2024 AMC 12A 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
求 的值。
What is the value of
小提示:
。
大提示:
。
解答:
直接计算, 而 。它们的差是 。因此正确答案是 A。
Directly, and Their difference is Thus, the correct answer is A.
2.
一个用于估计沿小路登上山顶所需时间的模型形如 ,其中 和 是常数, 是时间,单位为分钟, 是小路长度,单位为英里, 是海拔上升高度,单位为英尺。模型估计,如果一条小路长 英里并上升 英尺,或者一条小路长 英里并上升 英尺,到达山顶都需要 分钟。
如果小路长 英里并上升 英尺,这个模型估计到达山顶需要多少分钟?
A model used to estimate the time it will take to hike to the top of a mountain on a trail is of the form where and are constants, is the time in minutes, is the length of the trail in miles, and is the altitude gain in feet. The model estimates that it will take minutes to hike to the top if a trail is miles long and ascends feet, as well as if a trail is miles long and ascends feet.
How many minutes does the model estimate it will take to hike to the top if the trail is miles long and ascends feet?
3.
数 被写成若干个不一定互不相同的两位数之和。至少需要多少个两位数才能写出这个和?
The number is written as the sum of not necessarily distinct two-digit numbers. What is the least number of two-digit numbers needed to write this sum?
小提示:
最大的两位数是 ,所以需要不少个数
The largest two-digit number is so many numbers are needed
大提示:
,还不够; 个数能否正好达到 ?
which falls short; can numbers reach exactly
解答:
每个数至多为 ,所以 个数的和至多为 。因为 ,至少需要 个数。用 个数时,可以取二十个 和一个 : 。因此正确答案是 B。
Each number is at most so numbers sum to at most Since at least numbers are required. With we can use twenty s and one : Thus, the correct answer is B.
4.
使 为 的倍数的最小 是多少?
What is the least value of such that is a multiple of
小提示:
分解 。
Factor
大提示:
必须包含质因数 ,所以 。
must contain the prime so
解答:
分解得 。阶乘 只有在 时才包含质因数 。当 时, 已经包含 ,以及足够多的因数 ,所以 是 的倍数。因此正确答案是 D。
Factoring, The factorial contains the prime only when At the product already includes and plenty of factors of so is a multiple of Thus, the correct answer is D.
5.
一个含有 个数的数据集,其中有一些数是 ,平均数为 。删去所有的 之后,这个数据集的平均数为 。原数据集中有多少个 ?
A data set containing numbers, some of which are has mean When all the s are removed, the data set has mean How many s were in the original data set?
小提示:
这 个数的总和为 。
The numbers sum to
大提示:
如果有 个六,剩下的 个数的和为
If there are sixes, the remaining numbers sum to
解答:
原数据集的总和是 。设有 个六,删去后剩下 个数,总和为 ,平均数为 ,所以 。因此 ,得到 。所以正确答案是 D。
The full set sums to Removing sixes leaves numbers summing to with mean so Then giving Thus, the correct answer is D.
6.
三个整数的乘积为 。这三个整数的正的和的最小可能值是多少?
The product of three integers is What is the least possible positive sum of the three integers?
小提示:
整数可以为负;两个负因数会让乘积仍为正
Integers may be negative; the product stays positive with two negative factors
大提示:
将三个数写成 ,其中 ,在保持和为正的条件下最小化 。
Writing the numbers as with minimize while keeping it positive
解答:
要得到较小的正和,可以取两个负整数 和一个正整数 ,其中 。不计顺序时, 的正因数三元组为 把最大的因数取作 时, 的正值最小。表中得到的正值为 ;最后两个三元组给出负值。因此最小的正和为 。(三个正整数之和至少为 ,而三个负整数的乘积不可能为正。)因此正确答案是 B。
To obtain a small positive sum, use two negative integers and one positive integer where Up to order, the positive factor triples of are A positive value of is smallest when the largest factor is chosen as The positive values from the list are the last two triples give negative values. Thus the least positive sum is (Three positive integers have sum at least and three negative integers cannot have positive product.) Thus, the correct answer is B.
7.
