2012 AMC 12A 真题

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1.

一只小虫沿着数轴爬行,从 2-2 出发。它先爬到 6-6,然后转身爬到 55。这只小虫总共爬了多少单位?

A bug crawls along a number line, starting at 2.-2. It crawls to 6,-6, then turns around and crawls to 5.5. How many units does the bug crawl altogether?

99

1111

1313

1414

1515

答案:E
知识点:绝对值
难度评级:770
小提示:

把两段爬行距离相加,而不是只看净位移

Add the two separate crawl distances rather than the net displacement

大提示:

第一段是 6(2)|-6-(-2)|,第二段是 5(6)|5-(-6)|

The first leg is 6(2)|-6-(-2)| and the second is 5(6)|5-(-6)|

解答:

小虫第一段爬了 6(2)=4|-6-(-2)| = 4 个单位,第二段爬了 5(6)=11|5-(-6)| = 11 个单位。

总距离为 4+11=154 + 11 = 15

因此,正确答案是 E

The bug crawls 6(2)=4|-6-(-2)| = 4 units on the first leg and 5(6)=11|5-(-6)| = 11 units on the second leg.

The total distance is 4+11=15.4 + 11 = 15.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

Cagney 每 2020 秒给一个纸杯蛋糕涂糖霜,Lacey 每 3030 秒给一个纸杯蛋糕涂糖霜。两人一起工作,55 分钟内可以给多少个纸杯蛋糕涂糖霜?

Cagney can frost a cupcake every 2020 seconds and Lacey can frost a cupcake every 3030 seconds. Working together, how many cupcakes can they frost in 55 minutes?

1010

1515

2020

2525

3030

答案:D
知识点:速率单位换算
难度评级:880
小提示:

55 分钟换成秒,或计算每人每分钟能完成多少个纸杯蛋糕

Convert 55 minutes to seconds, or count each person’s cupcakes per minute

大提示:

55 分钟内,Cagney 完成 30020\dfrac{300}{20} 个,Lacey 完成 30030\dfrac{300}{30}

In 55 minutes Cagney frosts 30020\dfrac{300}{20} and Lacey frosts 30030\dfrac{300}{30}

解答:

55 分钟共有 300300 秒。Cagney 给 30020=15\dfrac{300}{20} = 15 个纸杯蛋糕涂糖霜,Lacey 给 30030=10\dfrac{300}{30} = 10 个纸杯蛋糕涂糖霜。

两人合起来完成 15+10=2515 + 10 = 25 个纸杯蛋糕。

因此,正确答案是 D

In 55 minutes there are 300300 seconds. Cagney frosts 30020=15\dfrac{300}{20} = 15 cupcakes and Lacey frosts 30030=10\dfrac{300}{30} = 10 cupcakes.

Together they frost 15+10=2515 + 10 = 25 cupcakes.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

3.

一个盒子高 22 厘米、宽 33 厘米、长 55 厘米,可以装 4040 克黏土。第二个盒子的高度是第一个的两倍,宽度是第一个的三倍,长度与第一个相同,可以装 nn 克黏土。求 nn

A box 22 centimeters high, 33 centimeters wide, and 55 centimeters long can hold 4040 grams of clay. A second box with twice the height, three times the width, and the same length as the first box can hold nn grams of clay. What is n?n?

120120

160160

200200

240240

280280

答案:D
知识点:体积比与比例
难度评级:880
小提示:

容量与体积成正比

The capacity is proportional to the volume

大提示:

体积被乘以 2×3×12 \times 3 \times 1

The volume is multiplied by 2×3×12 \times 3 \times 1

解答:

第二个盒子的体积是第一个盒子的 2×3×1=62 \times 3 \times 1 = 6 倍,所以它能装的黏土也是 66 倍。

因此 n=640=240n = 6 \cdot 40 = 240

因此,正确答案是 D

The second box has 2×3×1=62 \times 3 \times 1 = 6 times the volume of the first, so it holds 66 times as much clay.

Therefore n=640=240.n = 6 \cdot 40 = 240.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

4.

一个袋子里有一些弹珠,其中 35\dfrac{3}{5} 是蓝色,其余是红色。如果红色弹珠的数量翻倍,而蓝色弹珠的数量不变,那么红色弹珠将占所有弹珠的几分之几?

In a bag of marbles, 35\dfrac{3}{5} of the marbles are blue and the rest are red. If the number of red marbles is doubled and the number of blue marbles stays the same, what fraction of the marbles will be red?

25\dfrac{2}{5}

37\dfrac{3}{7}

47\dfrac{4}{7}

35\dfrac{3}{5}

45\dfrac{4}{5}

答案:C
知识点:分数比与比例
难度评级:970
小提示:

从一个方便的总数开始,例如 55 颗弹珠

Start with a convenient total, such as 55 marbles

大提示:

蓝色和红色最初分别为 3322;红色翻倍后为 33 颗蓝色和 44 颗红色

Blue and red begin at 33 and 22; doubling the red gives 33 blue and 44 red

解答:

假设共有 55 颗弹珠:33 颗蓝色,22 颗红色。红色翻倍后有 44 颗红色,而蓝色仍为 33 颗。

现在总数为 3+4=73 + 4 = 7,所以红色所占的比例是 47\dfrac{4}{7}

因此,正确答案是 C

Suppose there are 55 marbles: 33 blue and 22 red. Doubling the red gives 44 red while the blue stays at 3.3.

The total is now 3+4=7,3 + 4 = 7, so the fraction that is red is 47.\dfrac{4}{7}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

5.

一份水果沙拉由蓝莓、覆盆子、葡萄和樱桃组成。水果沙拉中共有 280280 块水果。覆盆子的数量是蓝莓的两倍,葡萄的数量是樱桃的三倍,樱桃的数量是覆盆子的四倍。水果沙拉中有多少颗樱桃?

A fruit salad consists of blueberries, raspberries, grapes, and cherries. The fruit salad has a total of 280280 pieces of fruit. There are twice as many raspberries as blueberries, three times as many grapes as cherries, and four times as many cherries as raspberries. How many cherries are there in the fruit salad?

88

1616

2525

6464

9696

答案:D
难度评级:1040
小提示:

用蓝莓的数量表示每一种水果的数量

Express every count in terms of the number of blueberries

大提示:

若有 bb 颗蓝莓,则有 2b2b 颗覆盆子,8b8b 颗樱桃,24b24b 颗葡萄

With bb blueberries there are 2b2b raspberries, 8b8b cherries, and 24b24b grapes

解答:

设蓝莓有 bb 颗。则覆盆子有 2b2b 颗,樱桃有 42b=8b4 \cdot 2b = 8b 颗,葡萄有 38b=24b3 \cdot 8b = 24b 颗。

总数为 b+2b+8b+24b=35b=280b + 2b + 8b + 24b = 35b = 280,所以 b=8b = 8,樱桃有 8b=648b = 64 颗。

因此,正确答案是 D

Let bb be the number of blueberries. Then there are 2b2b raspberries, 42b=8b4 \cdot 2b = 8b cherries, and 38b=24b3 \cdot 8b = 24b grapes.

The total is b+2b+8b+24b=35b=280,b + 2b + 8b + 24b = 35b = 280, so b=8b = 8 and there are 8b=648b = 64 cherries.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

三个整数两两相加的和分别为 121217171919。中间的那个数是多少?

The sums of three whole numbers taken in pairs are 12,12, 17,17, and 19.19. What is the middle number?

44

55

66

77

88

答案:D
知识点:方程组
难度评级:1080
小提示:

把三个两两之和相加,会把每个数都数两次

Adding all three pairwise sums counts each number twice

大提示:

总和 a+b+ca+b+c12+17+1912+17+19 的一半;用总和减去每个两数之和即可得到第三个数

The total a+b+ca+b+c is half of 12+17+1912+17+19; subtract each pair sum to get the third number

解答:

设三个数为 a<b<ca \lt b \lt c。将三个两两之和相加,得到 2(a+b+c)=12+17+192(a+b+c) = 12+17+19 =48= 48,所以 a+b+c=24a+b+c = 24

因此 a=2419=5a = 24-19 = 5b=2417=7b = 24-17 = 7c=2412=12c = 24-12 = 12。中间的数是 77

因此,正确答案是 D

Let the numbers be a<b<c.a \lt b \lt c. Adding the three pairwise sums gives 2(a+b+c)=12+17+192(a+b+c) = 12+17+19 =48,= 48, so a+b+c=24.a+b+c = 24.

