2017 AMC 12A 真题

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1.

Pablo 给他的朋友们买冰棒。商店出售单支冰棒,每支 $1\$133 支装盒,每盒 $2\$2;以及 55 支装盒,每盒 $3\$3。Pablo 用 $8\$8 最多可以买多少支冰棒?

Pablo buys popsicles for his friends. The store sells single popsicles for $1\$1 each, 33-popsicle boxes for $2,\$2, and 55-popsicle boxes for $3.\$3. What is the greatest number of popsicles that Pablo can buy with $8?\$8?

88

1111

1212

1313

1515

答案:D
知识点:最优化速率
难度评级:890
小提示:

最划算的是 55 支装盒,$3\$355

The best value is the 55-popsicle box, at $3\$3 for 55

大提示:

$6\$6 买两盒 55 支装,再用剩下的 $2\$2 买一盒 33 支装

Spend $6\$6 on two 55-boxes, then use the remaining $2\$2 on a 33-box

解答:

最便宜的冰棒来自 55 支装盒,单价为 $35=$0.60\dfrac{\$3}{5}=\$0.60。即使按这个单价,1414 支冰棒也要花 14$0.60=$8.4014\cdot\$0.60=\$8.40,超过 $8\$8

因此 Pablo 最多能买 1313 支,而且他可以用 $6\$6 买两盒 55 支装,再用 $2\$2 买一盒 33 支装,得到 25+3=132\cdot5+3=13 支冰棒。

所以正确答案是 D

The cheapest popsicles come from the 55-popsicle box, at $35=$0.60\dfrac{\$3}{5}=\$0.60 each. Even at that rate, 1414 popsicles would cost 14$0.60=$8.40,14\cdot\$0.60=\$8.40, more than $8.\$8.

So Pablo can buy at most 13,13, and he achieves this with two 55-boxes for $6\$6 and one 33-box for $2,\$2, giving 25+3=132\cdot5+3=13 popsicles.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

2.

两个非零实数的和等于它们乘积的 44 倍。这两个数的倒数之和是多少?

The sum of two nonzero real numbers is 44 times their product. What is the sum of the reciprocals of the two numbers?

11

22

44

88

1212

答案:C
知识点:代数变形分数
难度评级:1020
小提示:

倒数之和为 1x+1y=x+yxy\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{x+y}{xy}

The sum of reciprocals is 1x+1y=x+yxy\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{x+y}{xy}

大提示:

将方程 x+y=4xyx+y=4xy 两边同时除以 xyxy

Divide the equation x+y=4xyx+y=4xy by xyxy

解答:

设这两个数为 xxyy,则 x+y=4xyx+y=4xy

两边同时除以 xyxy,得到 x+yxy=4 \dfrac{x+y}{xy}=4\text{,} 而左边正是 1y+1x\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{x}。因此倒数之和为 44

所以正确答案是 C

Let the numbers be xx and y,y, so x+y=4xy.x+y=4xy.

Dividing both sides by xyxy gives x+yxy=4, \dfrac{x+y}{xy}=4, and the left side is exactly 1y+1x.\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{x}. So the sum of the reciprocals is 4.4.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

Carroll 老师承诺:即将到来的考试中,凡是把所有选择题都答对的人,都会在这次考试中得到 A。以下哪一句一定能由此在逻辑上推出?

Ms. Carroll promised that anyone who got all the multiple choice questions right on the upcoming exam would receive an A on the exam. Which one of these statements necessarily follows logically?

如果 Lewis 没有得到 A,那么他把所有选择题都答错了。

If Lewis did not receive an A, then he got all of the multiple choice questions wrong.

如果 Lewis 没有得到 A,那么他至少答错了一道选择题。

If Lewis did not receive an A, then he got at least one of the multiple choice questions wrong.

如果 Lewis 至少答错了一道选择题,那么他没有得到 A。

If Lewis got at least one of the multiple choice questions wrong, then he did not receive an A.

如果 Lewis 得到了 A,那么他把所有选择题都答对了。

If Lewis received an A, then he got all of the multiple choice questions right.

如果 Lewis 得到了 A,那么他至少答对了一道选择题。

If Lewis received an A, then he got at least one of the multiple choice questions right.

答案:B
知识点:逻辑推理
难度评级:1100
小提示:

一个蕴含命题与它的逆否命题等价,而不与它的逆命题或否命题等价

An implication is logically equivalent to its contrapositive, not to its converse or inverse

大提示:

“全部答对”的否定是“至少有一道答错”

Negating “got all right” gives “got at least one wrong”

解答:

这个承诺是“全部答对 \Rightarrow 得到 A”。一个蕴含命题只与它的逆否命题等价:“没有得到 A \Rightarrow 没有全部答对”。

“没有全部答对”表示至少有一道题答错,这正是选项 B。逆命题和否命题都不能推出,而“全部答错”比这个否定强得多。

所以正确答案是 B

The promise is “all right \Rightarrow A.” An implication is equivalent only to its contrapositive: “not A \Rightarrow not all right.”

“Not all right” means at least one question was wrong, which is exactly statement B. The converse and inverse do not follow, and getting “all wrong” is a much stronger claim than the negation.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

Jerry 和 Silvia 想从一块正方形田地的西南角走到东北角。Jerry 先向正东走,再向正北走到达目的地;Silvia 则朝东北方向沿直线走到目的地。与 Jerry 的路程相比,Silvia 的路程大约短了多少?

Jerry and Silvia wanted to go from the southwest corner of a square field to the northeast corner. Jerry walked due east and then due north to reach the goal, but Silvia headed northeast and reached the goal walking in a straight line. Which of the following is closest to how much shorter Silvia’s trip was, compared to Jerry’s trip?

30%30\%

40%40\%

50%50\%

60%60\%

70%70\%

答案:A
难度评级:1200
小提示:

设边长为 xx;Jerry 走 2x2x,Silvia 走对角线

Let the side be xx; Jerry walks 2x2x and Silvia walks the diagonal

大提示:

对角线为 x2x\sqrt2,节省的比例是 2xx22x=122\dfrac{2x-x\sqrt2}{2x}=1-\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}

The diagonal is x2,x\sqrt2, so the fraction saved is 2xx22x=122\dfrac{2x-x\sqrt2}{2x}=1-\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}

解答:

如果正方形边长为 xx,Jerry 走 x+x=2xx+x=2x 而 Silvia 走对角线 x2+x2=x2\sqrt{x^2+x^2}=x\sqrt2

Silvia 的路程短了的比例为 2xx22x=12210.707=0.293 \begin{aligned} &\dfrac{2x-x\sqrt2}{2x}=1-\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2} \\ &\approx 1-0.707=0.293 \end{aligned}\text{。}

这最接近 30%30\%

所以正确答案是 A

If the square has side x,x, Jerry walks x+x=2x,x+x=2x, while Silvia walks the diagonal x2+x2=x2.\sqrt{x^2+x^2}=x\sqrt2.

The fraction by which Silvia’s trip is shorter is 2xx22x=12210.707=0.293. \begin{aligned} &\dfrac{2x-x\sqrt2}{2x}=1-\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2} \\ &\approx 1-0.707=0.293. \end{aligned}

This is closest to 30%.30\%.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

5.

在一个 3030 人聚会上,有 2020 个人彼此都认识,还有 1010 个人谁也不认识。彼此认识的人拥抱,彼此不认识的人握手。一共会发生多少次握手?

At a gathering of 3030 people, there are 2020 people who all know each other and 1010 people who know no one. People who know each other hug, and people who do not know each other shake hands. How many handshakes occur?

240240

245245

290290

480480

490490

答案:B
知识点:图论基本计数
难度评级:1270
小提示:

2020 个彼此认识的人只会和 1010 个陌生人握手

The 2020 acquaintances only shake hands with the 1010 strangers

大提示:

把每个人的握手次数相加,再除以 22

Add up each person’s handshakes and divide by 22

解答:

2020 个彼此认识的人只和 1010 个陌生人握手。那 1010 个陌生人中的每个人都和其他 2929 人握手。

把握手次数相加并除以 22(每次握手涉及两个人),得到 12(2010+1029)=12(200+290)=245 \begin{aligned} &\dfrac{1}{2}(20\cdot10+10\cdot29) \\ &=\dfrac{1}{2}(200+290)=245 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Each of the 2020 people who know each other shakes hands with only the 1010 strangers. Each of the 1010 strangers shakes hands with all 2929 other people.

