2024 AMC 12A 真题

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1.

990110199101019901\cdot101-99\cdot10101 的值。

What is the value of 99011019910101?9901\cdot101-99\cdot10101?

22

2020

2121

200200

20202020

答案:A
知识点:整数运算
难度评级:870
小提示:

9901101=9901100+99019901\cdot101=9901\cdot100+9901

9901101=9901100+99019901\cdot101=9901\cdot100+9901

大提示:

9910101=100101011010199\cdot10101=100\cdot10101-10101

9910101=100101011010199\cdot10101=100\cdot10101-10101

解答:

直接计算,9901101=9901009901\cdot101=990100 +9901=1000001+9901=10000019910101=101010099\cdot10101=1010100 10101=999999-10101=999999。它们的差是 1000001999999=21000001-999999=2。因此正确答案是 A

Directly, 9901101=9901009901\cdot101=990100 +9901=1000001+9901=1000001 and 9910101=101010099\cdot10101=1010100 10101=999999.-10101=999999. Their difference is 1000001999999=2.1000001-999999=2. Thus, the correct answer is A.

2.

一个用于估计沿小路登上山顶所需时间的模型形如 T=aL+bGT=aL+bG,其中 aabb 是常数,TT 是时间,单位为分钟,LL 是小路长度,单位为英里,GG 是海拔上升高度,单位为英尺。模型估计,如果一条小路长 1.51.5 英里并上升 800800 英尺,或者一条小路长 1.21.2 英里并上升 11001100 英尺,到达山顶都需要 6969 分钟。

如果小路长 4.24.2 英里并上升 40004000 英尺,这个模型估计到达山顶需要多少分钟?

A model used to estimate the time it will take to hike to the top of a mountain on a trail is of the form T=aL+bG,T=aL+bG, where aa and bb are constants, TT is the time in minutes, LL is the length of the trail in miles, and GG is the altitude gain in feet. The model estimates that it will take 6969 minutes to hike to the top if a trail is 1.51.5 miles long and ascends 800800 feet, as well as if a trail is 1.21.2 miles long and ascends 11001100 feet.

How many minutes does the model estimate it will take to hike to the top if the trail is 4.24.2 miles long and ascends 40004000 feet?

240240

246246

252252

258258

264264

答案:B
知识点:方程组换元法
难度评级:990
小提示:

令两个估计值相等:1.5a+800b=1.2a+1100b1.5a+800b=1.2a+1100b

Set the two estimates equal: 1.5a+800b=1.2a+1100b1.5a+800b=1.2a+1100b

大提示:

这会给出 a=1000ba=1000b,所以 69=2300b69=2300b

This gives a=1000b,a=1000b, so 69=2300b69=2300b

解答:

1.5a+800b=1.2a+1100b1.5a+800b=1.2a+1100b 可得 0.3a=300b0.3a=300b,所以 a=1000ba=1000b。于是 69=1.5a+800b69=1.5a+800b =1500b+800b=2300b=1500b+800b=2300b,得到 b=0.03b=0.03a=30a=30。当 L=4.2, G=4000L=4.2,\ G=4000 时,T=30(4.2)T=30(4.2) +0.03(4000)+0.03(4000) =126+120=246=126+120=246。因此正确答案是 B

From 1.5a+800b=1.2a+1100b1.5a+800b=1.2a+1100b we get 0.3a=300b,0.3a=300b, so a=1000b.a=1000b. Then 69=1.5a+800b69=1.5a+800b =1500b+800b=2300b,=1500b+800b=2300b, giving b=0.03b=0.03 and a=30.a=30. For L=4.2, G=4000,L=4.2,\ G=4000, T=30(4.2)T=30(4.2) +0.03(4000)+0.03(4000) =126+120=246.=126+120=246. Thus, the correct answer is B.

3.

20242024 被写成若干个不一定互不相同的两位数之和。至少需要多少个两位数才能写出这个和?

The number 20242024 is written as the sum of not necessarily distinct two-digit numbers. What is the least number of two-digit numbers needed to write this sum?

2020

2121

2222

2323

2424

答案:B
难度评级:1100
小提示:

最大的两位数是 9999,所以需要不少个数

The largest two-digit number is 99,99, so many numbers are needed

大提示:

2099=198020\cdot99=1980,还不够;2121 个数能否正好达到 20242024

2099=1980,20\cdot99=1980, which falls short; can 2121 numbers reach exactly 2024?2024?

解答:

每个数至多为 9999,所以 kk 个数的和至多为 99k99k。因为 9920=1980<202499\cdot20=1980\lt2024,至少需要 2121 个数。用 2121 个数时,可以取二十个 9999 和一个 44442099+44=1980+4420\cdot99+44=1980+44 =2024=2024。因此正确答案是 B

Each number is at most 99,99, so kk numbers sum to at most 99k.99k. Since 9920=1980<2024,99\cdot20=1980\lt2024, at least 2121 numbers are required. With 21,21, we can use twenty 9999s and one 4444: 2099+44=1980+4420\cdot99+44=1980+44 =2024.=2024. Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

使 n!n!20242024 的倍数的最小 nn 是多少?

What is the least value of nn such that n!n! is a multiple of 2024?2024?

1111

2121

2222

2323

253253

答案:D
难度评级:1180
小提示:

分解 2024=2311232024=2^3\cdot11\cdot23

Factor 2024=2311232024=2^3\cdot11\cdot23

大提示:

n!n! 必须包含质因数 2323,所以 n23n\ge23

n!n! must contain the prime 23,23, so n23n\ge23

解答:

分解得 2024=2311232024=2^3\cdot11\cdot23。阶乘 n!n! 只有在 n23n\ge23 时才包含质因数 2323。当 n=23n=23 时,23!23! 已经包含 23, 1123,\ 11,以及足够多的因数 22,所以 23!23!20242024 的倍数。因此正确答案是 D

Factoring, 2024=231123.2024=2^3\cdot11\cdot23. The factorial n!n! contains the prime 2323 only when n23.n\ge23. At n=23,n=23, the product 23!23! already includes 23, 11,23,\ 11, and plenty of factors of 2,2, so 23!23! is a multiple of 2024.2024. Thus, the correct answer is D.

5.

一个含有 2020 个数的数据集,其中有一些数是 66,平均数为 4545。删去所有的 66 之后,这个数据集的平均数为 6666。原数据集中有多少个 66

A data set containing 2020 numbers, some of which are 6,6, has mean 45.45. When all the 66s are removed, the data set has mean 66.66. How many 66s were in the original data set?

44

55

66

77

88

答案:D
难度评级:1230
小提示:

2020 个数的总和为 2045=90020\cdot45=900

The 2020 numbers sum to 2045=90020\cdot45=900

大提示:

如果有 kk 个六,剩下的 20k20-k 个数的和为 9006k=66(20k)900-6k=66(20-k)

If there are kk sixes, the remaining 20k20-k numbers sum to 9006k=66(20k)900-6k=66(20-k)

解答:

原数据集的总和是 2045=90020\cdot45=900。设有 kk 个六,删去后剩下 20k20-k 个数,总和为 9006k900-6k,平均数为 6666,所以 9006k=66(20k)900-6k=66(20-k) =132066k=1320-66k。因此 60k=42060k=420,得到 k=7k=7。所以正确答案是 D

The full set sums to 2045=900.20\cdot45=900. Removing kk sixes leaves 20k20-k numbers summing to 9006k,900-6k, with mean 66,66, so 9006k=66(20k)900-6k=66(20-k) =132066k.=1320-66k. Then 60k=420,60k=420, giving k=7.k=7. Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

三个整数的乘积为 6060。这三个整数的正的和的最小可能值是多少?

The product of three integers is 60.60. What is the least possible positive sum of the three integers?