Then a=2419=5,a = 24-19 = 5, b=2417=7,b = 24-17 = 7, and c=2412=12.c = 24-12 = 12. The middle number is 7.7.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

7.

Mary 将一个圆分成 1212 个扇形。这些扇形的圆心角用度数表示时都是整数,并且构成一个等差数列。最小的扇形角可能是多少度?

Mary divides a circle into 1212 sectors. The central angles of these sectors, measured in degrees, are all integers and they form an arithmetic sequence. What is the degree measure of the smallest possible sector angle?

55

66

88

1010

1212

答案:C
难度评级:1240
小提示:

十二个角的和为 360360^\circ

The twelve angles sum to 360360^\circ

大提示:

若首项为 aa,公差为 dd,则 12a+66d=36012a + 66d = 360,所以 2a+11d=602a + 11d = 60

With first term aa and common difference d,d, 12a+66d=360,12a + 66d = 360, so 2a+11d=602a + 11d = 60

解答:

设最小角为 aa,公差为 d0d \ge 0。所有角的和为 12a+66d=36012a + 66d = 360,所以 2a+11d=602a + 11d = 60

要使 aa 小,就让 dd 尽量大。由于 11d11d 必须为偶数,dd 为偶数,而 d=4d = 4 给出 2a=6044=162a = 60 - 44 = 16,所以 a=8a = 8。更大的偶数 dd 会使 aa 非正。

因此,正确答案是 C

Let aa be the smallest angle and d0d \ge 0 the common difference. The sum of the angles is 12a+66d=360,12a + 66d = 360, so 2a+11d=60.2a + 11d = 60.

To make aa small, take dd large. Since 11d11d must be even, dd is even, and d=4d = 4 gives 2a=6044=16,2a = 60 - 44 = 16, so a=8.a = 8. A larger even dd makes aa non-positive.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

8.

数字 1122334455 的一个 迭代平均数 按如下方式计算。把这五个数按某种顺序排列。先求前两个数的平均数,再求这个平均数与第三个数的平均数,然后再与第四个数求平均数,最后再与第五个数求平均数。用这个过程可能得到的最大值和最小值之差是多少?

An iterative average of the numbers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, and 55 is computed in the following way. Arrange the five numbers in some order. Find the mean of the first two numbers, then find the mean of that with the third number, then the mean of that with the fourth number, and finally the mean of that with the fifth number. What is the difference between the largest and smallest possible values that can be obtained using this procedure?

3116\dfrac{31}{16}

22

178\dfrac{17}{8}

33

6516\dfrac{65}{16}

答案:C
知识点:平均数最优化
难度评级:1480
小提示:

计算每个位置对最终平均数的权重

Work out the weight each position contributes to the final average

大提示:

对顺序 a,b,c,d,ea,b,c,d,e,结果是 a+b+2c+4d+8e16\dfrac{a+b+2c+4d+8e}{16};越靠后的项影响越大

For the order a,b,c,d,ea,b,c,d,e the result is a+b+2c+4d+8e16\dfrac{a+b+2c+4d+8e}{16}; the last entries matter most

解答:

对顺序 a,b,c,d,ea, b, c, d, e,迭代平均数为 a+b+2c+4d+8e16\frac{a + b + 2c + 4d + 8e}{16}\text{。} 后面的位置权重最大。

最大值取 (a,b,c,d,e)=(1,2,3,4,5)(a,b,c,d,e) = (1,2,3,4,5),得到 6516\dfrac{65}{16},最小值取 (5,4,3,2,1)(5,4,3,2,1),得到 3116\dfrac{31}{16}

差为 65163116=3416=178\dfrac{65}{16} - \dfrac{31}{16} = \dfrac{34}{16} = \dfrac{17}{8}

因此,正确答案是 C

For the order a,b,c,d,e,a, b, c, d, e, the iterative average is a+b+2c+4d+8e16.\frac{a + b + 2c + 4d + 8e}{16}. The later positions carry the most weight.

The largest value uses (a,b,c,d,e)=(1,2,3,4,5),(a,b,c,d,e) = (1,2,3,4,5), giving 6516,\dfrac{65}{16}, and the smallest uses (5,4,3,2,1),(5,4,3,2,1), giving 3116.\dfrac{31}{16}.

The difference is 65163116=3416=178.\dfrac{65}{16} - \dfrac{31}{16} = \dfrac{34}{16} = \dfrac{17}{8}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

一个年份是闰年,当且仅当该年份能被 400400 整除(例如 20002000),或者能被 44 整除但不能被 100100 整除(例如 20122012)。小说家 Charles Dickens 诞辰 200200 周年纪念日在 20122012 年二月 77 日(星期二)举行。Dickens 出生在星期几?

A year is a leap year if and only if the year number is divisible by 400400 (such as 20002000) or is divisible by 44 but not by 100100 (such as 20122012). The 200200th anniversary of the birth of novelist Charles Dickens was celebrated on February 7,7, 2012,2012, a Tuesday. On what day of the week was Dickens born?

星期五

Friday

星期六

Saturday

星期日

Sunday

星期一

Monday

星期二

Tuesday

答案:A
难度评级:1540
小提示:

计算两个二月 77 日之间相隔的总天数,并对 77 取模。

Count the total number of days between the two February 77th dates, working modulo 77

大提示:

200200 年中有 200365200 \cdot 365 个普通日,再加上每个闰年多出的一天;19001900 年不是闰年。

In 200200 years there are 200365200 \cdot 365 ordinary days plus one extra for each leap year; 19001900 is not a leap year

解答:

18121812 年二月 77 日到 20122012 年二月 77 日,共有 200365=73000200 \cdot 365 = 73000 个普通日,再加上每个闰日。

200200 年中有四分之一含闰日,但要排除 19001900,因此闰日数为 142001=49\tfrac14 \cdot 200 - 1 = 49。所以总跨度为 7304973049 天。

因为 73049=710435+473049 = 7 \cdot 10435 + 4,出生日期比星期二早 44 天,也就是星期五。

因此,正确答案是 A

From February 7,7, 18121812 to February 7,7, 20122012 there are 200365=73000200 \cdot 365 = 73000 ordinary days plus one for each leap day.

One quarter of the 200200 years contain a leap day, except 1900,1900, giving 142001=49\tfrac14 \cdot 200 - 1 = 49 leap days. So the span is 7304973049 days.

Since 73049=710435+4,73049 = 7 \cdot 10435 + 4, the birth day was 44 days before a Tuesday, which is a Friday.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

10.

一个三角形面积为 3030,有一条边长为 1010,到这条边的中线长为 99。设 θ\theta 为这条边与该中线形成的锐角。求 sinθ\sin\theta

A triangle has area 30,30, one side of length 10,10, and the median to that side of length 9.9. Let θ\theta be the acute angle formed by that side and the median. What is sinθ?\sin\theta?

310\dfrac{3}{10}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

920\dfrac{9}{20}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

910\dfrac{9}{10}

答案:D
难度评级:1610
小提示:

中线把一个三角形分成面积相等的两个三角形

A median splits a triangle into two pieces of equal area

大提示:

其中一个半三角形的两边为 5599,夹角为 θ\theta,面积为 1515

One half-triangle has sides 55 and 99 with included angle θ\theta and area 1515

解答:

这条中线把原三角形分成两个面积相等的三角形,每个面积为 1515。其中一个三角形有两条边长分别为 55(底边的一半)和 99(中线),它们的夹角为 θ\theta

它的面积为 1259sinθ=15\tfrac12 \cdot 5 \cdot 9 \sin\theta = 15,所以 sinθ=21559=23\sin\theta = \dfrac{2 \cdot 15}{5 \cdot 9} = \dfrac{2}{3}

因此,正确答案是 D

The median divides the triangle into two triangles of equal area 15.15. One of them has the two sides of length 55 (half the base) and 99 (the median) meeting at angle θ.\theta.