Summing handshake counts and dividing by 22 (each handshake involves two people) gives 12(2010+1029)=12(200+290)=245. \begin{aligned} &\dfrac{1}{2}(20\cdot10+10\cdot29) \\ &=\dfrac{1}{2}(200+290)=245. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

6.

Joy 有 3030 根细杆,长度分别为从 11 cm 到 3030 cm 的每个整数,且每种长度各一根。她把长度为 33 cm、77 cm 和 1515 cm 的杆放在桌上。她接着想从剩下的杆中选一根,和这三根一起组成一个面积为正的四边形。她可以选择多少根剩余的杆作为第四根?

Joy has 3030 thin rods, one each of every integer length from 11 cm through 3030 cm. She places the rods with lengths 33 cm, 77 cm, and 1515 cm on a table. She then wants to choose a fourth rod that she can put with these three to form a quadrilateral with positive area. How many of the remaining rods can she choose as the fourth rod?

1616

1717

1818

1919

2020

答案:B
难度评级:1350
小提示:

四条长度能组成四边形,当且仅当最长边小于另外三边之和

Four lengths form a quadrilateral exactly when the longest is less than the sum of the other three

大提示:

这给出 5<n<255\lt n\lt 25;然后去掉已经在桌上的杆

This gives 5<n<255\lt n\lt 25; then remove the rods already on the table

解答:

四条长度能组成面积为正的四边形,当且仅当最长边严格小于另外三边之和。若第四根杆长为 nn,则需要 15<3+7+n15\lt 3+7+nn<3+7+15n\lt 3+7+15,所以 5<n<25 5\lt n\lt 25\text{。}

662424 的整数共有 1919 个,但长度为 771515 的杆已经在桌上,剩下 192=1719-2=17 种选择。

所以正确答案是 B

Four lengths form a quadrilateral with positive area if and only if the longest is strictly less than the sum of the other three. With a fourth rod of length n,n, this requires 15<3+7+n15\lt 3+7+n and n<3+7+15,n\lt 3+7+15, so 5<n<25. 5\lt n\lt 25.

The integers from 66 to 2424 give 1919 values, but the rods of length 77 and 1515 are already on the table, leaving 192=1719-2=17 choices.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

在正整数上递归定义函数:f(1)=2f(1)=2,当 nn 为偶数时 f(n)=f(n1)+1f(n)=f(n-1)+1,当 nn 为大于 11 的奇数时 f(n)=f(n2)+2f(n)=f(n-2)+2f(2017)f(2017) 是多少?

Define a function on the positive integers recursively by f(1)=2,f(1)=2, f(n)=f(n1)+1f(n)=f(n-1)+1 if nn is even, and f(n)=f(n2)+2f(n)=f(n-2)+2 if nn is odd and greater than 1.1. What is f(2017)?f(2017)?

20172017

20182018

40344034

40354035

40364036

答案:B
知识点:递推找规律
难度评级:1380
小提示:

计算 f(1),f(2),f(3),f(1),f(2),f(3),\ldots,寻找规律

Compute f(1),f(2),f(3),f(1),f(2),f(3),\ldots and look for a pattern

大提示:

验证 f(n)=n+1f(n)=n+1 同时满足两条递推规则

Check that f(n)=n+1f(n)=n+1 satisfies both recursive rules

解答:

列出数值:f(1)=2f(1)=2f(2)=f(1)+1=3f(2)=f(1)+1=3f(3)=f(1)+2=4f(3)=f(1)+2=4f(4)=f(3)+1=5f(4)=f(3)+1=5,这说明可能有 f(n)=n+1f(n)=n+1

两条规则都与 f(n)=n+1f(n)=n+1 一致:当 nn 为偶数时,(n1)+1+1=n+1(n-1)+1+1=n+1;当 nn 为奇数时,(n2)+1+2=n+1(n-2)+1+2=n+1。由于递归唯一确定 ff,所以 f(2017)=2018f(2017)=2018

所以正确答案是 B

Listing values: f(1)=2,f(1)=2, f(2)=f(1)+1=3,f(2)=f(1)+1=3, f(3)=f(1)+2=4,f(3)=f(1)+2=4, f(4)=f(3)+1=5,f(4)=f(3)+1=5, suggesting f(n)=n+1.f(n)=n+1.

Both rules are consistent with f(n)=n+1:f(n)=n+1: for even n,n, (n1)+1+1=n+1,(n-1)+1+1=n+1, and for odd n,n, (n2)+1+2=n+1.(n-2)+1+2=n+1. Since the recursion determines ff uniquely, f(2017)=2018.f(2017)=2018.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

三维空间中所有到线段 ABAB 距离不超过 33 个单位的点组成的区域体积为 216π216\piABAB 的长度是多少?

The region consisting of all points in three-dimensional space within 33 units of line segment ABAB has volume 216π.216\pi. What is the length AB?AB?

66

1212

1818

2020

2424

答案:D
知识点:圆柱体积
难度评级:1440
小提示:

这个区域是半径为 33 的圆柱,两端各有一个半球

The region is a cylinder of radius 33 with a hemisphere capping each end

大提示:

两个半球合成一个完整球:9πh+43π33=216π9\pi h+\dfrac{4}{3}\pi 3^3=216\pi

The two hemispheres combine into a full sphere: 9πh+43π33=216π9\pi h+\dfrac{4}{3}\pi 3^3=216\pi

解答:

h=ABh=AB。 这个区域是一个半径为 33、高为 hh 的圆柱,两端各接一个半径为 33 的半球。

圆柱体积为 π32h=9πh\pi\cdot3^2\cdot h=9\pi h,两个半球合起来是一个球,体积为 43π33=36π\dfrac{4}{3}\pi\cdot3^3=36\pi。因此 9πh+36π=216π 9\pi h+36\pi=216\pi\text{,} h=20h=20

所以正确答案是 D

Let h=AB.h=AB. The region is a cylinder of radius 33 and height hh with a hemisphere of radius 33 on each end.

The cylinder has volume π32h=9πh,\pi\cdot3^2\cdot h=9\pi h, and the two hemispheres together form a sphere of volume 43π33=36π.\dfrac{4}{3}\pi\cdot3^3=36\pi. So 9πh+36π=216π, 9\pi h+36\pi=216\pi, giving h=20.h=20.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

SS 是坐标平面中满足以下条件的点 (x,y)(x,y) 的集合:三个量 33x+2x+2,和 y4y-4 中有两个相等,而第三个量不大于这个公共值。以下哪一项正确描述了 SS

Let SS be the set of points (x,y)(x,y) in the coordinate plane such that two of the three quantities 3,3, x+2,x+2, and y4y-4 are equal and the third of the three quantities is no greater than this common value. Which of the following is a correct description of S?S?

一个点

a single point

两条相交直线

two intersecting lines

三条直线,且两两交点是三个不同的点

three lines whose pairwise intersections are three distinct points

一个三角形

a triangle

三条有共同端点的射线

three rays with a common endpoint

答案:E
难度评级:1500
小提示:

令三个量中的两个相等,并要求第三个量至多等于这个公共值

Set two of the three quantities equal and require the third to be at most that common value

大提示:

三种配对各产生一条射线,且都从同一点 (1,7)(1,7) 出发

Each of the three pairings produces a ray, and all three start at the same point (1,7)(1,7)

解答:

考虑 33x+2x+2y4y-4 中哪两个是相等的较大值。

3=x+2y43=x+2\ge y-4,则 x=1x=1y7y\le7,得到一条从 (1,7)(1,7) 向下的射线。若 3=y4x+23=y-4\ge x+2,则 y=7y=7x1x\le1,得到一条从 (1,7)(1,7) 向左的射线。若 x+2=y43x+2=y-4\ge3,则 y=x+6y=x+6x1x\ge1,得到一条从 (1,7)(1,7) 向右上方的射线。

三条射线共享端点 (1,7)(1,7),所以 SS 是三条有共同端点的射线。

所以正确答案是 E

Consider which two of 3,3, x+2,x+2, y4y-4 are the (equal) larger pair.

