2017 AMC 12A 第 25 题

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25.

复平面中一个中心对称六边形的顶点集合 VVV={2i,  2i,18(1+i),18(1+i),18(1i),18(1i)} V=\left\{\begin{gathered} \sqrt2 i,\;-\sqrt2 i, \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(1+i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(-1+i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(1-i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(-1-i) \end{gathered}\right\}\text{。} 对每个 jj1j121\le j\le12,从 VV 中随机选择一个元素 zjz_j,且各次选择相互独立。设 P=j=112zjP=\prod_{j=1}^{12}z_j 为所选 1212 个数的乘积。P=1P=-1 的概率是多少?

The vertices VV of a centrally symmetric hexagon in the complex plane are given by V={2i,  2i,18(1+i),18(1+i),18(1i),18(1i)}. V=\left\{\begin{gathered} \sqrt2 i,\;-\sqrt2 i, \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(1+i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(-1+i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(1-i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(-1-i) \end{gathered}\right\}. For each j,j, 1j12,1\le j\le12, an element zjz_j is chosen from VV at random, independently of the other choices. Let P=j=112zjP=\prod_{j=1}^{12}z_j be the product of the 1212 numbers selected. What is the probability that P=1?P=-1?

511310\dfrac{5\cdot11}{3^{10}}

52112310\dfrac{5^2\cdot11}{2\cdot3^{10}}

51139\dfrac{5\cdot11}{3^9}

57112310\dfrac{5\cdot7\cdot11}{2\cdot3^{10}}

22511310\dfrac{2^2\cdot5\cdot11}{3^{10}}

答案:E
知识点:复数二项概率
难度评级:2650
小提示:

两个元素 ±2i\pm\sqrt2 i 的模为 2\sqrt2;另外四个元素的模为 12\dfrac12

The two elements ±2i\pm\sqrt2 i have magnitude 2;\sqrt2; the other four have magnitude 12\dfrac12

大提示:

要使 P=1|P|=1,需要恰有 88 个大模因子和 44 个小模因子,然后再让相位正确

For P=1|P|=1 you need exactly 88 of the large-magnitude factors and 44 of the small ones, then get the phase right

解答:

A={2i,2i}A=\{\sqrt2 i,-\sqrt2 i\}(每个模为 2\sqrt2),令 BB 为另外四个元素 (每个模为 12\dfrac12)。由于 P=(2)#A(12)#B=1|P|=(\sqrt2)^{\#A}\left(\tfrac12\right)^{\#B}=1 强制 #A=8\#A=8#B=4\#B=4,必须恰有 88 个因子来自 AA44 个来自 BB

88AA 中元素的乘积等于 ±16\pm16(实数),而 44BB 中元素的乘积等于 ±116,±i16\pm\tfrac{1}{16},\pm\tfrac{i}{16} 中的一个。它们的乘积是 ±1,±i\pm1,\pm i 中的一个,且四种结果等可能,所以这些配置中恰有 14\tfrac14 给出 P=1P=-1

出现 88 个来自 AA44 个来自 BB 这种模式的概率为 (124)(13)8(23)4=880310\binom{12}{4}\left(\tfrac13\right)^8\left(\tfrac23\right)^4=\dfrac{880}{3^{10}}。再乘以 14\tfrac14 得到 P=14880310=220310=22511310 \begin{aligned} P&=\dfrac{1}{4}\cdot\dfrac{880}{3^{10}} \\ &=\dfrac{220}{3^{10}}=\dfrac{2^2\cdot5\cdot11}{3^{10}} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Let A={2i,2i}A=\{\sqrt2 i,-\sqrt2 i\} (each of magnitude 2\sqrt2) and BB be the other four elements (each of magnitude 12\dfrac12). Since P=(2)#A(12)#B=1|P|=(\sqrt2)^{\#A}\left(\tfrac12\right)^{\#B}=1 forces #A=8\#A=8 and #B=4,\#B=4, exactly 88 factors must come from AA and 44 from B.B.

A product of 88 elements of AA equals ±16\pm16 (real), and a product of 44 elements of BB equals one of ±116,±i16.\pm\tfrac{1}{16},\pm\tfrac{i}{16}. Their product is one of ±1,±i,\pm1,\pm i, each equally likely, so exactly 14\tfrac14 of these configurations give P=1.P=-1.

The chance of landing in the 88-from-AA, 44-from-BB pattern is (124)(13)8(23)4=880310.\binom{12}{4}\left(\tfrac13\right)^8\left(\tfrac23\right)^4=\dfrac{880}{3^{10}}. Multiplying by 14\tfrac14 gives P=14880310=220310=22511310. \begin{aligned} P&=\dfrac{1}{4}\cdot\dfrac{880}{3^{10}} \\ &=\dfrac{220}{3^{10}}=\dfrac{2^2\cdot5\cdot11}{3^{10}}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

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