Its area is 1259sinθ=15,\tfrac12 \cdot 5 \cdot 9 \sin\theta = 15, so sinθ=21559=23.\sin\theta = \dfrac{2 \cdot 15}{5 \cdot 9} = \dfrac{2}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

11.

Alex、Mel 和 Chelsea 玩一个有 66 轮的游戏。每一轮只有一个获胜者,且各轮结果相互独立。每一轮 Alex 获胜的概率是 12\dfrac12,Mel 获胜的可能性是 Chelsea 的两倍。Alex 赢三轮、Mel 赢二轮、Chelsea 赢一轮的概率是多少?

Alex, Mel, and Chelsea play a game that has 66 rounds. In each round there is a single winner, and the outcomes of the rounds are independent. For each round the probability that Alex wins is 12,\dfrac12, and Mel is twice as likely to win as Chelsea. What is the probability that Alex wins three rounds, Mel wins two rounds, and Chelsea wins one round?

572\dfrac{5}{72}

536\dfrac{5}{36}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

11

答案:B
难度评级:1540
小提示:

先求出每位玩家每轮获胜的概率

First find each player’s per-round win probability

大提示:

因为 P(Mel)+P(Chelsea)=12P(\text{Mel}) + P(\text{Chelsea}) = \dfrac12P(Mel)=2P(Chelsea)P(\text{Mel}) = 2P(\text{Chelsea}),再乘以排列数 6!3!2!1!\dfrac{6!}{3!\,2!\,1!}

Since P(Mel)+P(Chelsea)=12P(\text{Mel}) + P(\text{Chelsea}) = \dfrac12 and P(Mel)=2P(Chelsea),P(\text{Mel}) = 2P(\text{Chelsea}), multiply by the number 6!3!2!1!\dfrac{6!}{3!\,2!\,1!} of arrangements

解答:

Alex 获胜的概率为 12\tfrac12,其余两人共享剩下的 12\tfrac12。因为 Mel 获胜的可能性是 Chelsea 的两倍,P(Mel)=13P(\text{Mel}) = \tfrac13P(Chelsea)=16P(\text{Chelsea}) = \tfrac16

获胜顺序 AAAMMCAAAMMC 的排列数为 6!3!2!1!=60\dfrac{6!}{3!\,2!\,1!} = 60。概率为 60(12)3(13)2(16)=60432=536 \begin{aligned} 60 \cdot \left(\tfrac12\right)^3 \left(\tfrac13\right)^2 \left(\tfrac16\right) &= \frac{60}{432} \\ &= \frac{5}{36} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Since Alex wins with probability 12,\tfrac12, the others share the remaining 12.\tfrac12. With Mel twice as likely as Chelsea, P(Mel)=13P(\text{Mel}) = \tfrac13 and P(Chelsea)=16.P(\text{Chelsea}) = \tfrac16.

The number of orderings of the wins AAAMMCAAAMMC is 6!3!2!1!=60.\dfrac{6!}{3!\,2!\,1!} = 60. The probability is 60(12)3(13)2(16)=60432=536. \begin{aligned} 60 \cdot \left(\tfrac12\right)^3 \left(\tfrac13\right)^2 \left(\tfrac16\right) &= \frac{60}{432} \\ &= \frac{5}{36}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

12.

一个正方形区域 ABCDABCD 在边 CDCD 上的点 (0,1)(0, 1) 处与方程为 x2+y2=1x^2 + y^2 = 1 的圆外切。顶点 AABB 在方程为 x2+y2=4x^2 + y^2 = 4 的圆上。这个正方形的边长是多少?

A square region ABCDABCD is externally tangent to the circle with equation x2+y2=1x^2 + y^2 = 1 at the point (0,1)(0, 1) on the side CD.CD. Vertices AA and BB are on the circle with equation x2+y2=4.x^2 + y^2 = 4. What is the side length of this square?

10+510\dfrac{\sqrt{10} + 5}{10}

255\dfrac{2\sqrt{5}}{5}

223\dfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}

21945\dfrac{2\sqrt{19} - 4}{5}

9175\dfrac{9 - \sqrt{17}}{5}

答案:D
难度评级:1770
小提示:

利用关于 yy 轴的对称性,设 A=(a,b)A = (a, b)B=(a,b)B = (-a, b)

Use the symmetry across the yy-axis to write A=(a,b)A = (a, b) and B=(a,b)B = (-a, b)

大提示:

边长水平方向为 2a2a,竖直方向为 b1b - 1,所以 b=2a+1b = 2a + 1;代入 a2+b2=4a^2 + b^2 = 4

The side length is 2a2a horizontally and b1b - 1 vertically, so b=2a+1b = 2a + 1; substitute into a2+b2=4a^2 + b^2 = 4

解答:

由对称性,设 A=(a,b)A = (a, b),其中 a>0a \gt 0,且 B=(a,b)B = (-a, b)。正方形位于切点 (0,1)(0,1) 上方,所以它的水平宽度为 2a2a,高度为 b1b - 1

由于二者相等,2a=b12a = b - 1,因此 b=2a+1b = 2a + 1

代入 a2+b2=4a^2 + b^2 = 4,得到 5a2+4a3=05a^2 + 4a - 3 = 0。正根为 a=1925a = \dfrac{\sqrt{19} - 2}{5},所以边长为 2a=219452a = \dfrac{2\sqrt{19} - 4}{5}

因此,正确答案是 D

By symmetry let A=(a,b)A = (a, b) with a>0a \gt 0 and B=(a,b).B = (-a, b). The square sits on the tangent point (0,1),(0,1), so its horizontal width is 2a2a and its height is b1.b - 1.

Since these are equal, 2a=b1,2a = b - 1, giving b=2a+1.b = 2a + 1.

Substituting into a2+b2=4a^2 + b^2 = 4 yields 5a2+4a3=0.5a^2 + 4a - 3 = 0. The positive root is a=1925,a = \dfrac{\sqrt{19} - 2}{5}, so the side length is 2a=21945.2a = \dfrac{2\sqrt{19} - 4}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

油漆工 Paula 和她的两名助手各自以恒定但不同的速度刷漆。他们总是在上午 8:008{:}00 开始工作,并且三人每天午餐都花同样长的时间。星期一,三人一起粉刷了房子的 50%50\%,在下午 4:004{:}00 停工。星期二 Paula 不在,两名助手只粉刷了房子的 24%24\%,并在下午 2:122{:}12 停工。星期三 Paula 独自工作,一直到晚上 7:127{:}12 才完成整栋房子。每天的午餐休息时间是多少分钟?

Paula the painter and her two helpers each paint at constant, but different, rates. They always start at 8:008{:}00 AM and all three always take the same amount of time to eat lunch. On Monday the three of them painted 50%50\% of a house, quitting at 4:004{:}00 PM. On Tuesday, when Paula wasn’t there, the two helpers painted only 24%24\% of the house and quit at 2:122{:}12 PM. On Wednesday Paula worked by herself and finished the house by working until 7:127{:}12 PM. How long, in minutes, was each day’s lunch break?