If 3=x+2y4:3=x+2\ge y-4: then x=1x=1 and y7,y\le7, a downward ray from (1,7).(1,7). If 3=y4x+2:3=y-4\ge x+2: then y=7y=7 and x1,x\le1, a leftward ray from (1,7).(1,7). If x+2=y43:x+2=y-4\ge3: then y=x+6y=x+6 and x1,x\ge1, a ray from (1,7)(1,7) going up and to the right.

All three rays share the endpoint (1,7),(1,7), so SS is three rays with a common endpoint.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

10.

Chloé 从区间 [0,2017][0,2017] 中均匀随机选择一个实数。Laurent 独立地从区间 [0,4034][0,4034] 中均匀随机选择一个实数。Laurent 选到的数大于 Chloé 选到的数的概率是多少?

Chloé chooses a real number uniformly at random from the interval [0,2017].[0,2017]. Independently, Laurent chooses a real number uniformly at random from the interval [0,4034].[0,4034]. What is the probability that Laurent’s number is greater than Chloé’s number?

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

56\dfrac{5}{6}

78\dfrac{7}{8}

答案:C
难度评级:1560
小提示:

按 Laurent 的数是在 20172017 以上还是以下来分类

Split on whether Laurent’s number is above or below 20172017

大提示:

若它大于 20172017,Laurent 一定赢;若小于,则是对称的,双方各有一半机会

If it is above 20172017 he always wins; if below, it is a symmetric coin flip

解答:

Laurent 的数有概率 12\dfrac{1}{2} 落在 [2017,4034][2017,4034],这会大于 Chloé 可能选择的任何数,因此他必胜。

另有概率 12\dfrac{1}{2},Laurent 的数落在 [0,2017][0,2017],与 Chloé 的区间相同;由对称性,他较大的概率是一半。总概率为 121+1212=34 \dfrac{1}{2}\cdot1+\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot\dfrac{1}{2}=\dfrac{3}{4}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

With probability 12,\dfrac{1}{2}, Laurent’s number lies in [2017,4034],[2017,4034], which exceeds any number Chloé could choose, so he wins for certain.

With the other probability 12,\dfrac{1}{2}, Laurent’s number lies in [0,2017],[0,2017], matching Chloé’s interval; by symmetry he is larger half the time. The total probability is 121+1212=34. \dfrac{1}{2}\cdot1+\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot\dfrac{1}{2}=\dfrac{3}{4}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

11.

Claire 把一个凸多边形的若干个内角度数相加,得到和为 20172017。随后她发现自己漏掉了一个角。被漏掉的角的度数是多少?

Claire adds the degree measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon and arrives at a sum of 2017.2017. She then discovers that she forgot to include one angle. What is the degree measure of the forgotten angle?

3737

6363

117117

143143

163163

答案:D
难度评级:1570
小提示:

真正的内角和 (n2)180(n-2)\cdot180 是刚好大于 20172017180180 的倍数

The true angle sum (n2)180(n-2)\cdot180 is a multiple of 180180 just above 20172017

大提示:

被漏掉的角等于那个倍数减去 20172017,且必须小于 180180

The forgotten angle is that multiple minus 2017,2017, and it must be less than 180180

解答:

若多边形有 nn 条边,漏掉的角为 α\alpha,则 (n2)180=2017+α(n-2)180=2017+\alpha。因为 0<α<1800\lt\alpha\lt180,所以 2017<(n2)180<2197 2017\lt(n-2)180\lt2197\text{。}

这个范围内唯一的 180180 的倍数是 2160=(142)1802160=(14-2)180,所以 n=14n=14,且 α=21602017=143 \alpha=2160-2017=143\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

If the polygon has nn sides and the forgotten angle is α,\alpha, then (n2)180=2017+α.(n-2)180=2017+\alpha. Since 0<α<180,0\lt\alpha\lt180, 2017<(n2)180<2197. 2017\lt(n-2)180\lt2197.

The only multiple of 180180 in this range is 2160=(142)180,2160=(14-2)180, so n=14n=14 and α=21602017=143. \alpha=2160-2017=143.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

12.

1010 匹马,名字分别为 Horse 11、Horse 22\ldots、Horse 1010。它们的名字来自它们绕圆形跑道跑一圈所需的分钟数:Horse kk 恰好用 kk 分钟跑一圈。在时刻 00,所有马都在跑道起点。它们沿同一方向开始奔跑,并以各自恒定速度一直绕跑道跑。所有 1010 匹马再次同时到达起点的最小正时间(分钟)为 S>0S\gt0,且 S=2520S=2520。设 T>0T\gt0 是至少 55 匹马再次同时在起点的最小正时间(分钟)。TT 的各位数字之和是多少?

There are 1010 horses, named Horse 1,1, Horse 2,2, ,\ldots, Horse 10.10. They get their names from how many minutes it takes them to run one lap around a circular race track: Horse kk runs one lap in exactly kk minutes. At time 00 all the horses are together at the starting point on the track. The horses start running in the same direction, and they keep running around the circular track at their constant speeds. The least time S>0,S\gt0, in minutes, at which all 1010 horses will again simultaneously be at the starting point is S=2520.S=2520. Let T>0T\gt0 be the least time, in minutes, such that at least 55 of the horses are again at the starting point. What is the sum of the digits of T?T?

22

33

44

55

66

答案:B
难度评级:1630
小提示:

Horse kk 在时刻 tt 回到起点,当且仅当 kk 整除 tt

Horse kk is back at the start at time tt exactly when kk divides tt

大提示:

找到最小的 tt,使它在 111010 中至少有 55 个因数

Find the smallest tt having at least 55 divisors among 11 through 1010

解答:

Horse kk 在时刻 tt 位于起点,恰好当 ttkk 的倍数。因此我们需要最小的 tt,使它在 1,2,,101,2,\ldots,10 中至少有 55 个因数。

小于 1212 的正整数至多有 44 个这样的因数,而 1212 可被 1,2,3,41,2,3,466 整除。因此 T=12T=12,它的各位数字之和是 1+2=31+2=3

所以正确答案是 B

Horse kk is at the starting point at time tt precisely when tt is a multiple of k.k. So we want the smallest tt with at least 55 divisors among 1,2,,10.1,2,\ldots,10.

The positive integers below 1212 have at most 44 divisors, while 1212 is divisible by 1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4, and 6.6. Thus T=12,T=12, and the sum of its digits is 1+2=3.1+2=3.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

13.

Sharon 通常以恒定速度从她家开车到她母亲家需要 180180 分钟。有一天,Sharon 以通常速度出发,但开了全程的 13\dfrac{1}{3} 后遇到严重暴风雪,于是把速度降低了每小时 2020 英里。这次行程总共用了 276276 分钟。从 Sharon 家到她母亲家有多少英里?

Driving at a constant speed, Sharon usually takes 180180 minutes to drive from her house to her mother’s house. One day Sharon begins the drive at her usual speed, but after driving 13\dfrac{1}{3} of the way, she hits a bad snowstorm and reduces her speed by 2020 miles per hour. This time the trip takes her a total of 276276 minutes. How many miles is the drive from Sharon’s house to her mother’s house?

132132

135135

138138

141141

144144

答案:B
难度评级:1660
小提示:

她通常开车要 33 小时,所以距离等于通常速度的 33

Her usual drive is 33 hours, so the distance equals 33 times her usual speed

大提示:

后三分之二路程用 27613180=216276-\dfrac13\cdot180=216 分钟,以降低后的速度行驶

The final two-thirds takes 27613180=216276-\dfrac13\cdot180=216 minutes at the reduced speed

解答:

设距离为 dd 英里,通常速度为每小时 rr 英里。由于通常行程为 33 小时,d=3rd=3r

13\dfrac{1}{3} 路程以速度 rr 行驶,用时 13180=60\dfrac{1}{3}\cdot180=60 分钟,所以剩下 23\dfrac{2}{3} 路程用时 27660=216276-60=216 分钟,=185=\dfrac{18}{5} 小时,速度为 r20r-20

最后一段距离为 23d=2r\dfrac{2}{3}d=2r 英里,所以 2r=(r20)185 2r=(r-20)\cdot\dfrac{18}{5}\text{。} 解得 10r=18r36010r=18r-360,因此 r=45r=45d=345=135d=3\cdot45=135

所以正确答案是 B

Let the distance be dd miles and the usual speed rr mph. Since the usual trip is 33 hours, d=3r.d=3r.