22

33

55

66

1313

答案:B
难度评级:1350
小提示:

整数可以为负;两个负因数会让乘积仍为正

Integers may be negative; the product stays positive with two negative factors

大提示:

将三个数写成 p,q,r-p,-q,r,其中 pqr=60pqr=60,在保持和为正的条件下最小化 rpqr-p-q

Writing the numbers as p,q,r-p,-q,r with pqr=60,pqr=60, minimize rpqr-p-q while keeping it positive

解答:

要得到较小的正和,可以取两个负整数 p,q-p,-q 和一个正整数 rr,其中 pqr=60pqr=60。不计顺序时,6060 的正因数三元组为 (1,1,60),(1,2,30),(1,3,20),(1,4,15),(1,5,12),(1,6,10),(2,2,15),(2,3,10),(2,5,6),(3,4,5) \begin{gathered} (1,1,60),(1,2,30),\\ (1,3,20),(1,4,15),\\ (1,5,12),(1,6,10),\\ (2,2,15),(2,3,10),\\ (2,5,6),(3,4,5) \end{gathered}\text{。} 把最大的因数取作 rr 时,rpqr-p-q 的正值最小。表中得到的正值为 58,27,16,10,6,3,11,558,27,16,10,6,3,11,5;最后两个三元组给出负值。因此最小的正和为 1016=310-1-6=3。(三个正整数之和至少为 33,而三个负整数的乘积不可能为正。)因此正确答案是 B

To obtain a small positive sum, use two negative integers p,q-p,-q and one positive integer r,r, where pqr=60.pqr=60. Up to order, the positive factor triples of 6060 are (1,1,60),(1,2,30),(1,3,20),(1,4,15),(1,5,12),(1,6,10),(2,2,15),(2,3,10),(2,5,6),(3,4,5). \begin{gathered} (1,1,60),(1,2,30),\\ (1,3,20),(1,4,15),\\ (1,5,12),(1,6,10),\\ (2,2,15),(2,3,10),\\ (2,5,6),(3,4,5). \end{gathered} A positive value of rpqr-p-q is smallest when the largest factor is chosen as r.r. The positive values from the list are 58,27,16,10,6,3,11,5;58,27,16,10,6,3,11,5; the last two triples give negative values. Thus the least positive sum is 1016=3.10-1-6=3. (Three positive integers have sum at least 3,3, and three negative integers cannot have positive product.) Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,ABC=90\angle ABC=90^\circ,且 BA=BC=2BA=BC=\sqrt2。点 P1P_1P2P_2\ldotsP2024P_{2024} 在斜边 ACAC 上,并满足 AP1=P1P2AP_1=P_1P_2 =P2P3=P_2P_3 ==\cdots =P2023P2024=P_{2023}P_{2024} =P2024C=P_{2024}C

下列向量和的长度是多少?BP1+BP2+BP3++BP2024 \begin{aligned} &\vec{BP_1}+\vec{BP_2}+\vec{BP_3} \\ &\quad {}+\cdots+\vec{BP_{2024}} \end{aligned}\text{?}

In ABC,\triangle ABC, ABC=90\angle ABC=90^\circ and BA=BC=2.BA=BC=\sqrt2. Points P1,P_1, P2,P_2, ,\ldots, P2024P_{2024} lie on hypotenuse ACAC so that AP1=P1P2AP_1=P_1P_2 =P2P3=P_2P_3 ==\cdots =P2023P2024=P_{2023}P_{2024} =P2024C.=P_{2024}C.

What is the length of the vector sum BP1+BP2+BP3++BP2024? \begin{aligned} &\vec{BP_1}+\vec{BP_2}+\vec{BP_3} \\ &\quad {}+\cdots+\vec{BP_{2024}}? \end{aligned}

10111011

10121012

20232023

20242024

20252025

答案:D
难度评级:1430
小提示:

这些点关于 ACAC 的中点 MM 对称,所以向量可以两两配对

The points are symmetric about the midpoint MM of AC,AC, so the vectors pair up

大提示:

和等于 2024BM2024\,\vec{BM};直角三角形斜边上的中线等于斜边的一半

The sum equals 2024BM;2024\,\vec{BM}; the median to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is half the hypotenuse

解答:

PkP_k 关于 ACAC 的中点 MM 对称,所以把 PkP_k 和它的对称点配对可得 BPk+BP2025k=2BM\vec{BP_k}+\vec{BP_{2025-k}}=2\,\vec{BM}。因此整个和为 2024BM2024\,\vec{BM}。在直角三角形中,斜边上的中线长度等于斜边的一半;此处 AC=2AC=2,所以 BM=1BM=1。向量和的长度为 20241=20242024\cdot1=2024。因此正确答案是 D

The points PkP_k are symmetric about the midpoint MM of AC,AC, so pairing PkP_k with its mirror gives BPk+BP2025k=2BM.\vec{BP_k}+\vec{BP_{2025-k}}=2\,\vec{BM}. Hence the whole sum is 2024BM.2024\,\vec{BM}. In a right triangle the median to the hypotenuse has length half the hypotenuse; here AC=2,AC=2, so BM=1.BM=1. The length of the sum is 20241=2024.2024\cdot1=2024. Thus, the correct answer is D.

8.

有多少个满足 0θ2π0\le\theta\le2\pi 的角 θ\theta 使得 log(sin(3θ))+log(cos(2θ))=0\log(\sin(3\theta))+\log(\cos(2\theta))=0

How many angles θ\theta with 0θ2π0\le\theta\le2\pi satisfy log(sin(3θ))+log(cos(2θ))=0?\log(\sin(3\theta))+\log(\cos(2\theta))=0?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:A
难度评级:1480
小提示:

log(sin3θ)+log(cos2θ)\log(\sin3\theta)+\log(\cos2\theta) =log(sin3θcos2θ)=\log(\sin3\theta\cos2\theta),它必须等于 00

log(sin3θ)+log(cos2θ)\log(\sin3\theta)+\log(\cos2\theta) =log(sin3θcos2θ),=\log(\sin3\theta\cos2\theta), which must equal 00

大提示:

两个都不超过 11 的数的乘积等于 11,只有在它们都等于 11 时才可能

A product of two numbers each at most 11 equals 11 only when both equal 11

解答:

方程表示 sin(3θ)cos(2θ)=1\sin(3\theta)\cos(2\theta)=1,且两个因子都必须为正(对数才有定义)。因为 sin(3θ)1\sin(3\theta)\le1cos(2θ)1\cos(2\theta)\le1,它们的乘积为 11 只能在 sin(3θ)=1\sin(3\theta)=1cos(2θ)=1\cos(2\theta)=1 同时成立时发生。但 cos(2θ)=1\cos(2\theta)=1 强制 θ{0,π,2π}\theta\in\{0,\pi,2\pi\},此时 sin(3θ)=01\sin(3\theta)=0\ne1。没有角满足条件。因此正确答案是 A

The equation means sin(3θ)cos(2θ)=1\sin(3\theta)\cos(2\theta)=1 with both factors positive (for the logs to be defined). Since sin(3θ)1\sin(3\theta)\le1 and cos(2θ)1,\cos(2\theta)\le1, their product is 11 only if sin(3θ)=1\sin(3\theta)=1 and cos(2θ)=1\cos(2\theta)=1 simultaneously. But cos(2θ)=1\cos(2\theta)=1 forces θ{0,π,2π},\theta\in\{0,\pi,2\pi\}, where sin(3θ)=01.\sin(3\theta)=0\ne1. No angle works. Thus, the correct answer is A.

9.

MM 是最大的整数,使得 M+1213M+1213M+3773M+3773 都是完全平方数。MM 的个位数字是多少?

Let MM be the greatest integer such that both M+1213M+1213 and M+3773M+3773 are perfect squares. What is the units digit of M?M?

11

22

33

66

88

答案:E
难度评级:1510
小提示:

M+1213=a2M+1213=a^2M+3773=b2M+3773=b^2;相减得到 b2a2=2560b^2-a^2=2560

Let M+1213=a2M+1213=a^2 and M+3773=b2;M+3773=b^2; subtract to get b2a2=2560b^2-a^2=2560

大提示:

(ba)(b+a)=2560(b-a)(b+a)=2560,两个因数都为偶数;要使 MM 最大,就让 bab-a 尽可能小

(ba)(b+a)=2560(b-a)(b+a)=2560 with both factors even; to maximize M,M, make bab-a as small as possible

解答:

写成 M+1213=a2M+1213=a^2M+3773=b2M+3773=b^2,则 b2a2=2560b^2-a^2=2560,即 (ba)(b+a)=2560(b-a)(b+a)=2560。两个因数同奇偶,所以都为偶数。要最大化 aa(也就是最大化 MM),应最小化 bab-a:取 ba=2, b+a=1280b-a=2,\ b+a=1280,得 a=639a=639。于是 M=63921213M=639^2-1213 =4083211213=408321-1213 =407108=407108,个位数字为 88。因此正确答案是 E

Write M+1213=a2M+1213=a^2 and M+3773=b2,M+3773=b^2, so b2a2=2560,b^2-a^2=2560, i.e. (ba)(b+a)=2560.(b-a)(b+a)=2560. Both factors have the same parity, hence both even. To maximize aa (and thus MM), minimize ba:b-a: take ba=2, b+a=1280,b-a=2,\ b+a=1280, so a=639.a=639. Then M=63921213M=639^2-1213 =4083211213=408321-1213 =407108,=407108, whose units digit is 8.8. Thus, the correct answer is E.