3030

3636

4242

4848

6060

答案:D
知识点:速率方程组
难度评级:1810
小提示:

设午餐休息为 mm 分钟,设 pphh 分别为 Paula 与两名助手合计的刷漆速度(每分钟百分比)

Let the lunch break be mm minutes and let pp and hh be the painting rates (percent per minute)

大提示:

工作分钟数为 480m480 - m372m372 - m672m672 - m;列方程 (p+h)(480m)=50(p+h)(480-m) = 50h(372m)=24h(372-m) = 24p(672m)=26p(672-m) = 26

Working minutes are 480m,480 - m, 372m,372 - m, and 672m672 - m; set up (p+h)(480m)=50,(p+h)(480-m) = 50, h(372m)=24,h(372-m) = 24, p(672m)=26p(672-m) = 26

解答:

设午餐时长为 mm 分钟。星期一三人工作了 480m480 - m 分钟,星期二助手工作了 372m372 - m 分钟,星期三 Paula 工作了 672m672 - m 分钟。

若 Paula 每分钟刷 p%p\%,两名助手合计每分钟刷 h%h\%,则 (p+h)(480m)=50,h(372m)=24,p(672m)=26 \begin{aligned} (p+h)(480-m) &= 50, \\ h(372-m) &= 24, \\ p(672-m) &= 26 \end{aligned}\text{。}

将后两个方程相加,再从第一个方程中减去,得到 108h192p=0108h - 192p = 0,所以 h=169ph = \tfrac{16}{9}p。解这个方程组得到 p=124p = \tfrac{1}{24}m=48m = 48

因此,正确答案是 D

Let mm be the lunch length in minutes. The three worked 480m480 - m minutes Monday, the helpers 372m372 - m minutes Tuesday, and Paula 672m672 - m minutes Wednesday.

If Paula paints p%p\% per minute and the helpers together paint h%h\% per minute, then (p+h)(480m)=50,h(372m)=24,p(672m)=26. \begin{aligned} (p+h)(480-m) &= 50, \\ h(372-m) &= 24, \\ p(672-m) &= 26. \end{aligned}

Adding the last two equations and subtracting from the first gives 108h192p=0,108h - 192p = 0, so h=169p.h = \tfrac{16}{9}p. Solving the system gives p=124p = \tfrac{1}{24} and m=48.m = 48.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

图中的闭合曲线由 99 条全等圆弧组成,每条圆弧的长度为 2π3\dfrac{2\pi}{3},且对应圆的圆心都在边长为 22 的正六边形的顶点上。该曲线围成的面积是多少?

The closed curve in the figure is made up of 99 congruent circular arcs each of length 2π3,\dfrac{2\pi}{3}, where each of the centers of the corresponding circles is among the vertices of a regular hexagon of side 2.2. What is the area enclosed by the curve?

2π+62\pi + 6

2π+432\pi + 4\sqrt{3}

3π+43\pi + 4

2π+33+22\pi + 3\sqrt{3} + 2

π+63\pi + 6\sqrt{3}

答案:E
难度评级:1880
小提示:

每条弧都是单位圆的 120120^\circ 扇形,因为弧长 2π3\dfrac{2\pi}{3} 表示半径为 11

Each arc is a 120120^\circ sector of a unit circle, since arc length 2π3\dfrac{2\pi}{3} means radius 11

大提示:

向外和向内的扇形可以重新排列成在边长 22 的六边形上加上一个完整的单位圆

The outward and inward sectors rearrange into one full unit circle added to the hexagon of side 22

解答:

每条弧在单位圆上的长度为 2π3\dfrac{2\pi}{3},所以对应一个 120120^\circ 扇形。九个相等扇形可重新组合,使围成区域等于边长为 22 的正六边形加上一个半径为 11 的完整圆。

边长为 22 的正六边形可分成 66 个边长为 22 的等边三角形,所以面积为 63422=636 \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt3}{4} \cdot 2^2 = 6\sqrt3

加上单位圆面积 π\pi,得到 π+63\pi + 6\sqrt3

因此,正确答案是 E

Each arc has length 2π3\dfrac{2\pi}{3} on a unit circle, so it is a 120120^\circ sector. The nine equal sectors can be reassembled so that the enclosed region equals the regular hexagon of side 22 plus one full circle of radius 1.1.

A regular hexagon of side 22 splits into 66 equilateral triangles of side 2,2, so its area is 63422=63.6 \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt3}{4} \cdot 2^2 = 6\sqrt3.

Adding the unit circle’s area π\pi gives π+63.\pi + 6\sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

一个 3×33 \times 3 正方形被分成 99 个单位正方形。每个单位正方形被涂成白色或黑色,两种颜色等可能且相互独立随机选择。然后将整个正方形绕中心顺时针旋转 9090^\circ,并且凡是旋转后处在原来黑色正方形位置上的白色正方形,都被涂成黑色。所有其他正方形的颜色保持不变。此时整个网格全为黑色的概率是多少?

A 3×33 \times 3 square is partitioned into 99 unit squares. Each unit square is painted either white or black with each color being equally likely, chosen independently and at random. The square is then rotated 9090^\circ clockwise about its center, and every white square in a position formerly occupied by a black square is painted black. The colors of all other squares are left unchanged. What is the probability that the grid is now entirely black?

49512\dfrac{49}{512}

764\dfrac{7}{64}

1211024\dfrac{121}{1024}

81512\dfrac{81}{512}

932\dfrac{9}{32}

答案:A
难度评级:1930
小提示:

将四个角、四个边中间格和中心格看作三个独立的组

Treat the four corners, the four edges, and the center as three independent groups

大提示:

一个方格最终会变黑,除非它是白色且旋转到它位置上的方格也原本是白色;中心格必须一开始就是黑色

A square ends black unless it is white and the square rotated into its position was also white; the center must start black

解答:

旋转时,四个角格构成一个循环,四个边格构成另一个循环,而中心格保持不动。这三组相互独立。

一个位置最终仍是白色,当且仅当它和旋转到该位置的方格原来都是白色。因此四个角最终全黑,恰好等价于它们的循环颜色串中没有两个相邻的白格。允许的颜色串包括全黑的一个、恰有一个白格的 44 个,以及两个白格相对的 22 个,共有 77 种,而总数为 24=162^4=16。所以四个角全黑的概率是 716\frac{7}{16}。四个边格同理。

中心格最终为黑色,只有它一开始就是黑色,概率为 12\dfrac12。相乘可得整个方格全黑的概率为 12(716)2=49512\frac12 \cdot \left(\frac{7}{16}\right)^2 = \frac{49}{512}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

The four corners form one cycle under the rotation, the four edge squares form another, and the center is fixed. These three groups are independent.

A position remains white exactly when both it and the square rotated into it were originally white. Thus the corners end black exactly when their cyclic string has no adjacent pair of whites. The allowed strings are the all-black string, the 44 strings with one white, and the 22 strings with two opposite whites: 77 of the 24=162^4=16 possibilities. Hence the corner probability is 716.\frac{7}{16}. The same argument applies to the four edge squares.

The center is black at the end only if it started black, with probability 12.\dfrac12. Multiplying, the whole grid is black with probability 12(716)2=49512.\frac12 \cdot \left(\frac{7}{16}\right)^2 = \frac{49}{512}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

16.

C1C_1 的圆心 OO 在圆 C2C_2 上。两个圆相交于 XXYY。点 ZZC1C_1 外部,且在圆 C2C_2 上,并满足 XZ=13XZ = 13OZ=11OZ = 11YZ=7YZ = 7。圆 C1C_1 的半径是多少?

Circle C1C_1 has its center OO lying on circle C2.C_2. The two circles meet at XX and Y.Y. Point ZZ in the exterior of C1C_1 lies on circle C2C_2 and XZ=13,XZ = 13, OZ=11,OZ = 11, and YZ=7.YZ = 7. What is the radius of circle C1?C_1?

