2012 AMC 12A 第 25 题

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25.

f(x)=2{x}1f(x) = |2\{x\} - 1|,其中 {x}\{x\} 表示 xx 的小数部分。数 nn 是最小正整数,使得方程 nf(xf(x))=xnf(xf(x)) = x 至少有 20122012 个实数解 xx。求 nn

注:xx 的小数部分是实数 y={x}y = \{x\},满足 0y<10 \le y \lt 1xyx - y 是整数。

Let f(x)=2{x}1f(x) = |2\{x\} - 1| where {x}\{x\} denotes the fractional part of x.x. The number nn is the smallest positive integer such that the equation nf(xf(x))=xnf(xf(x)) = x has at least 20122012 real solutions x.x. What is n?n?

Note: the fractional part of xx is a real number y={x},y = \{x\}, such that 0y<10 \le y \lt 1 and xyx - y is an integer.

3030

3131

3232

6262

6464

答案:C
知识点:取整函数交点计数
难度评级:2720
小提示:

ff 是一个周期性的三角波,且 0f(x)10 \le f(x) \le 1,所以所有解都在 [0,n][0, n]

ff is a periodic triangular wave with 0f(x)1,0 \le f(x) \le 1, so all solutions lie in [0,n][0, n]

大提示:

在每个单位区间上,y=f(xf(x))y = f(xf(x)) 的图像振荡次数逐渐增加;它与 y=xny = \dfrac{x}{n} 的交点总数为 2n22n^2

On each unit interval the graph of y=f(xf(x))y = f(xf(x)) oscillates a growing number of times; the total number of intersections with y=xny = \dfrac{x}{n} is 2n22n^2

解答:

因为 0f(x)10 \le f(x) \le 1,每个解都位于 [0,n][0,n] 内。函数 ff 是周期为 11 的三角波。令 g(x)=xf(x)g(x)=xf(x)。对每个整数 a1a\ge1,函数 gg[a,a+12)[a,a+\tfrac12) 上从 aa 递减到 00,而在 [a+12,a+1)[a+\tfrac12,a+1) 上从 00 递增到 a+1a+1。第一个区间 [0,12)[0,\tfrac12) 是例外,但它不产生与 y=xny=\frac{x}{n} 的交点。

计数振荡次数,在区间 [a,a+12)[a, a + \tfrac12)[a+12,a+1)[a + \tfrac12, a+1) 上,曲线 y=f(g(x))y = f(g(x)) 与直线 y=xny = \tfrac{x}{n} 的交点总数分别为 2a2a2(a+1)2(a+1)。对 a=0,,n1a = 0, \ldots, n-1 求和,得到 a=0n1(2a+2(a+1))=2n2\sum_{a=0}^{n-1}\bigl(2a + 2(a+1)\bigr) = 2n^2 个实数解。

满足 2n220122n^2 \ge 2012 的最小 nnn=32n = 32,因为 2312=19222 \cdot 31^2 = 1922,而 2322=20482 \cdot 32^2 = 2048

因此,正确答案是 C

Since 0f(x)1,0 \le f(x) \le 1, every solution lies in [0,n].[0,n]. The function ff is a triangular wave of period 1.1. Put g(x)=xf(x).g(x)=xf(x). For each integer a1,a\ge1, the function gg decreases from aa to 00 on [a,a+12),[a,a+\tfrac12), while it increases from 00 to a+1a+1 on [a+12,a+1).[a+\tfrac12,a+1). The first interval [0,12)[0,\tfrac12) is exceptional, but it contributes no intersection with y=xn.y=\frac{x}{n}.

Counting the oscillations, on the intervals [a,a+12)[a, a + \tfrac12) and [a+12,a+1)[a + \tfrac12, a+1) the curve y=f(g(x))y = f(g(x)) meets the line y=xny = \tfrac{x}{n} a total of 2a2a and 2(a+1)2(a+1) times. Summing over a=0,,n1a = 0, \ldots, n-1 gives a=0n1(2a+2(a+1))=2n2\sum_{a=0}^{n-1}\bigl(2a + 2(a+1)\bigr) = 2n^2 real solutions.

The smallest nn with 2n220122n^2 \ge 2012 is n=32,n = 32, since 2312=19222 \cdot 31^2 = 1922 and 2322=2048.2 \cdot 32^2 = 2048.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

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