>1n \gt 1 为整数。假设下列方程关于 xx 的所有解的乘积

8(lognx)(logmx)7lognx6logmx2013=0 \begin{aligned} &8(\log_n x)(\log_m x) - 7\log_n x \\ &\quad {}- 6\log_m x - 2013 = 0 \end{aligned}

是尽可能小的整数。求 m+nm + n

Let m>1m \gt 1 and n>1n \gt 1 be integers. Suppose that the product of the solutions for xx of the equation

8(lognx)(logmx)7lognx6logmx2013=0 \begin{aligned} &8(\log_n x)(\log_m x) - 7\log_n x \\ &\quad {}- 6\log_m x - 2013 = 0 \end{aligned}

is the smallest possible integer. What is m+n?m + n?

1212

2020

2424

4848

272272

答案:A
难度评级:2400
小提示:

lognx=logxlogn\log_n x = \dfrac{\log x}{\log n},把方程化为关于 logx\log x 的二次方程。

Use lognx=logxlogn\log_n x = \dfrac{\log x}{\log n} to turn the equation into a quadratic in logx\log x

大提示:

根的乘积满足 log(x1x2)\log(x_1 x_2) =18(7logm+6logn)= \tfrac18(7\log m + 6\log n),所以 (x1x2)8=m7n6(x_1 x_2)^8 = m^7 n^6;再使这个整数最小。

The product of the roots satisfies log(x1x2)\log(x_1 x_2) =18(7logm+6logn),= \tfrac18(7\log m + 6\log n), so (x1x2)8=m7n6;(x_1 x_2)^8 = m^7 n^6; minimize this integer

解答:

写作 lognx=logxlogn\log_n x = \tfrac{\log x}{\log n}logmx=logxlogm\log_m x = \tfrac{\log x}{\log m},方程成为关于 logx\log x 的二次方程,其两根之和为 log(x1x2)\log(x_1 x_2) =18(7logm+6logn)= \tfrac18(7\log m + 6\log n)。于是 N8=m7n6N^8=m^7n^6,其中 N=x1x2N=x_1x_2。对每个整除 mnmn 的质数,设它在 m,nm,n 中的指数分别为 a,ba,b。那么 7a+6b0(mod8)7a+6b\equiv0\pmod8aa 为奇数是不可能的。若 a=0a=0,则 bb44 的倍数,这个质数至少贡献 p3p^3,但这时还必须有另一个质数整除 mm。若 a0(mod8)a\equiv0\pmod8 且为正,则它对 NN 的贡献至少是 p7p^7;若 a2(mod8)a\equiv2\pmod8,则 b3(mod4)b\equiv3\pmod4,此时最小的贡献是 p4p^4。其余任何正偶数 aa 的贡献都更大。因此最小值只在 p=2p=2(a,b)=(2,3)(a,b)=(2,3) 时取到,此时 N=16N=16m=4m=4n=8n=8。从而 m+n=12m+n=12。所以正确答案是 A

Writing lognx=logxlogn\log_n x = \tfrac{\log x}{\log n} and logmx=logxlogm,\log_m x = \tfrac{\log x}{\log m}, the equation becomes a quadratic in logx\log x whose roots sum to log(x1x2)\log(x_1 x_2) =18(7logm+6logn).= \tfrac18(7\log m + 6\log n). Hence N8=m7n6,N^8=m^7n^6, where N=x1x2.N=x_1x_2. For each prime dividing mn,mn, let its exponents in m,nm,n be a,b.a,b. Then 7a+6b0(mod8).7a+6b\equiv0\pmod8. An odd aa is impossible. If a=0,a=0, then bb is a multiple of 44 and this prime contributes at least p3,p^3, but some other prime must divide m.m. If a0(mod8)a\equiv0\pmod8 is positive, its contribution to NN is at least p7;p^7; if a2(mod8),a\equiv2\pmod8, then b3(mod4)b\equiv3\pmod4 and the least contribution is p4.p^4. Every other positive even aa gives more. Thus the minimum uses only p=2p=2 with (a,b)=(2,3),(a,b)=(2,3), giving N=16,N=16, m=4,m=4, and n=8.n=8. So m+n=12.m+n=12. Thus, the correct answer is A.

23.