55

26\sqrt{26}

333\sqrt{3}

272\sqrt{7}

30\sqrt{30}

答案:E
知识点:余弦定理
难度评级:1870
小提示:

设半径为 rr,则 OX=OY=rOX = OY = r;这些是 C2C_2 的等弦,因此在 ZZ 处所对的角相等

Let rr be the radius, so OX=OY=rOX = OY = r; these equal chords of C2C_2 subtend equal angles at ZZ

大提示:

对三角形 XZOXZOYZOYZO 使用余弦定理,并令两个 cosZ\cos\angle Z 的表达式相等

Apply the Law of Cosines to triangles XZOXZO and YZOYZO and set the two expressions for cosZ\cos\angle Z equal

解答:

C1C_1 的半径为 rr,所以 OX=OY=rOX = OY = r。它们是 C2C_2 的等弦,因此在 ZZ 处所对角相等:XZO=OZY\angle XZO = \angle OZY

对三角形 XZOXZOYZOYZO 使用余弦定理,132+112r221311=72+112r22711 \begin{aligned} &\frac{13^2 + 11^2 - r^2}{2 \cdot 13 \cdot 11} \\ &= \frac{7^2 + 11^2 - r^2}{2 \cdot 7 \cdot 11} \end{aligned}\text{。}

清去分母并求解,得到 r2=30r^2 = 30,所以 r=30r = \sqrt{30}

因此,正确答案是 E

Let rr be the radius of C1,C_1, so OX=OY=r.OX = OY = r. These are equal chords of C2,C_2, so they subtend equal angles at Z:Z: XZO=OZY.\angle XZO = \angle OZY.

Applying the Law of Cosines to triangles XZOXZO and YZO,YZO, 132+112r221311=72+112r22711. \begin{aligned} &\frac{13^2 + 11^2 - r^2}{2 \cdot 13 \cdot 11} \\ &= \frac{7^2 + 11^2 - r^2}{2 \cdot 7 \cdot 11}. \end{aligned}

Clearing denominators and solving gives r2=30,r^2 = 30, so r=30.r = \sqrt{30}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

17.

SS{1,2,3,,30}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 30\} 的一个子集,且 SS 中任意两个不同元素的和都不能被 55 整除。SS 的最大可能大小是多少?

Let SS be a subset of {1,2,3,,30}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 30\} with the property that no pair of distinct elements in SS has a sum divisible by 5.5. What is the largest possible size of S?S?

1010

1313

1515

1616

1818

答案:B
难度评级:1800
小提示:

按模 55 的余数给这些数分类;每一类都有 66 个数

Sort the numbers by their remainder modulo 55; there are 66 numbers in each class

大提示:

余数 1144 不能同时出现,2233 也不能同时出现,并且最多只能选一个 55 的倍数

Residues 11 and 44 cannot both appear, nor can 22 and 3,3, and at most one multiple of 55 is allowed

解答:

按模 55 的余数将 {1,,30}\{1, \ldots, 30\} 分组;每类有 66 个数。当余数组合为 0+00{+}01+41{+}42+32{+}3 时,和能被 55 整除。

因此 SS 最多使用一个 0\equiv 0 的数,并且在 {1},{4}\{1\}, \{4\} 两类中最多选一类,在 {2},{3}\{2\}, \{3\} 两类中最多选一类。这最多允许 1+6+6=131 + 6 + 6 = 13 个数。

集合 {1,2,6,7,11,12\{1, 2, 6, 7, 11, 12 16,17,21,2216, 17, 21, 22 26,27,30}26, 27, 30\} 可以达到 1313,所以最大值为 1313

因此,正确答案是 B

Group {1,,30}\{1, \ldots, 30\} by residue modulo 5;5; each class has 66 numbers. A sum is divisible by 55 when the residues are 0+0,0{+}0, 1+4,1{+}4, or 2+3.2{+}3.

So SS can use at most one number 0,\equiv 0, and only one of the classes {1},{4}\{1\}, \{4\} and only one of {2},{3}.\{2\}, \{3\}. That allows at most 1+6+6=131 + 6 + 6 = 13 numbers.

The set {1,2,6,7,11,12,\{1, 2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16,17,21,22,16, 17, 21, 22, 26,27,30}26, 27, 30\} achieves 13,13, so the maximum is 13.13.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

三角形 ABCABC 满足 AB=27AB = 27AC=26AC = 26BC=25BC = 25。设 IIABC\triangle ABC 内角平分线的交点。求 BIBI

Triangle ABCABC has AB=27,AB = 27, AC=26,AC = 26, and BC=25.BC = 25. Let II denote the intersection of the internal angle bisectors of ABC.\triangle ABC. What is BI?BI?

1515

5+26+335 + \sqrt{26} + 3\sqrt{3}

3263\sqrt{26}

23546\dfrac{2}{3}\sqrt{546}

939\sqrt{3}

答案:A
难度评级:1980
小提示:

II 向边作垂线;从 BB 引出的切线段长度为 sbs - b

Drop perpendiculars from II to the sides; the tangent segment from BB has length sbs - b

大提示:

用面积 =rs= rs 和海伦公式求内切圆半径,再使用两直角边为 rrBDBD 的直角三角形

Find the inradius from area =rs= rs and Heron’s formula, then use the right triangle with legs rr and BDBD

解答:

DD 为内心 IIBCBC 的垂足。切线段长度 BD=sACBD = s - AC,其中 s=12(25+26+27)=39s = \tfrac12(25 + 26 + 27) = 39,所以 BD=3926=13BD = 39 - 26 = 13

由海伦公式,面积为 39141312\sqrt{39 \cdot 14 \cdot 13 \cdot 12},内切圆半径满足 r2=(sa)(sb)(sc)sr^2 = \dfrac{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}{s} =14131239= \dfrac{14 \cdot 13 \cdot 12}{39} =56= 56

在直角三角形 BDIBDI 中,BI2=r2+BD2BI^2 = r^2 + BD^2 =56+169= 56 + 169 =225= 225,所以 BI=15BI = 15

因此,正确答案是 A

Let DD be the foot of the perpendicular from the incenter II to BC.BC. The tangent length BD=sAC,BD = s - AC, where s=12(25+26+27)=39,s = \tfrac12(25 + 26 + 27) = 39, so BD=3926=13.BD = 39 - 26 = 13.

By Heron’s formula the area is 39141312,\sqrt{39 \cdot 14 \cdot 13 \cdot 12}, and the inradius satisfies r2=(sa)(sb)(sc)sr^2 = \dfrac{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}{s} =14131239= \dfrac{14 \cdot 13 \cdot 12}{39} =56.= 56.

In right triangle BDI,BDI, BI2=r2+BD2BI^2 = r^2 + BD^2 =56+169= 56 + 169 =225,= 225, so BI=15.BI = 15.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

19.

Adam、Benin、Chiang、Deshawn、Esther 和 Fiona 都有网络账户。他们中有一些人互为网络好友,但并非所有人都互为好友,并且他们没有这个小组之外的网络好友。每个人拥有相同数量的网络好友。这种情况有多少种不同的可能?

Adam, Benin, Chiang, Deshawn, Esther, and Fiona have internet accounts. Some, but not all, of them are internet friends with each other, and none of them has an internet friend outside this group. Each of them has the same number of internet friends. In how many different ways can this happen?

6060

170170

290290

320320

660660

答案:B
难度评级:2090
小提示:

将好友关系建模为 66 个顶点的图,每个人的度数都是 nn,且 1n41 \le n \le 4

Model the friendships as a graph on 66 vertices where everyone has the same degree n,n, with 1n41 \le n \le 4

大提示:

情况 n=1n = 1n=4n = 4 互为补图,n=2n = 2n=3n = 3 也互为补图;分别计数两种 22-正则图类型

The cases n=1n = 1 and n=4n = 4 are complements of each other, as are n=2n = 2 and n=3;n = 3; count the two 22-regular graph types separately

解答:

将人建模为图的顶点,好友关系为边。每个人的度数相同,设为 nn,其中 1n41 \le n \le 4。度数为 nn61n6 - 1 - n 的图互为补图,所以 n=1n = 1n=4n = 4 配对,n=2n = 2n=3n = 3 配对。

n=1n = 1 时,图是完美匹配:有 53=155 \cdot 3 = 15 种。因此 n=4n = 4 也有 1515 种。

n=2n = 2 时,图是若干个圈的并:要么是两个三角形 ((52)=10)\left(\binom{5}{2} = 10\right),要么是一个六边形 (6!12=60)\left(\dfrac{6!}{12} = 60\right),总计 7070 种。因此 n=3n = 3 也有 7070 种。

总数为 15+15+70+70=17015 + 15 + 70 + 70 = 170

因此,正确答案是 B

Model people as vertices of a graph, with edges for friendships. Everyone has the same degree nn with 1n4.1 \le n \le 4. The cases nn and 61n6 - 1 - n are complementary graphs, so n=1n = 1 pairs with n=4n = 4 and n=2n = 2 with n=3.n = 3.