10.

α\alpha3-4-53\text{-}4\text{-}5 直角三角形中最小角的弧度数。设 β\beta7-24-257\text{-}24\text{-}25 直角三角形中最小角的弧度数。用 α\alpha 表示,β\beta 等于什么?

Let α\alpha be the radian measure of the smallest angle in a 3-4-53\text{-}4\text{-}5 right triangle. Let β\beta be the radian measure of the smallest angle in a 7-24-257\text{-}24\text{-}25 right triangle. In terms of α,\alpha, what is β?\beta?

α3\dfrac{\alpha}{3}

απ8\alpha-\dfrac{\pi}{8}

π22α\dfrac{\pi}{2}-2\alpha

α2\dfrac{\alpha}{2}

π4α\pi-4\alpha

答案:C
难度评级:1570
小提示:

tanα=34\tan\alpha=\dfrac34;使用 tan2α\tan2\alpha 的倍角公式

tanα=34;\tan\alpha=\dfrac34; apply the double-angle formula for tan2α\tan2\alpha

大提示:

tanβ=724\tan\beta=\dfrac{7}{24}tan2α\tan2\alpha 的倒数

tanβ=724\tan\beta=\dfrac{7}{24} is the reciprocal of tan2α\tan2\alpha

解答:

3-4-53\text{-}4\text{-}5 三角形的最小角满足 tanα=34\tan\alpha=\tfrac34。因此 tan2α=2341916=32716=247 \begin{aligned} &\tan2\alpha=\frac{2\cdot\frac34}{1-\frac{9}{16}} \\ &=\frac{\frac{3}{2}}{\frac{7}{16}}=\frac{24}{7} \end{aligned}\text{。} 7-24-257\text{-}24\text{-}25 三角形的最小角满足 tanβ=724=cot2α\tan\beta=\tfrac{7}{24}=\cot2\alpha =tan ⁣(π22α)=\tan\!\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2}-2\alpha\right)。所以 β=π22α\beta=\tfrac{\pi}{2}-2\alpha。因此正确答案是 C

The smallest angle of the 3-4-53\text{-}4\text{-}5 triangle has tanα=34.\tan\alpha=\tfrac34. Then tan2α=2341916=32716=247. \begin{aligned} &\tan2\alpha=\frac{2\cdot\frac34}{1-\frac{9}{16}} \\ &=\frac{\frac{3}{2}}{\frac{7}{16}}=\frac{24}{7}. \end{aligned} The smallest angle of the 7-24-257\text{-}24\text{-}25 triangle has tanβ=724=cot2α\tan\beta=\tfrac{7}{24}=\cot2\alpha =tan ⁣(π22α).=\tan\!\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2}-2\alpha\right). Hence β=π22α.\beta=\tfrac{\pi}{2}-2\alpha. Thus, the correct answer is C.

11.

恰有 KK 个满足 5b20245\le b\le2024 的正整数 bb,使得以 bb 为底的整数 2024b2024_b 能被 1616 整除(其中 1616 用十进制表示)。KK 的各位数字之和是多少?

There are exactly KK positive integers bb with 5b20245\le b\le2024 such that the base-bb integer 2024b2024_b is divisible by 1616 (where 1616 is in base ten). What is the sum of the digits of K?K?

1616

1717

1818

2020

2121

答案:D
难度评级:1630
小提示:

2024b=2b3+2b+42024_b=2b^3+2b+4,所以需要 2(b3+b+2)2(b^3+b+2)1616 的倍数

2024b=2b3+2b+4,2024_b=2b^3+2b+4, so you need 2(b3+b+2)2(b^3+b+2) to be divisible by 1616

大提示:

计算 b3+b+2(mod8)b^3+b+2\pmod 8,并统计 [5,2024][5,2024] 中每个有效剩余类的 bb

Reduce b3+b+2(mod8)b^3+b+2\pmod 8 and count bb in each valid residue class of [5,2024][5,2024]

解答:

这里 2024b=2b3+2b+42024_b=2b^3+2b+4 =2(b3+b+2)=2(b^3+b+2),所以 2024b2024_b1616 的倍数当且仅当 b3+b+2b^3+b+288 的倍数。检查 mod8\bmod 8 的剩余类可知,b3+b+20b^3+b+2\equiv0 恰好在 b3,6,7(mod8)b\equiv3,6,7\pmod8 时成立。

统计 bb[5,2024][5,2024]:剩余 33 给出 11,,201911,\ldots,2019,共有 252252 个;剩余 66 给出 6,,20226,\ldots,2022,共有 253253 个;剩余 77 给出 7,,20237,\ldots,2023,共有 253253 个。所以 K=252+253+253=758K=252+253+253=758,各位数字之和为 7+5+8=207+5+8=20

因此正确答案是 D

Here 2024b=2b3+2b+42024_b=2b^3+2b+4 =2(b3+b+2),=2(b^3+b+2), so 2024b2024_b is divisible by 1616 exactly when b3+b+2b^3+b+2 is divisible by 8.8. Checking residues mod8,\bmod 8, b3+b+20b^3+b+2\equiv0 precisely for b3,6,7(mod8).b\equiv3,6,7\pmod8.

Counting bb in [5,2024]:[5,2024]: residue 33 gives 11,,201911,\ldots,2019 (252252 values), residue 66 gives 6,,20226,\ldots,2022 (253253 values), and residue 77 gives 7,,20237,\ldots,2023 (253253 values). So K=252+253+253=758,K=252+253+253=758, and its digit sum is 7+5+8=20.7+5+8=20.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

12.

一个等比数列的前三项是整数 aa720720bb,其中 a<720<ba\lt720\lt bbb 的最小可能值的各位数字之和是多少?

The first three terms of a geometric sequence are the integers a,a, 720,720, and b,b, where a<720<b.a\lt720\lt b. What is the sum of the digits of the least possible value of b?b?

99

1212

1616

1818

2121

答案:E
难度评级:1630
小提示:

中项给出 7202=ab720^2=ab,所以 ab=518400ab=518400

The middle term gives 7202=ab,720^2=ab, so ab=518400ab=518400

大提示:

要使 bb 最小,取 518400518400 的满足 a<720a\lt720 的最大因数。

To minimize b,b, take the largest divisor a<720a\lt720 of 518400518400

解答:

因为各项成等比数列,7202=ab720^2=ab,所以 ab=518400=283452ab=518400=2^8\cdot3^4\cdot5^2。因为 b=518400ab=\frac{518400}{a},要使 bb 最小,就要找 518400518400 中大于 720720 的最小因数。严格位于 720720768768 之间的因数并不存在:如果它的 55 的指数为 2,12,100,那么分别除以 25,525,511 之后,形如 2i3j2^i3^j 的数必须位于 (28.8,30.72), (144,153.6)(28.8,30.72),\ (144,153.6),或 (720,768)(720,768);而允许的幂 i8,j4i\le8,j\le4 中没有符合者。因为 768=283768=2^8\cdot3 是因数,所以它是最小可能的 bb。与它配对的因数为 a=518400768=675a=\frac{518400}{768}=675,而 bb 的数位和为 7+6+8=217+6+8=21。因此,正确答案是 E

Since the terms are geometric, 7202=ab,720^2=ab, so ab=518400=283452.ab=518400=2^8\cdot3^4\cdot5^2. Because b=518400a,b=\frac{518400}{a}, minimizing bb means finding the smallest divisor of 518400518400 greater than 720.720. There is no divisor strictly between 720720 and 768:768: if its exponent of 55 is 2,1,2,1, or 0,0, then after dividing by 25,5,25,5, or 1,1, respectively, a number of the form 2i3j2^i3^j would have to lie in (28.8,30.72), (144,153.6),(28.8,30.72),\ (144,153.6), or (720,768);(720,768); the allowed powers i8,j4i\le8,j\le4 give none. Since 768=283768=2^8\cdot3 is a divisor, it is the least possible b.b. Its paired divisor is a=518400768=675,a=\frac{518400}{768}=675, and the digit sum of bb is 7+6+8=21.7+6+8=21. Thus, the correct answer is E.

13.

函数 y=ex+1+ex2y=e^{x+1}+e^{-x}-2 的图像有一条对称轴。点 (1,12)\left(-1,\tfrac12\right) 关于这条对称轴的反射点是什么?

The graph of y=ex+1+ex2y=e^{x+1}+e^{-x}-2 has an axis of symmetry. What is the reflection of the point (1,12)\left(-1,\tfrac12\right) over this axis?