The first 13\dfrac{1}{3} of the drive takes 13180=60\dfrac{1}{3}\cdot180=60 minutes at speed r,r, so the remaining 23\dfrac{2}{3} takes 27660=216276-60=216 minutes =185=\dfrac{18}{5} hours at speed r20.r-20.

That final portion covers 23d=2r\dfrac{2}{3}d=2r miles, so 2r=(r20)185. 2r=(r-20)\cdot\dfrac{18}{5}. Solving gives 10r=18r360,10r=18r-360, so r=45r=45 and d=345=135.d=3\cdot45=135.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

Alice 拒绝坐在 Bob 或 Carla 旁边。Derek 拒绝坐在 Eric 旁边。在这些条件下,他们五个人坐成一排 55 把椅子有多少种方式?

Alice refuses to sit next to either Bob or Carla. Derek refuses to sit next to Eric. How many ways are there for the five of them to sit in a row of 55 chairs under these conditions?

1212

1616

2828

3232

4040

答案:C
难度评级:1730
小提示:

从所有 5!=1205!=120 种坐法开始,减去被禁止的相邻情况

Start from all 5!=1205!=120 seatings and subtract the forbidden adjacencies

大提示:

把每个被禁止的配对看作一个块(内部有 22 种顺序),并使用容斥

Treat each forbidden pair as a block (with 22 internal orders) and apply inclusion-exclusion

解答:

XXYYZZ 分别表示 Alice-Bob、Alice-Carla、Derek-Eric 相邻的坐法。所求为 5!XYZ5!-|X\cup Y\cup Z|

把一个被禁止的配对看作一个块,得到 X=Y=Z=24!=48|X|=|Y|=|Z|=2\cdot4!=48。对交集,有 XY=23!=12|X\cap Y|=2\cdot3!=12(Alice 在 Bob 和 Carla 中间),XZ=YZ|X\cap Z|=|Y\cap Z| =223!=24=2\cdot2\cdot3!=24,且 XYZ=222!=8|X\cap Y\cap Z|=2\cdot2\cdot2!=8

由容斥,XYZ=(483)|X\cup Y\cup Z|=(48\cdot3) (12+24+24)-(12+24+24) +8=92+8=92,所以答案是 12092=28120-92=28

所以正确答案是 C

Let X,X, Y,Y, ZZ be the seatings where Alice-Bob, Alice-Carla, and Derek-Eric are adjacent, respectively. The answer is 5!XYZ.5!-|X\cup Y\cup Z|.

Treating a forbidden pair as a block gives X=Y=Z=24!=48.|X|=|Y|=|Z|=2\cdot4!=48. For intersections, XY=23!=12|X\cap Y|=2\cdot3!=12 (Alice between Bob and Carla), XZ=YZ|X\cap Z|=|Y\cap Z| =223!=24,=2\cdot2\cdot3!=24, and XYZ=222!=8.|X\cap Y\cap Z|=2\cdot2\cdot2!=8.

By inclusion-exclusion, XYZ=(483)|X\cup Y\cup Z|=(48\cdot3) (12+24+24)-(12+24+24) +8=92,+8=92, so the answer is 12092=28.120-92=28.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

f(x)=sinx+2cosx+3tanxf(x)=\sin x+2\cos x+3\tan x,其中变量 xx 使用弧度制。使 f(x)=0f(x)=0 的最小正 xx 落在哪个区间?

Let f(x)=sinx+2cosx+3tanx,f(x)=\sin x+2\cos x+3\tan x, using radian measure for the variable x.x. In what interval does the smallest positive value of xx for which f(x)=0f(x)=0 lie?

(0,1)(0,1)

(1,2)(1,2)

(2,3)(2,3)

(3,4)(3,4)

(4,5)(4,5)

答案:D
知识点:三角学
难度评级:1800
小提示:

0<x<π20\lt x\lt\dfrac{\pi}{2},三项都为正,所以那里没有根

For 0<x<π20\lt x\lt\dfrac{\pi}{2} all three terms are positive, so there is no root there

大提示:

刚过 π2\dfrac{\pi}{2} 后,3tanx3\tan x 使 ff 为负;定位 π\pi 之后的第一次变号

Just past π2\dfrac{\pi}{2} the term 3tanx3\tan x makes ff negative; locate the first sign change after π\pi

解答:

0<x<π20\lt x\lt\dfrac{\pi}{2},三项都为正,所以 f(x)>0f(x)\gt0。对 π2<x<π\dfrac{\pi}{2}\lt x\lt\pi,令 s=sinx>0s=\sin x\gt0t=cosx>0t=-\cos x\gt0。因为 0<t10\lt t\le1f(x)=s2t3st=2ts(3t1)<0 \begin{aligned} f(x)&=s-2t-\dfrac{3s}{t} \\ &=-2t-s\left(\dfrac{3}{t}-1\right)\lt0 \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此在 x=πx=\pi 之前没有根。

x=πx=\pif(π)=0+2(1)+0=2<0f(\pi)=0+2(-1)+0=-2\lt0。当 x=5π4x=\dfrac{5\pi}{4}tanx=1\tan x=1,所以 f=22+3>0f=-\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}+3\gt0。由介值定理,最小正根位于 (π,5π4)\left(\pi,\dfrac{5\pi}{4}\right)

因为 π>3\pi\gt35π4<4\dfrac{5\pi}{4}\lt4,这个区间包含在 (3,4)(3,4) 中。

所以正确答案是 D

For 0<x<π20\lt x\lt\dfrac{\pi}{2} all three terms are positive, so f(x)>0.f(x)\gt0. For π2<x<π,\dfrac{\pi}{2}\lt x\lt\pi, set s=sinx>0s=\sin x\gt0 and t=cosx>0.t=-\cos x\gt0. Since 0<t1,0\lt t\le1, f(x)=s2t3st=2ts(3t1)<0. \begin{aligned} f(x)&=s-2t-\dfrac{3s}{t} \\ &=-2t-s\left(\dfrac{3}{t}-1\right)\lt0. \end{aligned} Thus no root occurs before x=π.x=\pi.

At x=π,x=\pi, f(π)=0+2(1)+0=2<0.f(\pi)=0+2(-1)+0=-2\lt0. At x=5π4,x=\dfrac{5\pi}{4}, tanx=1\tan x=1 so f=22+3>0.f=-\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}+3\gt0. By the intermediate value theorem the smallest positive root lies in (π,5π4).\left(\pi,\dfrac{5\pi}{4}\right).

Since π>3\pi\gt3 and 5π4<4,\dfrac{5\pi}{4}\lt4, this interval sits inside (3,4).(3,4).

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

在下图中,以 AABB 为圆心、半径分别为 2211 的半圆,画在一个以 JK\overline{JK} 为直径的半圆内部,并与它共用底边。两个较小的半圆彼此外切,并且都与最大半圆内切。以 PP 为圆心的圆与两个较小半圆外切,并与最大半圆内切。以 PP 为圆心的圆的半径是多少?

In the figure below, semicircles with centers at AA and BB and with radii 22 and 1,1, respectively, are drawn in the interior of, and sharing bases with, a semicircle with diameter JK.\overline{JK}. The two smaller semicircles are externally tangent to each other and internally tangent to the largest semicircle. A circle centered at PP is drawn externally tangent to the two smaller semicircles and internally tangent to the largest semicircle. What is the radius of the circle centered at P?P?