For n=1n = 1 the graph is a perfect matching: 53=155 \cdot 3 = 15 ways. Thus n=4n = 4 also gives 15.15.

For n=2n = 2 the graph is a union of cycles: either two triangles ((52)=10)\left(\binom{5}{2} = 10\right) or one hexagon (6!12=60),\left(\dfrac{6!}{12} = 60\right), totaling 70.70. Thus n=3n = 3 also gives 70.70.

The total is 15+15+70+70=170.15 + 15 + 70 + 70 = 170.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

考虑多项式 P(x)=k=010(x2k+2k)=(x+1)(x2+2)(x4+4)(x1024+1024) \begin{aligned} P(x) &= \prod_{k=0}^{10}\left(x^{2^k} + 2^k\right) \\ &= (x+1)(x^2+2)(x^4+4) \\ &\quad \cdots (x^{1024}+1024) \end{aligned}\text{。}

x2012x^{2012} 的系数等于 2a2^a。求 aa

Consider the polynomial P(x)=k=010(x2k+2k)=(x+1)(x2+2)(x4+4)(x1024+1024). \begin{aligned} P(x) &= \prod_{k=0}^{10}\left(x^{2^k} + 2^k\right) \\ &= (x+1)(x^2+2)(x^4+4) \\ &\quad \cdots (x^{1024}+1024). \end{aligned}

The coefficient of x2012x^{2012} is equal to 2a.2^a. What is a?a?

55

66

77

1010

2424

答案:B
难度评级:2220
小提示:

每个因子贡献 x2kx^{2^k} 项或常数项 2k2^k;被选中的指数之和必须为 20122012

Each factor contributes either its x2kx^{2^k} term or its constant 2k2^k; the chosen exponents must sum to 20122012

大提示:

20122012 写成若干个不同的二的幂之和只有一种方式,所以只有一项会产生 x2012x^{2012}

There is only one way to write 20122012 as a sum of distinct powers of two, so exactly one term produces x2012x^{2012}

解答:

展开乘积时,次数为 20122012 的项来自某些因子中选取 x2kx^{2^k},使指数和为 20122012。由于二的幂互不相同,这对应于二进制表示 2012=1111101110022012 = 11111011100_2

这个表示唯一,所以恰好只有一项给出 x2012x^{2012},它的系数是其余因子的常数项 2k2^k 的乘积:这些因子满足 k{0,1,5}k \in \{0, 1, 5\}

系数为 202125=262^0 \cdot 2^1 \cdot 2^5 = 2^6,所以 a=6a = 6

因此,正确答案是 B

Expanding the product, a term of degree 20122012 comes from choosing x2kx^{2^k} from some factors so that the exponents sum to 2012.2012. Since powers of two are distinct, this corresponds to the binary representation 2012=111110111002.2012 = 11111011100_2.

That representation is unique, so exactly one term gives x2012,x^{2012}, and its coefficient is the product of the constants 2k2^k from the remaining factors: those with k{0,1,5}.k \in \{0, 1, 5\}.

The coefficient is 202125=26,2^0 \cdot 2^1 \cdot 2^5 = 2^6, so a=6.a = 6.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

aabbcc 是正整数,满足 abca \ge b \ge c,并且 a2b2c2+ab=2011a^2 - b^2 - c^2 + ab = 2011 以及 a2+3b2+3c23ab2ac2bc=1997 \begin{aligned} &a^2 + 3b^2 + 3c^2 \\ &\quad {}- 3ab - 2ac - 2bc = -1997\text{。} \end{aligned}

aa

Let a,a, b,b, and cc be positive integers with abca \ge b \ge c such that a2b2c2+ab=2011a^2 - b^2 - c^2 + ab = 2011 and a2+3b2+3c23ab2ac2bc=1997. \begin{aligned} &a^2 + 3b^2 + 3c^2 \\ &\quad {}- 3ab - 2ac - 2bc = -1997. \end{aligned}

What is a?a?

249249

250250

251251

252252

253253

答案:E
难度评级:2090
小提示:

将两个方程相加,得到一个简洁的对称表达式

Add the two equations to get a clean symmetric expression

大提示:

和式化简为 (ab)2(a-b)^2 +(bc)2+ (b-c)^2 +(ca)2=14+ (c-a)^2 = 14,且 14=32+22+1214 = 3^2 + 2^2 + 1^2 是唯一方式

The sum simplifies to (ab)2(a-b)^2 +(bc)2+ (b-c)^2 +(ca)2=14,+ (c-a)^2 = 14, and 14=32+22+1214 = 3^2 + 2^2 + 1^2 uniquely

解答:

将两个方程相加,得到 2a2+2b2+2c22a^2 + 2b^2 + 2c^2 2ab2bc2ca=14- 2ab - 2bc - 2ca = 14,即 (ab)2+(bc)2+(ca)2=14 \begin{aligned} &(a-b)^2 + (b-c)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (c-a)^2 = 14 \end{aligned}\text{。}

1414 写成三个平方数之和的唯一方式是 9+4+19 + 4 + 1。由于 abca \ge b \ge c,有 ac=3a - c = 3,且 (ab,bc)=(2,1)(a-b, b-c) = (2,1)(1,2)(1,2)

(a,b,c)=(c+3,c+1,c)(a, b, c) = (c+3, c+1, c) 代入第一个方程,得到 3(2c+3)+2(c+1)=20113(2c+3) + 2(c+1) = 2011,所以 c=250c = 250(a,b,c)=(253,251,250)(a, b, c) = (253, 251, 250)。另一种情况没有整数解。

因此,正确答案是 E

Adding the two equations gives 2a2+2b2+2c22a^2 + 2b^2 + 2c^2 2ab2bc2ca=14,- 2ab - 2bc - 2ca = 14, that is, (ab)2+(bc)2+(ca)2=14. \begin{aligned} &(a-b)^2 + (b-c)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (c-a)^2 = 14. \end{aligned}

The only way to write 1414 as a sum of three squares is 9+4+1.9 + 4 + 1. Since abc,a \ge b \ge c, we get ac=3,a - c = 3, with either (ab,bc)=(2,1)(a-b, b-c) = (2,1) or (1,2).(1,2).

Substituting (a,b,c)=(c+3,c+1,c)(a, b, c) = (c+3, c+1, c) into the first equation gives 3(2c+3)+2(c+1)=2011,3(2c+3) + 2(c+1) = 2011, so c=250c = 250 and (a,b,c)=(253,251,250).(a, b, c) = (253, 251, 250). The other case has no integer solution.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

22.

不同平面 p1p_1p2p_2\ldotspkp_k 与立方体 QQ 的内部相交。设 SSQQ 的各个面的并,且 P=j=1kpjP = \bigcup_{j=1}^{k} p_jPPSS 的交集,由 QQ 的每个面上任意两条边的中点之间的所有线段的并组成。kk 的最大可能值与最小可能值之差是多少?

Distinct planes p1,p_1, p2,p_2, ,\ldots, pkp_k intersect the interior of a cube Q.Q. Let SS be the union of the faces of QQ and let P=j=1kpj.P = \bigcup_{j=1}^{k} p_j. The intersection of PP and SS consists of the union of all segments joining the midpoints of every pair of edges belonging to the same face of Q.Q. What is the difference between the maximum and the minimum possible values of k?k?