(1,32)\left(-1,-\tfrac32\right)

(1,0)(-1,0)

(1,12)\left(-1,\tfrac12\right)

(0,12)\left(0,\tfrac12\right)

(3,12)\left(3,\tfrac12\right)

答案:D
知识点:函数对称性
难度评级:1660
小提示:

对称轴是函数取得最小值处的竖直直线 x=cx=c

The axis of symmetry is the vertical line x=cx=c where the function attains its minimum

大提示:

令导数 ex+1ex=0e^{x+1}-e^{-x}=0 来求 cc,再把 x=1x=-1 关于它反射

Set the derivative ex+1ex=0e^{x+1}-e^{-x}=0 to find c,c, then reflect x=1x=-1 across it

解答:

曲线 y=ex+1+ex2y=e^{x+1}+e^{-x}-2 关于其最小值所在的竖直直线对称。令导数 ex+1ex=0e^{x+1}-e^{-x}=0 得到 x+1=xx+1=-x,所以 x=12x=-\tfrac12。把 (1,12)\left(-1,\tfrac12\right) 关于 x=12x=-\tfrac12 反射,yy 坐标不变,x=1x=-1 变为 x=0x=0。反射点是 (0,12)\left(0,\tfrac12\right)。因此正确答案是 D

The curve y=ex+1+ex2y=e^{x+1}+e^{-x}-2 is symmetric about the vertical line through its minimum. Setting the derivative ex+1ex=0e^{x+1}-e^{-x}=0 gives x+1=x,x+1=-x, so x=12.x=-\tfrac12. Reflecting (1,12)\left(-1,\tfrac12\right) across x=12x=-\tfrac12 keeps the yy-coordinate and sends x=1x=-1 to x=0.x=0. The image is (0,12).\left(0,\tfrac12\right). Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

一个 5×55\times5 整数数组中,每一行按顺序的五个数,以及每一列按顺序的五个数,都构成一个长度为 55 的等差数列。位置 (5,5)(5,5)(2,4)(2,4)(4,3)(4,3)(3,1)(3,1) 上的数分别是 00484816161212。位置 (1,2)(1,2) 上的数是多少?

[?4812160] \begin{bmatrix} \cdot & ? & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & 48 & \cdot \\ 12 & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & 16 & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & 0 \end{bmatrix}

The numbers, in order, of each row and the numbers, in order, of each column of a 5×55\times5 array of integers form an arithmetic progression of length 5.5. The numbers in positions (5,5),(5,5), (2,4),(2,4), (4,3),(4,3), and (3,1)(3,1) are 0,0, 48,48, 16,16, and 12,12, respectively. What number is in position (1,2)?(1,2)?

[?4812160] \begin{bmatrix} \cdot & ? & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & 48 & \cdot \\ 12 & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & 16 & \cdot & \cdot \\ \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & \cdot & 0 \end{bmatrix}

1919

2424

2929

3434

3939

答案:C
难度评级:1750
小提示:

如果每行每列都是等差数列,则条目可写成 α+βi+γj+δij\alpha+\beta i+\gamma j+\delta ij

If every row and every column is arithmetic, the entry has the form α+βi+γj+δij\alpha+\beta i+\gamma j+\delta ij

大提示:

将四个已知条目代入这个形式,解出 α,β,γ,δ\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta

Substitute the four known entries into that form and solve for α,β,γ,δ\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta

解答:

行和列都为等差数列的网格,其条目可写成双线性形式 a(i,j)=α+βi+γj+δija(i,j)=\alpha+\beta i+\gamma j+\delta ij。四个已知值给出 α+5β+5γ+25δ=0 \alpha+5\beta+5\gamma+25\delta=0\text{,}α+2β+4γ+8δ=48 \alpha+2\beta+4\gamma+8\delta=48\text{,}α+4β+3γ+12δ=16 \alpha+4\beta+3\gamma+12\delta=16\text{,}α+3β+γ+3δ=12 \alpha+3\beta+\gamma+3\delta=12\text{。}

解得 δ=5, β=5, \delta=-5,\ \beta=5,\ γ=22, α=10\gamma=22,\ \alpha=-10。于是 a(1,2)=α+β+2γ+2δa(1,2)=\alpha+\beta+2\gamma+2\delta =10+5+4410=-10+5+44-10 =29=29

因此正确答案是 C

A grid whose rows and columns are all arithmetic has entries of the bilinear form a(i,j)=α+βi+γj+δij.a(i,j)=\alpha+\beta i+\gamma j+\delta ij. The four givens yield α+5β+5γ+25δ=0, \alpha+5\beta+5\gamma+25\delta=0, α+2β+4γ+8δ=48, \alpha+2\beta+4\gamma+8\delta=48, α+4β+3γ+12δ=16, \alpha+4\beta+3\gamma+12\delta=16, α+3β+γ+3δ=12. \alpha+3\beta+\gamma+3\delta=12.

Solving gives δ=5, β=5, \delta=-5,\ \beta=5,\ γ=22, α=10.\gamma=22,\ \alpha=-10. Then a(1,2)=α+β+2γ+2δa(1,2)=\alpha+\beta+2\gamma+2\delta =10+5+4410=-10+5+44-10 =29.=29.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

多项式 x3+2x2x+3x^3+2x^2-x+3 的根为 ppqqrr。求下式的值:(p2+4)(q2+4)(r2+4) (p^2+4)(q^2+4)(r^2+4)\text{?}

The roots of x3+2x2x+3x^3+2x^2-x+3 are pp, qq, and rr. What is the value of (p2+4)(q2+4)(r2+4)? (p^2+4)(q^2+4)(r^2+4)?

6464

7575

100100

125125

144144

答案:D
知识点:复数多项式
难度评级:1710
小提示:

p2+4=(p2i)(p+2i)p^2+4=(p-2i)(p+2i),所以这个乘积与 P(2i)P(2i)P(2i)P(-2i) 有关,其中 P(x)=x3+2x2x+3P(x)=x^3+2x^2-x+3

p2+4=(p2i)(p+2i),p^2+4=(p-2i)(p+2i), so the product relates to P(2i)P(2i) and P(2i),P(-2i), where P(x)=x3+2x2x+3P(x)=x^3+2x^2-x+3

大提示:

P(2i)P(2i)P(2i)P(-2i) 是共轭复数;将它们相乘得到实数

P(2i)P(2i) and P(2i)P(-2i) are complex conjugates; multiply them to get a real number

解答:

因为 P(x)=(xp)(xq)(xr)P(x)=(x-p)(x-q)(x-r),将所有根上的 p2+4=(p2i)(p+2i)p^2+4=(p-2i)(p+2i) 分组可得 (p2+4)=P(2i)P(2i) \prod(p^2+4)=P(2i)\,P(-2i)\text{。} 计算得 P(2i)=8i82i+3P(2i)=-8i-8-2i+3 =510i=-5-10i,而 P(2i)=8i8+2i+3P(-2i)=8i-8+2i+3 =5+10i=-5+10i。它们的乘积为 (5)2+102=25+100=125(-5)^2+10^2=25+100=125。因此正确答案是 D

Since P(x)=(xp)(xq)(xr),P(x)=(x-p)(x-q)(x-r), grouping p2+4=(p2i)(p+2i)p^2+4=(p-2i)(p+2i) over all roots gives (p2+4)=P(2i)P(2i). \prod(p^2+4)=P(2i)\,P(-2i). Compute P(2i)=8i82i+3P(2i)=-8i-8-2i+3 =510i=-5-10i and P(2i)=8i8+2i+3P(-2i)=8i-8+2i+3 =5+10i.=-5+10i. Their product is (5)2+102=25+100=125.(-5)^2+10^2=25+100=125. Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

一组 1212 个筹码中有 33 个红色、22 个白色、11 个蓝色和 66 个黑色。这些筹码随机分给 33 个游戏玩家,每人 44 个筹码。某个玩家得到所有红色筹码,另一个玩家得到所有白色筹码,剩下的玩家得到蓝色筹码的概率可写成 mn\dfrac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。m+nm+n 是多少?

A set of 1212 tokens — 33 red, 22 white, 11 blue, and 66 black — is to be distributed at random to 33 game players, 44 tokens per player. The probability that some player gets all the red tokens, another gets all the white tokens, and the remaining player gets the blue token can be written as mn,\dfrac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m+n?