34\dfrac{3}{4}

67\dfrac{6}{7}

123\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt3

582\dfrac{5}{8}\sqrt2

1112\dfrac{11}{12}

答案:B
难度评级:1840
小提示:

CC 为大半圆圆心;则 PA=2+rPA=2+rPB=1+rPB=1+rPC=3rPC=3-r

Let CC be the center of the large semicircle; then PA=2+r,PA=2+r, PB=1+r,PB=1+r, PC=3rPC=3-r

大提示:

PPJK\overline{JK} 作垂线,并令三个关于高度平方的表达式相等

Drop a perpendicular from PP to JK\overline{JK} and set the three expressions for its squared height equal

解答:

大半圆半径为 33,圆心 CCJK\overline{JK} 的中点。把 JJ 放在原点,则沿底边有 A=2A=2B=5B=5C=3C=3K=6K=6。设 PP 处圆的半径为 rr

由相切可知 PA=2+rPA=2+rPB=1+rPB=1+r,且 PC=3rPC=3-r。从 PP 向底边作垂线,垂足的水平位置为 3+x3+x,高度为 hh,由勾股定理得 h2=(2+r)2(1+x)2=(3r)2x2=(1+r)2(2x)2 \begin{aligned} h^2 &=(2+r)^2-(1+x)^2 \\ &=(3-r)^2-x^2 \\ &=(1+r)^2-(2-x)^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

令第一个表达式与中间那个相等,得到 5rx=35r-x=3;令最后一个表达式与中间那个相等,得到 2r+x=32r+x=3。两式相加得 7r=67r=6,所以 r=67r=\dfrac{6}{7}

所以正确答案是 B

The large semicircle has radius 33 and center C,C, the midpoint of JK.\overline{JK}. Placing JJ at the origin, A=2,A=2, B=5,B=5, C=3,C=3, K=6K=6 along the base. Let rr be the radius of the circle at P.P.

By tangency, PA=2+r,PA=2+r, PB=1+r,PB=1+r, and PC=3r.PC=3-r. Dropping a perpendicular from PP to the base at horizontal position 3+x3+x with height h,h, the Pythagorean theorem gives h2=(2+r)2(1+x)2=(3r)2x2=(1+r)2(2x)2. \begin{aligned} h^2 &=(2+r)^2-(1+x)^2 \\ &=(3-r)^2-x^2 \\ &=(1+r)^2-(2-x)^2. \end{aligned}

Equating the first expression with the middle one gives 5rx=3,5r-x=3, while equating the last expression with the middle one gives 2r+x=3.2r+x=3. Adding yields 7r=6,7r=6, so r=67.r=\dfrac{6}{7}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

2424 个不同的复数 zz 满足 z24=1z^{24}=1。其中有多少个使得 z6z^6 是实数?

There are 2424 different complex numbers zz such that z24=1.z^{24}=1. For how many of these is z6z^6 a real number?

00

44

66

1212

2424

答案:D
知识点:单位根复数
难度评级:1910
小提示:

k=0,1,,23k=0,1,\ldots,23,写成 z=eπik12z=e^{\frac{\pi i k}{12}}

Write z=eπik12z=e^{\frac{\pi i k}{12}} for k=0,1,,23k=0,1,\ldots,23

大提示:

此时 z6=eπik2z^6=e^{\frac{\pi i k}{2}},它为实数当且仅当 kk 为偶数

Then z6=eπik2,z^6=e^{\frac{\pi i k}{2}}, which is real exactly when kk is even

解答:

2424 个解是 2424 次单位根,即 z=eπik12z=e^{\frac{\pi i k}{12}},其中 k=0,1,,23k=0,1,\ldots,23

于是 z6=eπik2=coskπ2+isinkπ2z^6=e^{\frac{\pi i k}{2}}=\cos\dfrac{k\pi}{2}+i\sin\dfrac{k\pi}{2},它为实数当且仅当 sinkπ2=0\sin\dfrac{k\pi}{2}=0,即 kk 为偶数。这个范围内有 1212 个偶数 kk

所以正确答案是 D

The 2424 solutions are the 2424th roots of unity, z=eπik12z=e^{\frac{\pi i k}{12}} for k=0,1,,23.k=0,1,\ldots,23.

Then z6=eπik2=coskπ2+isinkπ2,z^6=e^{\frac{\pi i k}{2}}=\cos\dfrac{k\pi}{2}+i\sin\dfrac{k\pi}{2}, which is real exactly when sinkπ2=0,\sin\dfrac{k\pi}{2}=0, i.e. when kk is even. There are 1212 even values of kk in the range.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

S(n)S(n) 表示正整数 nn 的各位数字之和。例如,S(1507)=13S(1507)=13。对某个正整数 nn,有 S(n)=1274S(n)=1274。下列哪一个可能是 S(n+1)S(n+1) 的值?

Let S(n)S(n) equal the sum of the digits of positive integer n.n. For example, S(1507)=13.S(1507)=13. For a particular positive integer n,n, S(n)=1274.S(n)=1274. Which of the following could be the value of S(n+1)?S(n+1)?

11

33

1212

12391239

12651265

答案:D
知识点:数字模运算
难度评级:1990
小提示:

如果 nn 恰好以 kk 个九结尾,加 11 会使数字和减少 9k9k,再增加 11

If nn ends in exactly kk nines, adding 11 drops the digit sum by 9k9k and adds 11

大提示:

所以 S(n+1)=12759kS(n+1)=1275-9k;检查哪个选项有这种形式

So S(n+1)=12759k;S(n+1)=1275-9k; check which choice has this form

解答:

nn11 通常会使数字和增加 11,但末尾的每个 99 都会变成 00,使数字和减少 99。如果 nn 恰好以 kk 个九结尾,则 S(n+1)=S(n)+19kS(n+1)=S(n)+1-9k =12759k=1275-9k

因此可能值为 1275,1266,1257,1275,1266,1257,\ldots 在选项中,只有 1239=1275941239=1275-9\cdot4 符合(例如,nn 可以以四个 99 结尾,前面有足够多的 11)。

所以正确答案是 D

Adding 11 to nn increases the digit sum by 1,1, except that each trailing 99 turns into a 0,0, losing 9.9. If nn ends in exactly kk nines, then S(n+1)=S(n)+19kS(n+1)=S(n)+1-9k =12759k.=1275-9k.

So the possible values are 1275,1266,1257,1275,1266,1257,\ldots Among the choices, only 1239=1275941239=1275-9\cdot4 fits (for example, nn ending in four 99s preceded by enough 11s).

Thus, the correct answer is D.

19.

一个边长为 xx 的正方形内接于边长为 334455 的直角三角形中,使得正方形的一个顶点与三角形的直角顶点重合。另一个边长为 yy 的正方形内接于另一个边长为 334455 的直角三角形中,使得正方形的一条边落在三角形的斜边上。xy\dfrac{x}{y} 是多少?

A square with side length xx is inscribed in a right triangle with sides of length 3,3, 4,4, and 55 so that one vertex of the square coincides with the right-angle vertex of the triangle. A square with side length yy is inscribed in another right triangle with sides of length 3,3, 4,4, and 55 so that one side of the square lies on the hypotenuse of the triangle. What is xy?\dfrac{x}{y}?

1213\dfrac{12}{13}

3537\dfrac{35}{37}

11

3735\dfrac{37}{35}

1312\dfrac{13}{12}

答案:D
难度评级:2040
小提示:

顶点在直角处的正方形边长为 x=343+4x=\dfrac{3\cdot4}{3+4}

A square with its corner at the right angle has side x=343+4x=\dfrac{3\cdot4}{3+4}

大提示:

若正方形一边在长度为 bb 的底边上,而到底边的高为 hh,则正方形边长为 bhb+h\dfrac{bh}{b+h};用斜边作底

A square with a side on a base of length bb and height hh to that base has side bhb+h;\dfrac{bh}{b+h}; use the hypotenuse as the base

解答:

对第一个正方形,它截出的两个小三角形与整个三角形相似,得到 x3x=4xx\dfrac{x}{3-x}=\dfrac{4-x}{x},所以 x=127x=\dfrac{12}{7}。(等价地,直角处内接正方形的边长为 343+4\dfrac{3\cdot4}{3+4}。)

对第二个正方形,以长度为 55 的斜边作底;到斜边的高为 h=345=125h=\dfrac{3\cdot4}{5}=\dfrac{12}{5}。若正方形一边在底边 bb 上,高为 hh,则正方形边长为 bhb+h\dfrac{bh}{b+h},所以 y=51255+125=12375=6037 y=\dfrac{5\cdot\tfrac{12}{5}}{5+\tfrac{12}{5}}=\dfrac{12}{\tfrac{37}{5}}=\dfrac{60}{37}\text{。}

因此 xy=1273760=3735\dfrac{x}{y}=\dfrac{12}{7}\cdot\dfrac{37}{60}=\dfrac{37}{35}

所以正确答案是 D

For the first square, the two smaller triangles it cuts off are similar to the whole triangle, giving x3x=4xx,\dfrac{x}{3-x}=\dfrac{4-x}{x}, so x=127.x=\dfrac{12}{7}. (Equivalently, a square in the right angle has side 343+4.\dfrac{3\cdot4}{3+4}.)