Bernardo 选择一个三位正整数 NN,并把它以 55 为底和以 66 为底的表示都写在黑板上。后来 LeRoy 看到了 Bernardo 写的两个数。他把这两个表示当作以 1010 为底的整数相加,得到整数 SS。例如,若 N=749N = 749,Bernardo 写下 10,44410{,}4443,2453{,}245,LeRoy 得到 S=13,689S = 13{,}689。有多少个 NN 使得 SS 最右边两位数字按顺序与 2N2N 的最右边两位数字相同?

Bernardo chooses a three-digit positive integer NN and writes both its base-55 and base-66 representations on a blackboard. Later LeRoy sees the two numbers Bernardo has written. Treating the two numbers as base-1010 integers, he adds them to obtain an integer S.S. For example, if N=749,N = 749, Bernardo writes the numbers 10,44410{,}444 and 3,245,3{,}245, and LeRoy obtains the sum S=13,689.S = 13{,}689. For how many choices of NN are the two rightmost digits of S,S, in order, the same as those of 2N?2N?

55

1010

1515

2020

2525

答案:E
难度评级:2510
小提示:

因为 lcm(52,62,102)=900\mathrm{lcm}(5^2, 6^2, 10^2) = 900,条件只取决于 Nmod900N \bmod 900,所以可令 NN00899899 变化。

Since lcm(52,62,102)=900,\mathrm{lcm}(5^2, 6^2, 10^2) = 900, the condition depends only on Nmod900,N \bmod 900, so let NN range from 00 to 899899

大提示:

匹配个位会迫使 55 进制和 66 进制的个位数字相等;再模 100100 处理可确定允许的末两位数字对。

Matching last digits forces the base-55 and base-66 units digits equal; working modulo 100100 pins down the allowed last-two-digit pairs

解答:

因为 lcm(25,36,100)=900\mathrm{lcm}(25, 36, 100) = 900,关于 NN 的条件只取决于 Nmod900N \bmod 900,所以考虑 0N8990 \le N \le 899。设以 55 为底的表示的末两位为 a1,a0a_1, a_0,以 66 为底的表示的末两位为 b1,b0b_1,b_0。模 1010 时,所要求的相等以及 Na0(mod5)N\equiv a_0\pmod5 迫使 a0=b0a_0=b_0。再对模 25253636 应用中国剩余定理,得到 N180a1+150b1+a0(mod900) \begin{aligned} N&\equiv180a_1+150b_1 \\ &\quad {}+a_0\pmod{900} \end{aligned}\text{。} 把这个余数的两倍模 100100 与十进制数 10(a1+b1)+a0+b010(a_1+b_1)+a_0+b_0 比较,可化简为 5a1b1(mod10)5a_1\equiv b_1\pmod{10}。因此有效的数对恰好是 (0,0),(2,0),(4,0),(1,5),(3,5)(0,0),(2,0),(4,0),(1,5),(3,5)。每一对都可与 55a0a_0 的取法 (0a04)(0 \le a_0 \le 4) 结合,共给出 2525NN。所以正确答案是 E

Because lcm(25,36,100)=900,\mathrm{lcm}(25, 36, 100) = 900, the condition on NN depends only on Nmod900,N \bmod 900, so consider 0N899.0 \le N \le 899. Let the last two base-55 digits be a1,a0a_1, a_0 and the last two base-66 digits be b1,b0.b_1,b_0. Modulo 10,10, the desired equality and Na0(mod5)N\equiv a_0\pmod5 force a0=b0.a_0=b_0. The Chinese Remainder Theorem applied modulo 2525 and 3636 then gives N180a1+150b1+a0(mod900). \begin{aligned} N&\equiv180a_1+150b_1 \\ &\quad {}+a_0\pmod{900}. \end{aligned} Comparing twice this residue modulo 100100 with the decimal number 10(a1+b1)+a0+b010(a_1+b_1)+a_0+b_0 reduces to 5a1b1(mod10).5a_1\equiv b_1\pmod{10}. Hence the valid pairs are exactly (0,0),(2,0),(4,0),(1,5),(3,5).(0,0),(2,0),(4,0),(1,5),(3,5). Each combines with 55 choices of a0a_0 (0a04),(0 \le a_0 \le 4), giving 2525 values of N.N. Thus, the correct answer is E.

24.

ABCABC 是一个三角形,MMACAC 的中点,CNCNACB\angle ACB 的角平分线,NNABAB 上。设 XX 是中线 BMBM 与角平分线 CNCN 的交点。另外 BXN\triangle BXN 是等边三角形,且 AC=2AC = 2BN2BN^2 是多少?