387387

388388

389389

390390

391391

答案:C
难度评级:1820
小提示:

将三个角色(所有红色、所有白色、单个蓝色)分配给玩家有 3!3! 种方式

Assign the three roles (all reds, all whites, the lone blue) to the players in 3!3! ways

大提示:

黑色筹码随后必须按 1,2,31,2,3 分给三位玩家;再除以 (124,4,4)\binom{12}{4,4,4}

The black tokens must then split as 1,2,31,2,3 among the players; divide by (124,4,4)\binom{12}{4,4,4}

解答:

把所有筹码视为可区分的;给每位玩家发 44 个的总方式数是 (124,4,4)=34650\binom{12}{4,4,4}=34650。对有利事件,选择哪位玩家得到红色、白色和蓝色有 3!=63!=6 种方式。红色玩家还需 11 个筹码,白色玩家还需 22 个,蓝色玩家还需 33 个,全部为黑色;66 个黑色筹码按 1,2,31,2,3 分配有 6!1!2!3!=60\tfrac{6!}{1!\,2!\,3!}=60 种方式。概率为 66034650=36034650=4385\dfrac{6\cdot60}{34650}=\dfrac{360}{34650}=\dfrac{4}{385}。所以 m+n=4+385=389m+n=4+385=389。因此正确答案是 C

Treat all tokens as distinct; the total number of ways to deal 44 to each player is (124,4,4)=34650.\binom{12}{4,4,4}=34650. For the favorable event, choose which player gets the reds, whites, and blue in 3!=63!=6 ways. The red player needs 11 more token, the white player 22 more, and the blue player 33 more, all black; the 66 black tokens split as 1,2,31,2,3 in 6!1!2!3!=60\tfrac{6!}{1!\,2!\,3!}=60 ways. So the probability is 66034650=36034650=4385.\dfrac{6\cdot60}{34650}=\dfrac{360}{34650}=\dfrac{4}{385}. Then m+n=4+385=389.m+n=4+385=389. Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

整数 aabbcc 满足 ab+c=100ab+c=100bc+a=87bc+a=87,且 ca+b=60ca+b=60ab+bc+caab+bc+ca 是多少?

Integers a,a, b,b, and cc satisfy ab+c=100,ab+c=100, bc+a=87,bc+a=87, and ca+b=60.ca+b=60. What is ab+bc+ca?ab+bc+ca?

212212

247247

258258

276276

284284

答案:D
难度评级:1890
小提示:

两两相减,例如 (ab+c)(bc+a)(ab+c)-(bc+a) 可因式分解为 (ac)(b1)=13(a-c)(b-1)=13

Subtract equations in pairs, e.g. (ab+c)(bc+a)(ab+c)-(bc+a) factors as (ac)(b1)=13(a-c)(b-1)=13

大提示:

1313 是质数,所以 (ac, b1)(a-c,\ b-1) 只有少数选择;逐一测试整数解

1313 is prime, so (ac, b1)(a-c,\ b-1) has few options; test them for integer solutions

解答:

第一个方程减去第二个方程得到 (ac)(b1)=13(a-c)(b-1)=13。因此 (ac,b1){(1,13),(13,1),(1,13),(13,1)} \begin{gathered} (a-c,b-1)\in\{(1,13),(13,1),\\ (-1,-13),(-13,-1)\} \end{gathered}\text{。} 相应的 bb 值为 14,2,12,014,2,-12,0。把 a=c+(ac)a=c+(a-c) 代入 ab+c=100ab+c=100,前两种情形被排除,因为它们分别要求 15c=8615c=863c=743c=74b=12b=-12 的情形给出 c=8c=-8a=9a=-9,它满足全部三个方程。b=0b=0 的情形给出 (a,c)=(87,100)(a,c)=(87,100),但不满足 ca+b=60ca+b=60。因此唯一的整数解是 (9,12,8)(-9,-12,-8),从而 ab+bc+caab+bc+ca =108+96+72=276=108+96+72=276。因此正确答案是 D

Subtracting the second equation from the first gives (ac)(b1)=13.(a-c)(b-1)=13. Hence (ac,b1){(1,13),(13,1),(1,13),(13,1)}. \begin{gathered} (a-c,b-1)\in\{(1,13),(13,1),\\ (-1,-13),(-13,-1)\}. \end{gathered} The corresponding values of bb are 14,2,12,0.14,2,-12,0. Substituting a=c+(ac)a=c+(a-c) into ab+c=100ab+c=100 eliminates the first two cases because they would require 15c=8615c=86 or 3c=74.3c=74. The case b=12b=-12 gives c=8c=-8 and a=9,a=-9, which satisfies all three equations. The case b=0b=0 gives (a,c)=(87,100),(a,c)=(87,100), which fails ca+b=60.ca+b=60. Thus the unique integer solution is (9,12,8),(-9,-12,-8), and ab+bc+caab+bc+ca =108+96+72=276.=108+96+72=276. Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

在一张边长分别为 112+32+\sqrt3 的矩形卡片上,放置一张相同的卡片,使得两张卡片的两条对角线重合,如图所示(本图中为 ACAC)。

Two congruent rectangular cards sharing the diagonal AC, with the second card rotated.

继续这个过程,在第二张卡片上加第三张卡片,依此类推,每次顺时针旋转后让相邻的对角线重合。总共必须使用多少张卡片,才会使一张新卡片的某个顶点正好落在图中标为 BB 的顶点上?

On top of a rectangular card with sides of length 11 and 2+3,2+\sqrt3, an identical card is placed so that two of their diagonals line up, as shown (AC,AC, in this case).

Two congruent rectangular cards sharing the diagonal AC, with the second card rotated.

Continue the process, adding a third card to the second, and so on, lining up successive diagonals after rotating clockwise. In total, how many cards must be used until a vertex of a new card lands exactly on the vertex labeled BB in the figure?

66

88

1010

1212

不会有新顶点落在 BB 上。

No new vertex will land on B.B.

答案:A
知识点:变换三角学
难度评级:2010
小提示:

对角线与长边所成角为 arctan12+3=15\arctan\dfrac{1}{2+\sqrt3}=15^\circ,因为 12+3=23\dfrac{1}{2+\sqrt3}=2-\sqrt3

The diagonal makes angle arctan12+3=15\arctan\dfrac{1}{2+\sqrt3}=15^\circ with the long side, since 12+3=23\dfrac{1}{2+\sqrt3}=2-\sqrt3

大提示:

两条对角线成 3030^\circ 角;追踪加入五张新卡片的过程中未被共用的那条对角线。

The two diagonals meet at 30;30^\circ; track the unused diagonal as five new cards are added

解答:

卡片的对角线与长边所成角 θ\theta 满足 tanθ=12+3\tan\theta=\dfrac{1}{2+\sqrt3} =23=tan15=2-\sqrt3=\tan15^\circ,所以 2θ=302\theta=30^\circ

每张新卡片与前一张共用一条对角线,而它的另一条对角线正是再顺时针转 3030^\circ 得到的下一条直线。这些等长的对角线有共同的中点,都是同一个圆的直径。原卡片另一条对角线所在的直线经过 BB,它相对 ACAC 逆时针转了 3030^\circ;作为不带方向的直线,这等同于相对 ACAC 顺时针转了 150150^\circ。每加一张卡片,未被共用的对角线就前进一步,加五张后共前进 530=1505\cdot30^\circ=150^\circ,所以第六张卡片是第一张有顶点落在 BB 上的新卡片。

因此正确答案是 A

A diagonal makes an angle θ\theta with a long side, where tanθ=12+3\tan\theta=\dfrac{1}{2+\sqrt3} =23=tan15.=2-\sqrt3=\tan15^\circ. Thus the acute angle between the two diagonals of a card is 2θ=30.2\theta=30^\circ.

Each new card shares one diagonal with the previous card, and its other diagonal is the next line obtained by turning 3030^\circ clockwise. All these equal diagonals have the same midpoint and are diameters of one common circle. The line through the original card’s other diagonal, which contains B,B, is 3030^\circ counterclockwise from AC.AC. As an unoriented line, this is the same as 150150^\circ clockwise from AC.AC. Five additions advance the unused diagonal by 530=150,5\cdot30^\circ=150^\circ, so the sixth card is the first new card with a vertex at B.B.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

19.

圆内接四边形 ABCDABCD 满足 BC=CD=3BC=CD=3DA=5DA=5,且 CDA=120\angle CDA=120^\circABCDABCD 中较短的对角线长度是多少?

Cyclic quadrilateral ABCDABCD has lengths BC=CD=3BC=CD=3 and DA=5DA=5 with CDA=120.\angle CDA=120^\circ. What is the length of the shorter diagonal of ABCD?ABCD?