For the second square, take the hypotenuse of length 55 as base; the altitude to it is h=345=125.h=\dfrac{3\cdot4}{5}=\dfrac{12}{5}. A square with a side on a base bb and height hh has side bhb+h,\dfrac{bh}{b+h}, so y=51255+125=12375=6037. y=\dfrac{5\cdot\tfrac{12}{5}}{5+\tfrac{12}{5}}=\dfrac{12}{\tfrac{37}{5}}=\dfrac{60}{37}.

Therefore xy=1273760=3735.\dfrac{x}{y}=\dfrac{12}{7}\cdot\dfrac{37}{60}=\dfrac{37}{35}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

20.

有多少个有序对 (a,b)(a,b) 满足:aa 是正实数,bb22200200 之间(含端点)的整数,且 (logba)2017=logb(a2017)(\log_b a)^{2017}=\log_b(a^{2017})

How many ordered pairs (a,b)(a,b) such that aa is a positive real number and bb is an integer between 22 and 200,200, inclusive, satisfy the equation (logba)2017=logb(a2017)?(\log_b a)^{2017}=\log_b(a^{2017})?

198198

199199

398398

399399

597597

答案:E
知识点:对数基本计数
难度评级:2110
小提示:

u=logbau=\log_b a;方程变为 u2017=2017uu^{2017}=2017u

Let u=logba;u=\log_b a; the equation becomes u2017=2017uu^{2017}=2017u

大提示:

要么 u=0u=0,要么 u2016=2017u^{2016}=2017;对每个允许的 199199 个底数计数 aa 的个数

Either u=0u=0 or u2016=2017;u^{2016}=2017; count the aa values for each of the 199199 allowed bases

解答:

u=logbau=\log_b a。因为 logb(a2017)=2017logba\log_b(a^{2017})=2017\log_b a,方程为 u2017=2017uu^{2017}=2017u,所以 u=0u=0u2016=2017u^{2016}=2017

u=0u=0a=1a=1,对所有 199199 个底数都有效。若 u2016=2017u^{2016}=2017u=±201712016u=\pm2017^{\frac{1}{2016}},对每个底数给出 22aa 值,也就是 2199=3982\cdot199=398 个有序对。

总共有 199+398=597199+398=597 个有序对。

所以正确答案是 E

Let u=logba.u=\log_b a. Since logb(a2017)=2017logba,\log_b(a^{2017})=2017\log_b a, the equation is u2017=2017u,u^{2017}=2017u, so u=0u=0 or u2016=2017.u^{2016}=2017.

If u=0,u=0, then a=1,a=1, valid for every one of the 199199 bases. If u2016=2017,u^{2016}=2017, then u=±201712016,u=\pm2017^{\frac{1}{2016}}, giving 22 values of aa for each base, i.e. 2199=3982\cdot199=398 pairs.

In total there are 199+398=597199+398=597 ordered pairs.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

21.

集合 SS 按如下方式构造。开始时,S={0,10}S=\{0,10\}。之后尽可能重复下面的操作:如果 xx 是某个多项式 anxn+an1xn1a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1} ++a1x+a0+\cdots+a_1x+a_0 的整数根,其中 n1n\ge1 且所有系数 aia_i 都是 SS 中的元素,那么把 xx 加入 SS。当不能再向 SS 加入新元素时,SS 有多少个元素?

A set SS is constructed as follows. To begin, S={0,10}.S=\{0,10\}. Repeatedly, as long as possible, if xx is an integer root of some polynomial anxn+an1xn1a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1} ++a1x+a0+\cdots+a_1x+a_0 for some n1,n\ge1, all of whose coefficients aia_i are elements of S,S, then xx is put into S.S. When no more elements can be added to S,S, how many elements does SS have?

44

55

77

99

1111

答案:D
难度评级:2130
小提示:

由有理根定理,系数在 SS 中的多项式的任意整数根都整除其常数项

By the Rational Root Theorem, any integer root of a polynomial with coefficients in SS divides its constant term

大提示:

{0,10}\{0,10\} 出发可得到 ±1,±2,±5,±10\pm1,\pm2,\pm5,\pm10;再说明没有别的数能进入

Starting from {0,10},\{0,10\}, reach ±1,±2,±5,±10;\pm1,\pm2,\pm5,\pm10; show nothing else can enter

解答:

使用多项式 10x+1010x+10,根 1-1 进入 SS。然后 11 作为 x10x9x+10-x^{10}-x^9-\cdots-x+10 的根进入,而 10-10x+10x+10 得到。

现在 x3+x10x^3+x-10 有根 22,而 x+2x+2 给出 2-2;接着 2x102x-102x+102x+10 给出 ±5\pm5。此时 S={0,±1,±2,±5,±10}S=\{0,\pm1,\pm2,\pm5,\pm10\}

不会再出现其他整数。用归纳法,SS 中每个非零元素都整除 1010。如果规则中使用的多项式常数项为 00,先提出最高可能次幂的 xx;任何非零根就成为一个新多项式的根,而其常数项是原多项式的第一个非零系数。由有理根定理,该根整除这个系数;归纳假设说明该系数整除 1010。因此 SS99 个元素。

因此,正确答案是 D

Using 10x+10,10x+10, the root 1-1 enters S.S. Then 11 enters as a root of x10x9x+10,-x^{10}-x^9-\cdots-x+10, and 10-10 enters from x+10.x+10.

Now x3+x10x^3+x-10 has root 2,2, and x+2x+2 gives 2;-2; then 2x102x-10 and 2x+102x+10 give ±5.\pm5. At this point S={0,±1,±2,±5,±10}.S=\{0,\pm1,\pm2,\pm5,\pm10\}.

No further integer can appear. Inductively, every nonzero member of SS divides 10.10. If a polynomial used in the rule has constant term 0,0, factor out the largest possible power of x;x; any nonzero root is then a root of a polynomial whose constant term is the first nonzero original coefficient. The Rational Root Theorem shows that the root divides this coefficient, which by the inductive hypothesis divides 10.10. So SS has 99 elements.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

在笛卡尔坐标平面中画一个正方形,顶点为 (2,2)(2,2)(2,2)(-2,2)(2,2)(-2,-2)(2,2)(2,-2)。一个粒子从 (0,0)(0,0) 出发。每一秒,它等概率地移动到离当前位置最近的八个格点(坐标均为整数的点)之一,且与之前的移动相互独立。换句话说,粒子从 (x,y)(x,y) 移动到 (x,y+1)(x,y+1)(x+1,y+1)(x+1,y+1)(x+1,y)(x+1,y)(x+1,y1)(x+1,y-1)(x,y1)(x,y-1)(x1,y1)(x-1,y-1)(x1,y)(x-1,y)(x1,y+1)(x-1,y+1) 中每一点的概率都是 18\dfrac{1}{8}。粒子最终会第一次碰到这个正方形,碰到的位置要么是正方形的 44 个顶点之一,要么是某条边内部的 1212 个格点之一。它碰到顶点而不是边内部点的概率为 mn\dfrac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。m+nm+n 是多少?

A square is drawn in the Cartesian coordinate plane with vertices at (2,2),(2,2), (2,2),(-2,2), (2,2),(-2,-2), and (2,2).(2,-2). A particle starts at (0,0).(0,0). Every second it moves with equal probability to one of the eight lattice points (points with integer coordinates) closest to its current position, independently of its previous moves. In other words, the probability is 18\dfrac{1}{8} that the particle will move from (x,y)(x,y) to each of (x,y+1),(x,y+1), (x+1,y+1),(x+1,y+1), (x+1,y),(x+1,y), (x+1,y1),(x+1,y-1), (x,y1),(x,y-1), (x1,y1),(x-1,y-1), (x1,y),(x-1,y), or (x1,y+1).(x-1,y+1). The particle will eventually hit the square for the first time, either at one of the 44 corners of the square or at one of the 1212 lattice points in the interior of one of the sides of the square. The probability that it will hit at a corner rather than at an interior point of a side is mn,\dfrac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m+n?