88

1212

2020

2323

2424

答案:C
难度评级:2460
小提示:

在每个面上,所画线段连接边的中点;将一个平面的截面分类为正方形、长方形、三角形或六边形

On each face the drawn segments join midpoints of edges; classify a plane’s cross-section as a square, rectangle, triangle, or hexagon

大提示:

对最大值,计算每种类型的所有平面;对最小值,用尽可能少的平面覆盖全部 2424 条短线段和 1212 条长线段

For the maximum, count all planes of each type; for the minimum, cover all 2424 short and 1212 long segments with as few planes as possible

解答:

在每个面上,所需线段都连接边的中点。一个平面截立方体时,会在各面上形成四种对称图形之一:经过中点的正方形(这样的平面有 33 个)、每条边对应一个长方形(1212 个平面)、每个顶点对应一个三角形(88 个平面),或每对相对顶点对应一个正六边形(44 个平面)。

全部使用时得到最大值 k=3+12+8+4=27k = 3 + 12 + 8 + 4 = 27

完整图形由 2424 条短线段和 1212 条长线段组成。正方形平面所含短、长线段数为 (0,4)(0,4),长方形为 (2,2)(2,2),三角形为 (3,0)(3,0),六边形为 (6,0)(6,0)。给每条短线段权重 11,每条长线段权重 32\frac{3}{2}。每个平面覆盖的权重至多为 66,而全部所需线段的总权重为 24+(32)12=4224+(\frac{3}{2})12=42。因此至少需要 77 个平面。44 个六边形平面覆盖全部 2424 条短线段,33 个正方形平面覆盖全部 1212 条长线段,所以 k=7k=7 可以达到。

两者之差为 277=2027 - 7 = 20

因此,正确答案是 C

On every face, the required segments join midpoints of edges. A plane cutting the cube meets the faces in one of four symmetric shapes: a square through midpoints (33 such planes), a rectangle per edge (1212 planes), a triangle per vertex (88 planes), or a regular hexagon per pair of opposite vertices (44 planes).

Using all of them gives the maximum k=3+12+8+4=27.k = 3 + 12 + 8 + 4 = 27.

The full figure consists of 2424 short segments and 1212 long segments. A square plane contains (0,4),(0,4), a rectangle (2,2),(2,2), a triangle (3,0),(3,0), and a hexagon (6,0)(6,0) short and long segments, respectively. Give each short segment weight 11 and each long segment weight 32.\frac{3}{2}. Every plane then covers weight at most 6,6, whereas the required segments have total weight 24+(32)12=42.24+(\frac{3}{2})12=42. Thus at least 77 planes are needed. The 44 hexagon planes cover all 2424 short segments, and the 33 square planes cover all 1212 long segments, so k=7k=7 is attainable.

The difference is 277=20.27 - 7 = 20.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

SS 是一个正方形,它的一条对角线端点为 (0.1,0.7)(0.1, 0.7)(0.1,0.7)(-0.1, -0.7)。从所有实数 xxyy 满足 0x20120 \le x \le 20120y20120 \le y \le 2012 的有序对中,均匀随机选取点 v=(x,y)v = (x, y)。设 T(v)T(v)SS 的平移副本,并以 vv 为中心。由 T(v)T(v) 确定的正方形区域内部恰好包含两个整数坐标点的概率是多少?

Let SS be the square one of whose diagonals has endpoints (0.1,0.7)(0.1, 0.7) and (0.1,0.7).(-0.1, -0.7). A point v=(x,y)v = (x, y) is chosen uniformly at random over all pairs of real numbers xx and yy such that 0x20120 \le x \le 2012 and 0y2012.0 \le y \le 2012. Let T(v)T(v) be a translated copy of SS centered at v.v. What is the probability that the square region determined by T(v)T(v) contains exactly two points with integer coordinates in its interior?

0.1250.125

0.140.14

0.160.16

0.250.25

0.320.32

答案:C
难度评级:2340
小提示:

正方形 SS 的对角线长度为 2\sqrt2,面积为 11;利用周期性,把问题化到一个单位晶格格子内

The square SS has diagonals of length 2\sqrt2 and area 1;1; by periodicity, reduce to one unit cell of the lattice

大提示:

T(v)T(v) 包含某个格点,当且仅当 vv 位于以该格点为中心的 SS 的副本内;包含两个格点需要 vv 位于相邻格点为中心的两个副本的重叠部分

T(v)T(v) contains a lattice point exactly when vv lies in the copy of SS centered there; containing two requires vv in the overlap of copies centered at adjacent lattice points

解答:

(0.1,0.7)(0.1, 0.7)(0.1,0.7)(-0.1, -0.7) 的对角线长度为 0.22+1.42=2\sqrt{0.2^2 + 1.4^2} = \sqrt2,所以 SS 是面积为 11 的正方形。平移图形 T(v)T(v) 包含一个格点,当且仅当 vv 位于以该格点为中心的 SS 副本内部。

内部恰好包含两个格点,要求 vv 位于以两个相邻格点为中心的副本的重叠区域。由周期性,答案等于一个单位格内所有这类重叠区域的总面积。

考虑以 (0,0)(0,0)(1,0)(1,0) 为中心的两个副本。它们的重叠区域是一个长方形。将所给半对角线旋转四分之一圈,可得到相关顶点 (0.7,0.1)(0.7,-0.1)(0.3,0.1)(0.3,0.1)。沿两组平行边找到交点,可得边长为 0.40.40.20.2,所以重叠面积是 0.080.08。对角位置的副本不重叠,而水平和竖直相邻的情形贡献相同。计入单位格边界后,概率为 20.08=0.162\cdot0.08=0.16

因此,正确答案是 C

The diagonal from (0.1,0.7)(0.1, 0.7) to (0.1,0.7)(-0.1, -0.7) has length 0.22+1.42=2,\sqrt{0.2^2 + 1.4^2} = \sqrt2, so SS is a square of area 1.1. The translate T(v)T(v) contains a lattice point exactly when vv lies inside the copy of SS centered at that point.

Containing exactly two interior lattice points requires vv to lie in the overlap of two copies centered at adjacent lattice points. By periodicity the answer is the total such overlap area within one unit cell.

Consider copies centered at (0,0)(0,0) and (1,0).(1,0). Their overlap is a rectangle. A quarter-turn of the listed half-diagonal gives the relevant vertices (0.7,0.1)(0.7,-0.1) and (0.3,0.1).(0.3,0.1). Following the two pairs of parallel sides through their intersections gives side lengths 0.40.4 and 0.2,0.2, so the overlap area is 0.08.0.08. Diagonally centered copies do not overlap, and horizontal and vertical adjacencies contribute equally. Accounting for the cell boundaries gives probability 20.08=0.16.2\cdot0.08=0.16.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

24.

{ak}k=12011\{a_k\}_{k=1}^{2011} 为如下定义的实数序列:a1=0.201a_1 = 0.201a2=(0.2011)a1a_2 = (0.2011)^{a_1}a3=(0.20101)a2a_3 = (0.20101)^{a_2}a4=(0.201011)a3a_4 = (0.201011)^{a_3}。更一般地,ak={(0.201010101k+2 位数字)ak1,若 k 为奇数,(0.2010101011k+2 位数字)ak1,若 k 为偶数。 a_k = \begin{cases} \tiny \left(0.\underbrace{20101\ldots0101}_{k+2 \text{ 位数字}}\right)^{a_{k-1}}, & \tiny \text{若 } k \text{ 为奇数,} \\ \tiny \left(0.\underbrace{20101\ldots01011}_{k+2 \text{ 位数字}}\right)^{a_{k-1}}, & \tiny \text{若 } k \text{ 为偶数。} \end{cases}

将序列 {ak}k=12011\{a_k\}_{k=1}^{2011} 中的数按递减顺序重新排列,得到新序列 {bk}k=12011\{b_k\}_{k=1}^{2011}。求所有满足 ak=bka_k = b_k 的整数 kk(其中 1k20111 \le k \le 2011)的和。

Let {ak}k=12011\{a_k\}_{k=1}^{2011} be the sequence of real numbers defined by a1=0.201,a_1 = 0.201, a2=(0.2011)a1,a_2 = (0.2011)^{a_1}, a3=(0.20101)a2,a_3 = (0.20101)^{a_2}, and a4=(0.201011)a3,a_4 = (0.201011)^{a_3}, and more generally ak={(0.201010101k+2 digits)ak1,if k is odd,(0.2010101011k+2 digits)ak1,if k is even. a_k = \begin{cases} \tiny \left(0.\underbrace{20101\ldots0101}_{k+2 \text{ digits}}\right)^{a_{k-1}}, & \tiny \text{if } k \text{ is odd,} \\ \tiny \left(0.\underbrace{20101\ldots01011}_{k+2 \text{ digits}}\right)^{a_{k-1}}, & \tiny \text{if } k \text{ is even.} \end{cases}

Rearranging the numbers in the sequence {ak}k=12011\{a_k\}_{k=1}^{2011} in decreasing order produces a new sequence {bk}k=12011.\{b_k\}_{k=1}^{2011}. What is the sum of all the integers k,k, 1k2011,1 \le k \le 2011, such that ak=bk?a_k = b_k?