Let ABCABC be a triangle where MM is the midpoint of AC,AC, and CNCN is the angle bisector of ACB\angle ACB with NN on AB.AB. Let XX be the intersection of the median BMBM and the bisector CN.CN. In addition BXN\triangle BXN is equilateral and AC=2.AC = 2. What is BN2?BN^2?

10627\dfrac{10 - 6\sqrt2}{7}

29\dfrac{2}{9}

52338\dfrac{5\sqrt2 - 3\sqrt3}{8}

26\dfrac{\sqrt2}{6}

3345\dfrac{3\sqrt3 - 4}{5}

答案:A
难度评级:2600
小提示:

α=ACN\alpha = \angle ACNx=BNx = BN。由等边三角形可得 BXC=CNA=120\angle BXC = \angle CNA = 120^\circ

Let α=ACN\alpha = \angle ACN and x=BN;x = BN; the equilateral triangle gives BXC=CNA=120\angle BXC = \angle CNA = 120^\circ

大提示:

由相似三角形可得 BC=2BC = \sqrt2CX=(2+1)xCX = (\sqrt2 + 1)x,再在 BCX\triangle BCX 中应用余弦定理。

Similar triangles yield BC=2BC = \sqrt2 and CX=(2+1)x;CX = (\sqrt2 + 1)x; then apply the Law of Cosines in BCX\triangle BCX

解答:

α=ACN=NCB\alpha = \angle ACN = \angle NCBx=BNx = BN。由于 BXN\triangle BXN 是等边三角形,所以 BXC=CNA=120\angle BXC = \angle CNA = 120^\circ,由此得到 ABCBMC\triangle ABC \sim \triangle BMCANCBXC\triangle ANC \sim \triangle BXC。由第一组相似关系,并利用 MC=12AC=1MC = \tfrac12 AC = 1,可得 BC2=MCBC\dfrac{BC}{2} = \dfrac{MC}{BC},所以 BC=2BC = \sqrt2。由第二组相似关系可得 CX=(2+1)xCX = (\sqrt2 + 1)x。在 BCX\triangle BCX 中,对 BXC=120\angle BXC = 120^\circ 应用余弦定理,得到 2=x22 = x^2 +(2+1)2x2+ (\sqrt2 + 1)^2 x^2 +(2+1)x2+ (\sqrt2 + 1)x^2 =(5+32)x2= (5 + 3\sqrt2)x^2。因此 BN2=x2BN^2 = x^2 =25+32= \dfrac{2}{5 + 3\sqrt2} =10627= \dfrac{10 - 6\sqrt2}{7}。所以正确答案是 A

Let α=ACN=NCB\alpha = \angle ACN = \angle NCB and x=BN.x = BN. Since BXN\triangle BXN is equilateral, BXC=CNA=120,\angle BXC = \angle CNA = 120^\circ, which gives ABCBMC\triangle ABC \sim \triangle BMC and ANCBXC.\triangle ANC \sim \triangle BXC. From the first, with MC=12AC=1,MC = \tfrac12 AC = 1, we get BC2=MCBC,\dfrac{BC}{2} = \dfrac{MC}{BC}, so BC=2.BC = \sqrt2. From the second, CX=(2+1)x.CX = (\sqrt2 + 1)x. The Law of Cosines in BCX\triangle BCX with BXC=120\angle BXC = 120^\circ gives 2=x22 = x^2 +(2+1)2x2+ (\sqrt2 + 1)^2 x^2 +(2+1)x2+ (\sqrt2 + 1)x^2 =(5+32)x2.= (5 + 3\sqrt2)x^2. Hence BN2=x2BN^2 = x^2 =25+32= \dfrac{2}{5 + 3\sqrt2} =10627.= \dfrac{10 - 6\sqrt2}{7}. Thus, the correct answer is A.

25.

GG 是所有如下形式多项式的集合:

P(z)=zn+cn1zn1++c2z2+c1z+50 \begin{aligned} &P(z) = z^n + c_{n-1}z^{n-1} + \cdots \\ &\quad {}+ c_2 z^2 + c_1 z + 50 \end{aligned}\text{,}

其中 c1c_1c2c_2\ldotscn1c_{n-1} 是整数,并且 P(z)P(z)nn 个互不相同的根,每个根形如 a+iba + ib,其中 aabb 为整数。集合 GG 中有多少个多项式?