44

55

77

1515

3939

答案:E
难度评级:2270
小提示:

利用对称性,只追踪三类内部状态:中心、四个轴向邻点和四个对角邻点

By symmetry, track only three interior states: the center, the four edge-midpoint neighbors, and the four diagonal neighbors

大提示:

对每类状态写出碰到顶点的概率方程,并解这个线性方程组求中心处的值

Write hitting-probability equations for each state and solve the linear system for the center’s value

解答:

由对称性,把相关内部点分成三类:C={(0,0)}C=\{(0,0)\}、“轴向”点 A={(±1,0),(0,±1)}A=\{(\pm1,0),(0,\pm1)\} 和“对角”点 I={(±1,±1)}I=\{(\pm1,\pm1)\}。设从 A,C,IA,C,I 三类点出发最终碰到顶点的概率分别为 a,c,ia,c,i

读出转移概率(例如,AA 中一点以概率 28\tfrac28AA,以 18\tfrac18CC,以 28\tfrac28II,并以 38\tfrac38 到边内部,等等),得到 a=28a+18c+28i,c=48a+48i,i=28a+18c+18 \begin{aligned} &a=\tfrac28 a+\tfrac18 c+\tfrac28 i,\quad \\ &c=\tfrac48 a+\tfrac48 i,\quad \\ &i=\tfrac28 a+\tfrac18 c+\tfrac18 \end{aligned}\text{。}

解得 a=114a=\dfrac{1}{14}c=435c=\dfrac{4}{35}i=1170i=\dfrac{11}{70}。所求概率是 c=435c=\dfrac{4}{35},所以 m+n=4+35=39m+n=4+35=39

所以正确答案是 E

By symmetry, group the relevant interior points into three types: C={(0,0)},C=\{(0,0)\}, the “axis” points A={(±1,0),(0,±1)},A=\{(\pm1,0),(0,\pm1)\}, and the “diagonal” points I={(±1,±1)}.I=\{(\pm1,\pm1)\}. Let a,c,ia,c,i be the probabilities of eventually hitting a corner starting from a point of type A,C,I.A,C,I.

Reading off the transition probabilities (a point in AA goes to AA with prob 28,\tfrac28, to CC with 18,\tfrac18, to II with 28,\tfrac28, and to a side interior with 38,\tfrac38, etc.) gives a=28a+18c+28i,c=48a+48i,i=28a+18c+18. \begin{aligned} &a=\tfrac28 a+\tfrac18 c+\tfrac28 i,\quad \\ &c=\tfrac48 a+\tfrac48 i,\quad \\ &i=\tfrac28 a+\tfrac18 c+\tfrac18. \end{aligned}

Solving yields a=114,a=\dfrac{1}{14}, c=435,c=\dfrac{4}{35}, i=1170.i=\dfrac{11}{70}. The required probability is c=435,c=\dfrac{4}{35}, so m+n=4+35=39.m+n=4+35=39.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

23.

对某些实数 aabbcc,多项式 g(x)=x3+ax2+x+10g(x)=x^3+ax^2+x+10 有三个不同的根,且 g(x)g(x) 的每个根也是多项式 f(x)=x4+x3+bx2+100x+c \begin{aligned} &f(x)=x^4+x^3+bx^2 \\ &\quad {}+100x+c \end{aligned} 的根。f(1)f(1) 是多少?

For certain real numbers a,a, b,b, and c,c, the polynomial g(x)=x3+ax2+x+10g(x)=x^3+ax^2+x+10 has three distinct roots, and each root of g(x)g(x) is also a root of the polynomial f(x)=x4+x3+bx2+100x+c. \begin{aligned} &f(x)=x^4+x^3+bx^2 \\ &\quad {}+100x+c. \end{aligned} What is f(1)?f(1)?

9009-9009

8008-8008

7007-7007

6006-6006

5005-5005

答案:C
难度评级:2380
小提示:

因为 gg 的三个根都是 ff 的根,所以对某个额外根 qqf(x)=(xq)g(x)f(x)=(x-q)\,g(x)

Since the three roots of gg are roots of f,f, we have f(x)=(xq)g(x)f(x)=(x-q)\,g(x) for one extra root qq

大提示:

比较 x1x^1 项系数求 qq,再用 f(1)=(1q)g(1)f(1)=(1-q)\,g(1)

Match the x1x^1 coefficients to find q,q, then f(1)=(1q)g(1)f(1)=(1-q)\,g(1)

解答:

因为 gg 有三个不同的根,且都被四次多项式 ff 共享,所以可写成 f(x)=(xq)g(x)f(x)=(x-q)g(x),其中 qq 是剩下的根。展开得 f(x)=x4+(aq)x3+(1qa)x2+(10q)x10q \begin{aligned} &f(x)=x^4+(a-q)x^3 \\ &\quad {}+(1-qa)x^2 \\ &\quad {}+(10-q)x-10q \end{aligned}\text{。}

比较 xx 的系数,10q=10010-q=100,所以 q=90q=-90。比较 x3x^3 的系数,aq=1a-q=1,所以 a=89a=-89

因此 g(1)=1+a+1+10g(1)=1+a+1+10 =1289=77=12-89=-77,且 1q=911-q=91,所以 f(1)=(1q)g(1)=91(77)=7007 \begin{aligned} &f(1)=(1-q)g(1) \\ &=91\cdot(-77)=-7007 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Since gg has three distinct roots all shared by the quartic f,f, we can write f(x)=(xq)g(x)f(x)=(x-q)g(x) for some remaining root q.q. Expanding, f(x)=x4+(aq)x3+(1qa)x2+(10q)x10q. \begin{aligned} &f(x)=x^4+(a-q)x^3 \\ &\quad {}+(1-qa)x^2 \\ &\quad {}+(10-q)x-10q. \end{aligned}

Matching the xx coefficient, 10q=100,10-q=100, so q=90.q=-90. Matching the x3x^3 coefficient, aq=1,a-q=1, so a=89.a=-89.

Then g(1)=1+a+1+10g(1)=1+a+1+10 =1289=77=12-89=-77 and 1q=91,1-q=91, so f(1)=(1q)g(1)=91(77)=7007. \begin{aligned} &f(1)=(1-q)g(1) \\ &=91\cdot(-77)=-7007. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

24.

四边形 ABCDABCD 内接于圆 OO,且边长为 AB=3AB=3BC=2BC=2CD=6CD=6DA=8DA=8。设 XXYYBDBD 上的点,满足 DXBD=14\dfrac{DX}{BD}=\dfrac{1}{4}BYBD=1136\dfrac{BY}{BD}=\dfrac{11}{36}。设 EE 是直线 AXAX 与过 YY 且平行于 ADAD 的直线的交点。设 FF 是直线 CXCX 与过 EE 且平行于 ACAC 的直线的交点。设 GG 是圆 OO 上除 CC 外还位于直线 CXCX 上的点。XFXGXF\cdot XG 是多少?

Quadrilateral ABCDABCD is inscribed in circle OO and has sides AB=3,AB=3, BC=2,BC=2, CD=6,CD=6, and DA=8.DA=8. Let XX and YY be points on BDBD such that DXBD=14\dfrac{DX}{BD}=\dfrac{1}{4} and BYBD=1136.\dfrac{BY}{BD}=\dfrac{11}{36}. Let EE be the intersection of line AXAX and the line through YY parallel to AD.AD. Let FF be the intersection of line CXCX and the line through EE parallel to AC.AC. Let GG be the point on circle OO other than CC that lies on line CX.CX. What is XFXG?XF\cdot XG?