317\dfrac{31}{7}

337\dfrac{33}{7}

55

397\dfrac{39}{7}

417\dfrac{41}{7}

答案:D
难度评级:1930
小提示:

ACD\triangle ACD 中,AC2=32+52AC^2=3^2+5^2 235cos120-2\cdot3\cdot5\cos120^\circ

In ACD,\triangle ACD, AC2=32+52AC^2=3^2+5^2 235cos120-2\cdot3\cdot5\cos120^\circ

大提示:

利用 ABC=60\angle ABC=60^\circ,求 ABAB,再用托勒密定理:ACBD=ABCD+BCDAAC\cdot BD=AB\cdot CD+BC\cdot DA

Find ABAB using ABC=60,\angle ABC=60^\circ, then apply Ptolemy: ACBD=ABCD+BCDAAC\cdot BD=AB\cdot CD+BC\cdot DA

解答:

ACD\triangle ACD 中,由余弦定理得 AC2=9+252(15)cos120AC^2=9+25-2(15)\cos120^\circ =34+15=49=34+15=49,所以 AC=7AC=7

因为 ABCDABCD 是圆内接四边形,ABC=180120=60\angle ABC=180^\circ-120^\circ=60^\circ。在 BC=3BC=3AC=7AC=7ABC\triangle ABC 中,由余弦定理得 49=AB2+93AB49=AB^2+9-3AB,所以 AB=8AB=8。由托勒密定理,ACBD=ABCD+BCDAAC\cdot BD=AB\cdot CD+BC\cdot DA =83+35=39=8\cdot3+3\cdot5=39,所以 BD=397BD=\tfrac{39}{7}。这比 AC=7AC=7 短。

因此正确答案是 D

In ACD,\triangle ACD, the law of cosines gives AC2=9+252(15)cos120AC^2=9+25-2(15)\cos120^\circ =34+15=49,=34+15=49, so AC=7.AC=7.

Since ABCDABCD is cyclic, ABC=180120=60.\angle ABC=180^\circ-120^\circ=60^\circ. In ABC\triangle ABC with BC=3BC=3 and AC=7,AC=7, the law of cosines gives 49=AB2+93AB,49=AB^2+9-3AB, so AB=8.AB=8. By Ptolemy, ACBD=ABCD+BCDAAC\cdot BD=AB\cdot CD+BC\cdot DA =83+35=39,=8\cdot3+3\cdot5=39, hence BD=397.BD=\tfrac{39}{7}. This is shorter than AC=7.AC=7.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

20.

在等边三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 中,点 PPQQ 分别在边 AB\overline{AB}AC\overline{AC} 上独立均匀随机选取。下面哪个区间包含 APQ\triangle APQ 的面积小于 ABC\triangle ABC 面积一半的概率?

Points PP and QQ are chosen uniformly and independently at random on sides AB\overline{AB} and AC,\overline{AC}, respectively, of equilateral triangle ABC.\triangle ABC. Which of the following intervals contains the probability that the area of APQ\triangle APQ is less than half the area of ABC?\triangle ABC?

[38,12]\left[\tfrac38,\tfrac12\right]

(12,23]\left(\tfrac12,\tfrac23\right]

(23,34]\left(\tfrac23,\tfrac34\right]

(34,78]\left(\tfrac34,\tfrac78\right]

(78,1]\left(\tfrac78,1\right]

答案:D
难度评级:2100
小提示:

x=APABx=\dfrac{AP}{AB}y=AQACy=\dfrac{AQ}{AC},它们在 [0,1][0,1] 上均匀分布;面积比为 xyxy

Let x=APABx=\dfrac{AP}{AB} and y=AQACy=\dfrac{AQ}{AC} be uniform on [0,1];[0,1]; the area ratio is xyxy

大提示:

计算 P(xy12)=121(112x)dxP(xy\ge\tfrac12)=\displaystyle\int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{1}\left(1-\tfrac{1}{2x}\right)dx,再用 11 减去它

Compute P(xy12)=121(112x)dxP(xy\ge\tfrac12)=\displaystyle\int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{1}\left(1-\tfrac{1}{2x}\right)dx and subtract from 11

解答:

x=APABx=\tfrac{AP}{AB}y=AQACy=\tfrac{AQ}{AC},二者在 [0,1][0,1] 上均匀分布,则面积比 [APQ][ABC]=xy\tfrac{[APQ]}{[ABC]}=xy。补事件 xy12xy\ge\tfrac12 要求 x12x\ge\tfrac12,且 y[12x,1]y\in[\tfrac{1}{2x},1],其概率为 121(112x)dx=12ln220.153 \begin{aligned} &\int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{1}\left(1-\frac{1}{2x}\right)dx \\ &=\frac12-\frac{\ln2}{2}\approx0.153 \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此 P(xy<12)10.153=0.847P(xy\lt\tfrac12)\approx1-0.153=0.847,落在 (34,78]\left(\tfrac34,\tfrac78\right] 中。因此正确答案是 D

With x=APABx=\tfrac{AP}{AB} and y=AQACy=\tfrac{AQ}{AC} uniform on [0,1],[0,1], the area ratio [APQ][ABC]=xy.\tfrac{[APQ]}{[ABC]}=xy. The complementary event xy12xy\ge\tfrac12 requires x12x\ge\tfrac12 and y[12x,1],y\in[\tfrac{1}{2x},1], with probability 121(112x)dx=12ln220.153. \begin{aligned} &\int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{1}\left(1-\frac{1}{2x}\right)dx \\ &=\frac12-\frac{\ln2}{2}\approx0.153. \end{aligned} Therefore P(xy<12)10.153=0.847,P(xy\lt\tfrac12)\approx1-0.153=0.847, which lies in (34,78].\left(\tfrac34,\tfrac78\right]. Thus, the correct answer is D.

21.

a1=2a_1=2,且序列 (an)(a_n) 对所有 n2n\ge2 满足递推关系 an1n1=an1+1(n1)+1 \frac{a_n-1}{n-1}=\frac{a_{n-1}+1}{(n-1)+1}\text{。} 求不超过下式的最大整数: n=1100an2 \sum_{n=1}^{100}a_n^2\text{?}

Suppose that a1=2a_1=2 and the sequence (an)(a_n) satisfies the recurrence relation an1n1=an1+1(n1)+1 \frac{a_n-1}{n-1}=\frac{a_{n-1}+1}{(n-1)+1} for all n2.n\ge2. What is the greatest integer less than or equal to n=1100an2? \sum_{n=1}^{100}a_n^2?

338,550338{,}550

338,551338{,}551

338,552338{,}552

338,553338{,}553

338,554338{,}554

答案:B
难度评级:2130
小提示:

计算前几项并猜测通项 an=n+1na_n=n+\dfrac1n

Compute a few terms and conjecture the closed form an=n+1na_n=n+\dfrac1n

大提示:

于是 an2=n2+2+1n2a_n^2=n^2+2+\dfrac1{n^2},且 n=11001n2\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{100}\dfrac1{n^2} 严格介于 1122 之间

Then an2=n2+2+1n2,a_n^2=n^2+2+\dfrac1{n^2}, and n=11001n2\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{100}\dfrac1{n^2} lies strictly between 11 and 22

解答:

递推式可化为 an=1+n1n(an1+1)a_n=1+\tfrac{n-1}{n}(a_{n-1}+1)。计算前几项 2,52,103,174,2,\tfrac52,\tfrac{10}3,\tfrac{17}4,\ldots,可以猜出 an=n+1na_n=n+\tfrac1n。这可以用归纳法证明:把 an1=n1+1n1a_{n-1}=n-1+\tfrac1{n-1} 代入递推式得 an=1+n1n(n+1n1)a_n=1+\tfrac{n-1}{n}(n+\tfrac1{n-1}) =n+1n=n+\tfrac1n。于是 an2=n2+2+1n2a_n^2=n^2+2+\tfrac1{n^2},所以 n=1100an2=n=1100n2+200+n=11001n2=338350+200+S \begin{aligned} &\sum_{n=1}^{100}a_n^2 \\ &=\sum_{n=1}^{100}n^2+200 \\ &\quad {}+\sum_{n=1}^{100}\frac1{n^2} \\ &=338350+200+S \end{aligned}\text{,} 其中 S>1S\gt1S<1+1x2dx=2S\lt1+\int_1^\infty x^{-2}\,dx=2。因此该和介于 338551338551338552338552 之间,其向下取整为 338551338551。因此正确答案是 B

The recurrence rearranges to an=1+n1n(an1+1).a_n=1+\tfrac{n-1}{n}(a_{n-1}+1). Computing early terms 2,52,103,174,2,\tfrac52,\tfrac{10}3,\tfrac{17}4,\ldots suggests an=n+1n.a_n=n+\tfrac1n. This follows by induction: substituting an1=n1+1n1a_{n-1}=n-1+\tfrac1{n-1} into the recurrence gives an=1+n1n(n+1n1)a_n=1+\tfrac{n-1}{n}(n+\tfrac1{n-1}) =n+1n.=n+\tfrac1n. Then an2=n2+2+1n2,a_n^2=n^2+2+\tfrac1{n^2}, so n=1100an2=n=1100n2+200+n=11001n2=338350+200+S, \begin{aligned} &\sum_{n=1}^{100}a_n^2 \\ &=\sum_{n=1}^{100}n^2+200 \\ &\quad {}+\sum_{n=1}^{100}\frac1{n^2} \\ &=338350+200+S, \end{aligned} where S>1S\gt1 and S<1+1x2dx=2.S\lt1+\int_1^\infty x^{-2}\,dx=2. Hence the sum is between 338551338551 and 338552,338552, and its floor is 338551.338551. Thus, the correct answer is B.