671671

10061006

13411341

20112011

20122012

答案:C
知识点:指数不等式
难度评级:2460
小提示:

每个底数都在 0011 之间,所以幂运算会反转大小关系;比较相邻项

Each base is between 00 and 1,1, so raising to a power reverses order; compare consecutive terms

大提示:

这些值交错排列:1>a2>a4>>a20101 \gt a_2 \gt a_4 \gt \cdots \gt a_{2010} >a2011>a2009\gt a_{2011} \gt a_{2009} >>a1\gt \cdots \gt a_1;当某项的排名等于其下标时,它保持不动

The values interleave: 1>a2>a4>>a20101 \gt a_2 \gt a_4 \gt \cdots \gt a_{2010} >a2011>a2009\gt a_{2011} \gt a_{2009} >>a1;\gt \cdots \gt a_1; a term is fixed when its rank equals its index

解答:

因为每个底数都严格介于 0011 之间,函数 t(底数)tt \mapsto (\text{底数})^t 是递减的,而对 b>0b \gt 0ttbt \mapsto t^b 是递增的。比较各项可得序列的大小顺序为 1>a2>a4>>a2010>a2011>a2009>>a1>0 \begin{aligned} &1 \gt a_2 \gt a_4 \gt \cdots \gt a_{2010} \\ &\gt a_{2011} \gt a_{2009} \\ &\gt \cdots \gt a_1 \gt 0 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此在递减排列中,偶数下标项先出现,然后是奇数下标项按反向出现。某项满足 ak=bka_k = b_k 当且仅当它的位置等于它的下标;对递减排列的奇数尾部,这要求 2(k1006)=2011k2(k - 1006) = 2011 - k

解得 3k=40233k = 4023,所以 k=1341k = 1341,这是唯一固定下标,因此所求和为 13411341

因此,正确答案是 C

Because each base lies strictly between 00 and 1,1, the function t(base)tt \mapsto (\text{base})^t is decreasing, while ttbt \mapsto t^b is increasing for b>0.b \gt 0. Comparing terms shows the sequence orders as 1>a2>a4>>a2010>a2011>a2009>>a1>0. \begin{aligned} &1 \gt a_2 \gt a_4 \gt \cdots \gt a_{2010} \\ &\gt a_{2011} \gt a_{2009} \\ &\gt \cdots \gt a_1 \gt 0. \end{aligned}

So in the decreasing arrangement, the even-indexed terms come first, then the odd-indexed terms in reverse. A term satisfies ak=bka_k = b_k exactly when its position equals its index, which for the descending odd tail requires 2(k1006)=2011k.2(k - 1006) = 2011 - k.

Solving gives 3k=4023,3k = 4023, so k=1341,k = 1341, the unique fixed index, and the sum is 1341.1341.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

f(x)=2{x}1f(x) = |2\{x\} - 1|,其中 {x}\{x\} 表示 xx 的小数部分。数 nn 是最小正整数,使得方程 nf(xf(x))=xnf(xf(x)) = x 至少有 20122012 个实数解 xx。求 nn

注:xx 的小数部分是实数 y={x}y = \{x\},满足 0y<10 \le y \lt 1xyx - y 是整数。

Let f(x)=2{x}1f(x) = |2\{x\} - 1| where {x}\{x\} denotes the fractional part of x.x. The number nn is the smallest positive integer such that the equation nf(xf(x))=xnf(xf(x)) = x has at least 20122012 real solutions x.x. What is n?n?

Note: the fractional part of xx is a real number y={x},y = \{x\}, such that 0y<10 \le y \lt 1 and xyx - y is an integer.

3030

3131

3232

6262

6464

答案:C
难度评级:2720
小提示:

ff 是一个周期性的三角波,且 0f(x)10 \le f(x) \le 1,所以所有解都在 [0,n][0, n]

ff is a periodic triangular wave with 0f(x)1,0 \le f(x) \le 1, so all solutions lie in [0,n][0, n]

大提示:

在每个单位区间上,y=f(xf(x))y = f(xf(x)) 的图像振荡次数逐渐增加;它与 y=xny = \dfrac{x}{n} 的交点总数为 2n22n^2

On each unit interval the graph of y=f(xf(x))y = f(xf(x)) oscillates a growing number of times; the total number of intersections with y=xny = \dfrac{x}{n} is 2n22n^2

解答:

因为 0f(x)10 \le f(x) \le 1,每个解都位于 [0,n][0,n] 内。函数 ff 是周期为 11 的三角波。令 g(x)=xf(x)g(x)=xf(x)。对每个整数 a1a\ge1,函数 gg[a,a+12)[a,a+\tfrac12) 上从 aa 递减到 00,而在 [a+12,a+1)[a+\tfrac12,a+1) 上从 00 递增到 a+1a+1。第一个区间 [0,12)[0,\tfrac12) 是例外,但它不产生与 y=xny=\frac{x}{n} 的交点。

计数振荡次数,在区间 [a,a+12)[a, a + \tfrac12)[a+12,a+1)[a + \tfrac12, a+1) 上,曲线 y=f(g(x))y = f(g(x)) 与直线 y=xny = \tfrac{x}{n} 的交点总数分别为 2a2a2(a+1)2(a+1)。对 a=0,,n1a = 0, \ldots, n-1 求和,得到 a=0n1(2a+2(a+1))=2n2\sum_{a=0}^{n-1}\bigl(2a + 2(a+1)\bigr) = 2n^2 个实数解。

满足 2n220122n^2 \ge 2012 的最小 nnn=32n = 32,因为 2312=19222 \cdot 31^2 = 1922,而 2322=20482 \cdot 32^2 = 2048

因此,正确答案是 C

Since 0f(x)1,0 \le f(x) \le 1, every solution lies in [0,n].[0,n]. The function ff is a triangular wave of period 1.1. Put g(x)=xf(x).g(x)=xf(x). For each integer a1,a\ge1, the function gg decreases from aa to 00 on [a,a+12),[a,a+\tfrac12), while it increases from 00 to a+1a+1 on [a+12,a+1).[a+\tfrac12,a+1). The first interval [0,12)[0,\tfrac12) is exceptional, but it contributes no intersection with y=xn.y=\frac{x}{n}.

Counting the oscillations, on the intervals [a,a+12)[a, a + \tfrac12) and [a+12,a+1)[a + \tfrac12, a+1) the curve y=f(g(x))y = f(g(x)) meets the line y=xny = \tfrac{x}{n} a total of 2a2a and 2(a+1)2(a+1) times. Summing over a=0,,n1a = 0, \ldots, n-1 gives a=0n1(2a+2(a+1))=2n2\sum_{a=0}^{n-1}\bigl(2a + 2(a+1)\bigr) = 2n^2 real solutions.

The smallest nn with 2n220122n^2 \ge 2012 is n=32,n = 32, since 2312=19222 \cdot 31^2 = 1922 and 2322=2048.2 \cdot 32^2 = 2048.

Thus, the correct answer is C.