1717

59523\dfrac{59-5\sqrt2}{3}

911234\dfrac{91-12\sqrt3}{4}

671023\dfrac{67-10\sqrt2}{3}

1818

答案:A
难度评级:2520
小提示:

平行关系给出 XEYXAD\triangle XEY\sim\triangle XADXEFXAC\triangle XEF\sim\triangle XAC

The parallels give XEYXAD\triangle XEY\sim\triangle XAD and XEFXAC\triangle XEF\sim\triangle XAC

大提示:

将这些比例与点的幂结合,得到 XFXG=XBXYXF\cdot XG=XB\cdot XY;再用余弦定理求 BD2BD^2

Combine those ratios with Power of a Point to get XFXG=XBXY;XF\cdot XG=XB\cdot XY; find BD2BD^2 via Law of Cosines

解答:

因为 YEADYE\parallel ADEFACEF\parallel AC,可得到 XEYXAD\triangle XEY\sim\triangle XADXEFXAC\triangle XEF\sim\triangle XAC,所以 XYXE=XDXA\dfrac{XY}{XE}=\dfrac{XD}{XA}XFXE=XCXA\dfrac{XF}{XE}=\dfrac{XC}{XA}。因而 XCXD=XFXY\dfrac{XC}{XD}=\dfrac{XF}{XY},所以 XFXD=XCXYXF\cdot XD=XC\cdot XY

在点 XX 使用点的幂,XCXG=XDXBXC\cdot XG=XD\cdot XB,合并可得 XFXG=XBXYXF\cdot XG=XB\cdot XY。令 d=BDd=BD,则 DX=14dDX=\dfrac14 dBY=1136dBY=\dfrac{11}{36}d,所以 XFXG=(d14d)(d14d1136d)=34d49d=d23 \begin{aligned} XF\cdot XG &=\left(d-\tfrac14 d\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot\left(d-\tfrac14 d-\tfrac{11}{36}d\right) \\ &=\dfrac34 d\cdot\dfrac49 d=\dfrac{d^2}{3} \end{aligned}\text{。}

由于 ABCDABCD 是圆内接四边形,BAD\angle BADBCD\angle BCD 互补。在 ABD\triangle ABDCBD\triangle CBD 中使用余弦定理,得到 73d248=d24024\dfrac{73-d^2}{48}=\dfrac{d^2-40}{24},所以 d2=51d^2=51。因此 XFXG=513=17XF\cdot XG=\dfrac{51}{3}=17

所以正确答案是 A

Because YEADYE\parallel AD and EFAC,EF\parallel AC, we get XEYXAD\triangle XEY\sim\triangle XAD and XEFXAC,\triangle XEF\sim\triangle XAC, giving XYXE=XDXA\dfrac{XY}{XE}=\dfrac{XD}{XA} and XFXE=XCXA.\dfrac{XF}{XE}=\dfrac{XC}{XA}. Hence XCXD=XFXY,\dfrac{XC}{XD}=\dfrac{XF}{XY}, so XFXD=XCXY.XF\cdot XD=XC\cdot XY.

Power of a Point at XX gives XCXG=XDXB,XC\cdot XG=XD\cdot XB, and combining yields XFXG=XBXY.XF\cdot XG=XB\cdot XY. With d=BD,d=BD, DX=14dDX=\dfrac14 d and BY=1136d,BY=\dfrac{11}{36}d, so XFXG=(d14d)(d14d1136d)=34d49d=d23. \begin{aligned} XF\cdot XG &=\left(d-\tfrac14 d\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot\left(d-\tfrac14 d-\tfrac{11}{36}d\right) \\ &=\dfrac34 d\cdot\dfrac49 d=\dfrac{d^2}{3}. \end{aligned}

Since ABCDABCD is cyclic, BAD\angle BAD and BCD\angle BCD are supplementary. The Law of Cosines on ABD\triangle ABD and CBD\triangle CBD gives 73d248=d24024,\dfrac{73-d^2}{48}=\dfrac{d^2-40}{24}, so d2=51.d^2=51. Therefore XFXG=513=17.XF\cdot XG=\dfrac{51}{3}=17.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

25.

复平面中一个中心对称六边形的顶点集合 VVV={2i,  2i,18(1+i),18(1+i),18(1i),18(1i)} V=\left\{\begin{gathered} \sqrt2 i,\;-\sqrt2 i, \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(1+i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(-1+i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(1-i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(-1-i) \end{gathered}\right\}\text{。} 对每个 jj1j121\le j\le12,从 VV 中随机选择一个元素 zjz_j,且各次选择相互独立。设 P=j=112zjP=\prod_{j=1}^{12}z_j 为所选 1212 个数的乘积。P=1P=-1 的概率是多少?

The vertices VV of a centrally symmetric hexagon in the complex plane are given by V={2i,  2i,18(1+i),18(1+i),18(1i),18(1i)}. V=\left\{\begin{gathered} \sqrt2 i,\;-\sqrt2 i, \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(1+i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(-1+i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(1-i), \\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt8}(-1-i) \end{gathered}\right\}. For each j,j, 1j12,1\le j\le12, an element zjz_j is chosen from VV at random, independently of the other choices. Let P=j=112zjP=\prod_{j=1}^{12}z_j be the product of the 1212 numbers selected. What is the probability that P=1?P=-1?

511310\dfrac{5\cdot11}{3^{10}}

52112310\dfrac{5^2\cdot11}{2\cdot3^{10}}

51139\dfrac{5\cdot11}{3^9}

57112310\dfrac{5\cdot7\cdot11}{2\cdot3^{10}}

22511310\dfrac{2^2\cdot5\cdot11}{3^{10}}

答案:E
知识点:复数二项概率
难度评级:2650
小提示:

两个元素 ±2i\pm\sqrt2 i 的模为 2\sqrt2;另外四个元素的模为 12\dfrac12

The two elements ±2i\pm\sqrt2 i have magnitude 2;\sqrt2; the other four have magnitude 12\dfrac12

大提示:

要使 P=1|P|=1,需要恰有 88 个大模因子和 44 个小模因子,然后再让相位正确

For P=1|P|=1 you need exactly 88 of the large-magnitude factors and 44 of the small ones, then get the phase right

解答:

A={2i,2i}A=\{\sqrt2 i,-\sqrt2 i\}(每个模为 2\sqrt2),令 BB 为另外四个元素 (每个模为 12\dfrac12)。由于 P=(2)#A(12)#B=1|P|=(\sqrt2)^{\#A}\left(\tfrac12\right)^{\#B}=1 强制 #A=8\#A=8#B=4\#B=4,必须恰有 88 个因子来自 AA44 个来自 BB

88AA 中元素的乘积等于 ±16\pm16(实数),而 44BB 中元素的乘积等于 ±116,±i16\pm\tfrac{1}{16},\pm\tfrac{i}{16} 中的一个。它们的乘积是 ±1,±i\pm1,\pm i 中的一个,且四种结果等可能,所以这些配置中恰有 14\tfrac14 给出 P=1P=-1

出现 88 个来自 AA44 个来自 BB 这种模式的概率为 (124)(13)8(23)4=880310\binom{12}{4}\left(\tfrac13\right)^8\left(\tfrac23\right)^4=\dfrac{880}{3^{10}}。再乘以 14\tfrac14 得到 P=14880310=220310=22511310 \begin{aligned} P&=\dfrac{1}{4}\cdot\dfrac{880}{3^{10}} \\ &=\dfrac{220}{3^{10}}=\dfrac{2^2\cdot5\cdot11}{3^{10}} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Let A={2i,2i}A=\{\sqrt2 i,-\sqrt2 i\} (each of magnitude 2\sqrt2) and BB be the other four elements (each of magnitude 12\dfrac12). Since P=(2)#A(12)#B=1|P|=(\sqrt2)^{\#A}\left(\tfrac12\right)^{\#B}=1 forces #A=8\#A=8 and #B=4,\#B=4, exactly 88 factors must come from AA and 44 from B.B.

A product of 88 elements of AA equals ±16\pm16 (real), and a product of 44 elements of BB equals one of ±116,±i16.\pm\tfrac{1}{16},\pm\tfrac{i}{16}. Their product is one of ±1,±i,\pm1,\pm i, each equally likely, so exactly 14\tfrac14 of these configurations give P=1.P=-1.

The chance of landing in the 88-from-AA, 44-from-BB pattern is (124)(13)8(23)4=880310.\binom{12}{4}\left(\tfrac13\right)^8\left(\tfrac23\right)^4=\dfrac{880}{3^{10}}. Multiplying by 14\tfrac14 gives P=14880310=220310=22511310. \begin{aligned} P&=\dfrac{1}{4}\cdot\dfrac{880}{3^{10}} \\ &=\dfrac{220}{3^{10}}=\dfrac{2^2\cdot5\cdot11}{3^{10}}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E.