22.

下图显示了一个宽 88 格、高 33 格的点阵网格,由 1×11''\times1'' 的正方形组成。Carl 沿某些正方形边放置 11 英寸长的牙签,形成一条不自交的闭合回路。格子中的数字表示该正方形有多少条边必须被牙签覆盖;没有写数字的格子允许任意数量的牙签。Carl 有多少种放置牙签的方法?

A dotted grid 8 cells wide and 3 cells tall, with a 1 written in each cell of the middle row.

The figure below shows a dotted grid 88 cells wide and 33 cells tall consisting of 1×11''\times1'' squares. Carl places 11-inch toothpicks along some of the sides of the squares to create a closed loop that does not intersect itself. The numbers in the cells indicate the number of sides of that square that are to be covered by toothpicks, and any number of toothpicks are allowed if no number is written. In how many ways can Carl place the toothpicks?

A dotted grid 8 cells wide and 3 cells tall, with a 1 written in each cell of the middle row.

130130

144144

146146

162162

196196

答案:C
知识点:图论分类讨论
难度评级:2370
小提示:

中间一行的每个格子必须恰好接触一根牙签;两端的折返列一旦固定,每个内部格子的牙签就独立地位于它的上边或下边

Each middle-row cell must touch exactly one toothpick; after the two turnaround columns are fixed, each interior cell’s toothpick is independently above or below it

大提示:

穿过中间带的回路会用到全部 88 列、前 77 列、后 77 列或中间 66 列;它的内部各列独立地向上或向下弯折

A loop crossing the middle uses all 8,8, the first 7,7, the last 7,7, or the middle 66 columns; its interior columns independently bend above or below

解答:

中间一行的每个格子必须恰好接触一根牙签。先考虑从中间带的一侧穿到另一侧的回路。回路可以横跨全部 88 列、前 77 列、后 77 列或中间 66 列;更窄的跨度会使外侧某个中间格没有牙签。

一旦两端固定,每个内部中间格可以独立选择让其唯一牙签位于上边或下边,其余不自交回路都被迫确定。因此四种情形分别贡献 26,25,252^6,2^5,2^5,和 242^4 条回路。另外,恰有两条回路不穿过中间带:完全沿顶部或完全沿底部的水平长方形。因此总数为 26+25+25+24+22^6+2^5+2^5+2^4+2 =64+32+32+16+2=64+32+32+16+2 =146=146

因此,正确答案是 C

Each middle-row cell must touch exactly one toothpick. First consider loops that pass from one side of the middle strip to the other. The loop can span all 88 columns, the first 7,7, the last 7,7, or the middle 6;6; a narrower span would leave an outer middle cell untouched.

Once the two ends are fixed, each interior middle cell independently has its one toothpick on its top or bottom side, and the rest of the non-self-intersecting loop is forced. The four cases therefore contribute 26,25,25,2^6,2^5,2^5, and 242^4 loops. There are also exactly two loops that do not cross the middle strip: the horizontal rectangle running entirely along the top or entirely along the bottom. Hence the total is 26+25+25+24+22^6+2^5+2^5+2^4+2 =64+32+32+16+2=64+32+32+16+2 =146.=146.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

求下式的值:tan2π16tan23π16+tan2π16tan25π16+tan23π16tan27π16+tan25π16tan27π16 \begin{aligned} &\tan^2\frac{\pi}{16}\cdot\tan^2\frac{3\pi}{16} \\ &\quad {}+\tan^2\frac{\pi}{16}\cdot\tan^2\frac{5\pi}{16} \\ &\quad {}+\tan^2\frac{3\pi}{16}\cdot\tan^2\frac{7\pi}{16} \\ &\quad {}+\tan^2\frac{5\pi}{16}\cdot\tan^2\frac{7\pi}{16} \end{aligned}\text{?}

What is the value of tan2π16tan23π16+tan2π16tan25π16+tan23π16tan27π16+tan25π16tan27π16? \begin{aligned} &\tan^2\frac{\pi}{16}\cdot\tan^2\frac{3\pi}{16} \\ &\quad {}+\tan^2\frac{\pi}{16}\cdot\tan^2\frac{5\pi}{16} \\ &\quad {}+\tan^2\frac{3\pi}{16}\cdot\tan^2\frac{7\pi}{16} \\ &\quad {}+\tan^2\frac{5\pi}{16}\cdot\tan^2\frac{7\pi}{16}? \end{aligned}

2828

6868

7070

7272

8484

答案:B
难度评级:2370
小提示:

a,b,c,d=tan2π16a,b,c,d=\tan^2\frac{\pi}{16}tan23π16\tan^2\frac{3\pi}{16}tan25π16\tan^2\frac{5\pi}{16}tan27π16\tan^2\frac{7\pi}{16};这个和可因式分解为 (a+d)(b+c)(a+d)(b+c)

Let a,b,c,d=tan2π16,a,b,c,d=\tan^2\frac{\pi}{16}, tan23π16,\tan^2\frac{3\pi}{16}, tan25π16,\tan^2\frac{5\pi}{16}, tan27π16;\tan^2\frac{7\pi}{16}; the sum factors as (a+d)(b+c)(a+d)(b+c)

大提示:

tan7π16=cotπ16\tan\frac{7\pi}{16}=\cot\frac{\pi}{16},且 tan2x+cot2x=4sin22x2\tan^2x+\cot^2x=\dfrac{4}{\sin^2 2x}-2

tan7π16=cotπ16,\tan\frac{7\pi}{16}=\cot\frac{\pi}{16}, and tan2x+cot2x=4sin22x2\tan^2x+\cot^2x=\dfrac{4}{\sin^2 2x}-2

解答:

a=tan2π16, a=\tan^2\tfrac{\pi}{16},\ b=tan23π16, b=\tan^2\tfrac{3\pi}{16},\ c=tan25π16, c=\tan^2\tfrac{5\pi}{16},\ d=tan27π16d=\tan^2\tfrac{7\pi}{16},原式为 ab+ac+bd+cdab+ac+bd+cd =(a+d)(b+c)=(a+d)(b+c)

因为 7π16=π2π16\tfrac{7\pi}{16}=\tfrac{\pi}{2}-\tfrac{\pi}{16},所以 d=cot2π16d=\cot^2\tfrac{\pi}{16},从而 a+d=tan2π16+cot2π16a+d=\tan^2\tfrac{\pi}{16}+\cot^2\tfrac{\pi}{16} =4sin2(π8)2=\tfrac{4}{\sin^2(\frac{\pi}{8})}-2 =14+82=14+8\sqrt2。同理 b+c=4sin2(3π8)2b+c=\tfrac{4}{\sin^2(\frac{3\pi}{8})}-2 =1482=14-8\sqrt2。两者乘积为 142(82)2=196128=6814^2-(8\sqrt2)^2=196-128=68

因此正确答案是 B

With a=tan2π16, a=\tan^2\tfrac{\pi}{16},\ b=tan23π16, b=\tan^2\tfrac{3\pi}{16},\ c=tan25π16, c=\tan^2\tfrac{5\pi}{16},\ d=tan27π16,d=\tan^2\tfrac{7\pi}{16}, the expression is ab+ac+bd+cdab+ac+bd+cd =(a+d)(b+c).=(a+d)(b+c).