Let GG be the set of polynomials of the form

P(z)=zn+cn1zn1++c2z2+c1z+50, \begin{aligned} &P(z) = z^n + c_{n-1}z^{n-1} + \cdots \\ &\quad {}+ c_2 z^2 + c_1 z + 50, \end{aligned}

where c1,c_1, c2,c_2, ,\ldots, cn1c_{n-1} are integers and P(z)P(z) has nn distinct roots of the form a+iba + ib with aa and bb integers. How many polynomials are in G?G?

288288

528528

576576

992992

10561056

答案:B
难度评级:2720
小提示:

实系数使非实根成共轭对,所以 P(z)P(z) 可分解为线性因子 (zc)(z - c) 和二次因子 z22az+(a2+b2)z^2 - 2az + (a^2 + b^2),且每个因子的常数项都整除 5050

Real coefficients pair nonreal roots as conjugates, so P(z)P(z) factors into linear (zc)(z - c) and quadratic z22az+(a2+b2)z^2 - 2az + (a^2 + b^2) pieces, each with constant term dividing 5050

大提示:

5050 的每个因数 dd,数出大小为 dd 的基本因子,包括 a2+b2=da^2 + b^2 = d 的解以及 z±dz \pm d,再使所选因子的常数项乘积为 5050

For each divisor dd of 50,50, count the basic factors of magnitude dd (solutions of a2+b2=d,a^2 + b^2 = d, plus z±dz \pm d), then multiply choices so the constant terms multiply to 5050

解答:

因为系数为实数,非实根成共轭对,所以 P(z)P(z) 可分解为互不相同的线性因子 (zc)(z - c)(其中 cZc \in \mathbb{Z})以及二次因子 (z(a+ib))(z(aib))(z - (a+ib))(z - (a-ib)) =z22az+(a2+b2)= z^2 - 2az + (a^2 + b^2)。每个因子的常数项都整除 5050。对 d=1,2,5,10,25,50d=1,2,5,10,25,50,满足 a2+b2=da^2+b^2=db0b\ne0 的共轭对个数依次为 1,2,4,4,5,61,2,4,4,5,6。再加上两个线性选择 zd,z+dz-d,z+d,就得到 B1=3|B_1|=3B2=4|B_2|=4B5=6|B_5|=6B10=6|B_{10}|=6B25=7|B_{25}|=7B50=8|B_{50}|=8。把 5050 分解成若干个大于 11 的因子大小之积,方式有 50,252,10550,25\cdot2,10\cdot55525\cdot5\cdot2。在最后一种方式中,各根互不相同要求选取两个不同的 B5B_5 因子。最后,再计入 z+1z+1z2+1z^2+1 可以自由出现(而 z1z-1 是否出现由其余因子乘积的符号决定),总数为 22(8+74+66+4(62))=4(8+28+36+60)=528 \begin{aligned} &2^2\left(8 + 7\cdot 4 + 6\cdot 6 + 4\binom{6}{2}\right) \\ &\quad = 4(8 + 28 + 36 + 60) = 528 \end{aligned}\text{。} 所以正确答案是 B

Since the coefficients are real, nonreal roots occur in conjugate pairs, so P(z)P(z) factors into distinct linear factors (zc)(z - c) with cZc \in \mathbb{Z} and quadratics (z(a+ib))(z(aib))(z - (a+ib))(z - (a-ib)) =z22az+(a2+b2).= z^2 - 2az + (a^2 + b^2). Each factor’s constant term divides 50.50. For d=1,2,5,10,25,50,d=1,2,5,10,25,50, the numbers of conjugate pairs with a2+b2=da^2+b^2=d and b0b\ne0 are 1,2,4,4,5,6,1,2,4,4,5,6, respectively. Adding the two linear choices zd,z+dz-d,z+d gives B1=3,|B_1|=3, B2=4,|B_2|=4, B5=6,|B_5|=6, B10=6,|B_{10}|=6, B25=7,|B_{25}|=7, and B50=8.|B_{50}|=8. The factor-magnitude partitions of 5050 using values greater than 11 are 50,252,105,50,25\cdot2,10\cdot5, and 552.5\cdot5\cdot2. Distinct roots require choosing two different B5B_5 factors in the last case. Finally, account for the free presence of z+1z+1 and z2+1z^2+1 (with z1z-1 forced by the sign of the remaining product), gives 22(8+74+66+4(62))=4(8+28+36+60)=528. \begin{aligned} &2^2\left(8 + 7\cdot 4 + 6\cdot 6 + 4\binom{6}{2}\right) \\ &\quad = 4(8 + 28 + 36 + 60) = 528. \end{aligned} Thus, the correct answer is B.