Since 7π16=π2π16,\tfrac{7\pi}{16}=\tfrac{\pi}{2}-\tfrac{\pi}{16}, we have d=cot2π16,d=\cot^2\tfrac{\pi}{16}, so a+d=tan2π16+cot2π16a+d=\tan^2\tfrac{\pi}{16}+\cot^2\tfrac{\pi}{16} =4sin2(π8)2=\tfrac{4}{\sin^2(\frac{\pi}{8})}-2 =14+82.=14+8\sqrt2. Likewise b+c=4sin2(3π8)2b+c=\tfrac{4}{\sin^2(\frac{3\pi}{8})}-2 =1482.=14-8\sqrt2. Their product is 142(82)2=196128=68.14^2-(8\sqrt2)^2=196-128=68.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

等面四面体是指四个三角形面彼此全等的四面体。若一个等面四面体的各个面都是边长为整数的不等边三角形,则它的最小总表面积是多少?

A disphenoid is a tetrahedron whose triangular faces are congruent to one another. What is the least total surface area of a disphenoid whose faces are scalene triangles with integer side lengths?

3\sqrt3

3153\sqrt{15}

1515

15715\sqrt7

24624\sqrt6

答案:D
难度评级:2520
小提示:

等面四面体能由一个三角形构成,当且仅当该三角形是锐角三角形;总表面积为 44 个面的面积

A disphenoid can be built from a triangle exactly when that triangle is acute; its surface is 44 faces

大提示:

寻找面积最小的锐角不等边整数三角形;(3,4,5)(3,4,5) 是直角三角形,所以尝试 (4,5,6)(4,5,6)

Seek the smallest-area acute scalene integer triangle; (3,4,5)(3,4,5) is right, so try (4,5,6)(4,5,6)

解答:

等面四面体存在(可看作由一个长方体各面中心构成的四面体)当且仅当公共面三角形是锐角三角形,此时总表面积是单个面面积的 44 倍。把整数边长写成 u<v<wu\lt v\lt w。若 u3u\le3,则 wv+1w\ge v+1u2+v2(v+1)2u^2+v^2\le(v+1)^2(只有 (u,v,w)=(3,4,5)(u,v,w)=(3,4,5) 时取等号),所以三角形不是锐角三角形。因此 u4u\ge4

三角形 (4,5,6)(4,5,6) 是锐角三角形,因为 42+52>624^2+5^2\gt6^2。它的面积也是可能取到的最小值。任何锐角三角形的最大角至少为 6060^\circ,所以满足 (u,v)(4,5)(u,v)\ne(4,5) 的候选三角形面积至少为 12uvsin60\tfrac12uv\sin60^\circ 12(4)(6)32=63\ge\tfrac12(4)(6)\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}=6\sqrt3,这大于 (4,5,6)(4,5,6) 的面积 1574\tfrac{15\sqrt7}{4}

由海伦公式,半周长 s=152s=\tfrac{15}2,面积为 152725232=1574\sqrt{\tfrac{15}2\cdot\tfrac72\cdot\tfrac52\cdot\tfrac32}=\tfrac{15\sqrt7}{4}。总表面积为 41574=1574\cdot\tfrac{15\sqrt7}{4}=15\sqrt7

因此正确答案是 D

A disphenoid exists (as the tetrahedron formed by the face-plane midpoints of a box) exactly when the common face triangle is acute, and its total surface area is 44 times one face’s area. Write the integer side lengths as u<v<w.u\lt v\lt w. If u3,u\le3, then wv+1w\ge v+1 and u2+v2(v+1)2u^2+v^2\le(v+1)^2 (with equality only for (u,v,w)=(3,4,5)(u,v,w)=(3,4,5)), so the triangle is not acute. Thus u4.u\ge4.

The triangle (4,5,6)(4,5,6) is acute because 42+52>62.4^2+5^2\gt6^2. It also has the least possible area. The largest angle of any acute triangle is at least 60,60^\circ, so a candidate with (u,v)(4,5)(u,v)\ne(4,5) has area at least 12uvsin60\tfrac12uv\sin60^\circ 12(4)(6)32=63,\ge\tfrac12(4)(6)\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}=6\sqrt3, which is greater than 1574,\tfrac{15\sqrt7}{4}, the area of (4,5,6).(4,5,6).

By Heron’s formula with s=152,s=\tfrac{15}2, that area is 152725232=1574.\sqrt{\tfrac{15}2\cdot\tfrac72\cdot\tfrac52\cdot\tfrac32}=\tfrac{15\sqrt7}{4}. The total surface area is 41574=157.4\cdot\tfrac{15\sqrt7}{4}=15\sqrt7.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

25.

如果一个图像关于某条直线反射后保持不变,则称它关于这条直线对称。有多少个整数四元组 (a,b,c,d)(a,b,c,d),其中 a|a|b|b|c|c|d5|d|\le5,且 ccdd 不同时为 00,使得 y=ax+bcx+d y=\frac{ax+b}{cx+d} 的图像关于直线 y=xy=x 对称?

A graph is symmetric about a line if the graph remains unchanged after reflection in that line. For how many quadruples of integers (a,b,c,d),(a,b,c,d), where a,|a|, b,|b|, c,|c|, d5|d|\le5 and cc and dd are not both 0,0, is the graph of y=ax+bcx+d y=\frac{ax+b}{cx+d} symmetric about the line y=x?y=x?

12821282

12921292

13101310

13201320

13301330

答案:B
知识点:函数分类讨论
难度评级:2720
小提示:

y=f(x)y=f(x) 关于 y=xy=x 反射得到它的反函数,所以对称意味着 ff 等于自己的反函数

Reflecting y=f(x)y=f(x) over y=xy=x gives its inverse, so symmetry means ff is its own inverse

大提示:

映射 ax+bcx+d\dfrac{ax+b}{cx+d} 是对合,当且仅当 a+d=0a+d=0(且非退化);还要计入恒等函数 y=xy=x

A map ax+bcx+d\dfrac{ax+b}{cx+d} is an involution exactly when a+d=0a+d=0 (and it is nondegenerate); also count the identity y=xy=x

解答:

y=f(x)y=f(x) 的图像关于 y=xy=x 反射,会得到其反函数的图像,所以图像关于 y=xy=x 对称当且仅当 ff 等于自己的反函数。对 f(x)=ax+bcx+df(x)=\tfrac{ax+b}{cx+d},这有两种情况:a+d=0a+d=0adbc0ad-bc\ne0(真正的对合,包括 c=0c=0 时斜率为 1-1 的直线),或者 ff 是恒等函数 y=xy=xb=c=0, a=d0b=c=0,\ a=d\ne0)。

a+d=0a+d=0,令 d=ad=-a;行列式 a2bc-a^2-bc 必须非零,所以需要 a2+bc0a^2+bc\ne0,同时 (c,d)(0,0)(c,d)\ne(0,0)。当 a=0a=0 时,bbcc 都必须非零,给出 102=10010^2=100 种选择。对每个非零的 aa,先有 (b,c)(b,c)112=12111^2=121 种选择。若 a=1,3,4|a|=1,3,455,恰有 22 组满足 bc=a2bc=-a^2;若 a=2|a|=2,则恰有 66 组。因此真正的对合共有 100+8(1212)+2(1216)=1282 \begin{gathered} 100+8(121-2)+2(121-6)\\ {}=1282 \end{gathered}\text{。} 恒等函数的情形再增加 1010 个(a=d{±1,,±5}a=d\in\{\pm1,\ldots,\pm5\}),总数为 1282+10=12921282+10=1292

因此正确答案是 B

Reflecting the graph of y=f(x)y=f(x) over y=xy=x produces the graph of its inverse, so the graph is symmetric about y=xy=x exactly when ff equals its own inverse. For f(x)=ax+bcx+df(x)=\tfrac{ax+b}{cx+d} this happens in two ways: when a+d=0a+d=0 with adbc0ad-bc\ne0 (a genuine involution, including the slope1-1 lines when c=0c=0), or when ff is the identity y=xy=x (b=c=0, a=d0b=c=0,\ a=d\ne0).

For a+d=0,a+d=0, set d=a;d=-a; the determinant a2bc-a^2-bc must be nonzero, so we need a2+bc0,a^2+bc\ne0, together with (c,d)(0,0).(c,d)\ne(0,0). When a=0,a=0, both bb and cc must be nonzero, giving 102=10010^2=100 choices. For each nonzero a,a, start with 112=12111^2=121 choices of (b,c).(b,c). If a=1,3,4,|a|=1,3,4, or 5,5, exactly 22 pairs satisfy bc=a2;bc=-a^2; if a=2,|a|=2, exactly 66 pairs do. Thus the genuine involutions number 100+8(1212)+2(1216)=1282. \begin{gathered} 100+8(121-2)+2(121-6)\\ {}=1282. \end{gathered} The identity case adds 1010 more (a=d{±1,,±5}a=d\in\{\pm1,\ldots,\pm5\}), for a total of 1282+10=1292.1282+10=1292.

Thus, the correct answer is B.