在 中,,且 。点 ,,, 在斜边 上,并满足 。
下列向量和的长度是多少?
In and Points lie on hypotenuse so that
What is the length of the vector sum
小提示:
这些点关于 的中点 对称,所以向量可以两两配对
The points are symmetric about the midpoint of so the vectors pair up
大提示:
和等于 ;直角三角形斜边上的中线等于斜边的一半
The sum equals the median to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is half the hypotenuse
解答:
点 关于 的中点 对称,所以把 和它的对称点配对可得 。因此整个和为 。在直角三角形中,斜边上的中线长度等于斜边的一半;此处 ,所以 。向量和的长度为 。因此正确答案是 D。
The points are symmetric about the midpoint of so pairing with its mirror gives Hence the whole sum is In a right triangle the median to the hypotenuse has length half the hypotenuse; here so The length of the sum is Thus, the correct answer is D.
8.
有多少个满足 的角 使得 ?
How many angles with satisfy
小提示:
,它必须等于 。
which must equal
大提示:
两个都不超过 的数的乘积等于 ,只有在它们都等于 时才可能
A product of two numbers each at most equals only when both equal
解答:
方程表示 ,且两个因子都必须为正(对数才有定义)。因为 且 ,它们的乘积为 只能在 且 同时成立时发生。但 强制 ,此时 。没有角满足条件。因此正确答案是 A。
The equation means with both factors positive (for the logs to be defined). Since and their product is only if and simultaneously. But forces where No angle works. Thus, the correct answer is A.
9.
设 是最大的整数,使得 和 都是完全平方数。 的个位数字是多少?
Let be the greatest integer such that both and are perfect squares. What is the units digit of
小提示:
设 ,;相减得到 。
Let and subtract to get
大提示:
,两个因数都为偶数;要使 最大,就让 尽可能小
with both factors even; to maximize make as small as possible
解答:
写成 、,则 ,即 。两个因数同奇偶,所以都为偶数。要最大化 (也就是最大化 ),应最小化 :取 ,得 。于是 ,个位数字为 。因此正确答案是 E。
Write and so i.e. Both factors have the same parity, hence both even. To maximize (and thus ), minimize take so Then whose units digit is Thus, the correct answer is E.
10.
设 是 直角三角形中最小角的弧度数。设 是 直角三角形中最小角的弧度数。用 表示, 等于什么?
Let be the radian measure of the smallest angle in a right triangle. Let be the radian measure of the smallest angle in a right triangle. In terms of what is
11.
恰有 个满足 的正整数 ,使得以 为底的整数 能被 整除(其中 用十进制表示)。 的各位数字之和是多少?
There are exactly positive integers with such that the base- integer is divisible by (where is in base ten). What is the sum of the digits of
小提示:
,所以需要 是 的倍数
so you need to be divisible by
大提示:
计算 ,并统计 中每个有效剩余类的 。
Reduce and count in each valid residue class of
解答:
这里 ,所以 是 的倍数当且仅当 是 的倍数。检查 的剩余类可知, 恰好在 时成立。
统计 在 :剩余 给出 ,共有 个;剩余 给出 ,共有 个;剩余 给出 ,共有 个。所以 ,各位数字之和为 。
因此正确答案是 D。
Here so is divisible by exactly when is divisible by Checking residues precisely for
Counting in residue gives ( values), residue gives ( values), and residue gives ( values). So and its digit sum is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
12.
一个等比数列的前三项是整数 、 和 ,其中 。 的最小可能值的各位数字之和是多少?
The first three terms of a geometric sequence are the integers and where What is the sum of the digits of the least possible value of
小提示:
中项给出 ,所以 。
The middle term gives so
大提示:
要使 最小,取 的满足 的最大因数。
To minimize take the largest divisor of
解答:
因为各项成等比数列,,所以 。因为 ,要使 最小,就要找 中大于 的最小因数。严格位于 与 之间的因数并不存在:如果它的 的指数为 或 ,那么分别除以 或 之后,形如 的数必须位于 ,或 ;而允许的幂 中没有符合者。因为 是因数,所以它是最小可能的 。与它配对的因数为 ,而 的数位和为 。因此,正确答案是 E。
Since the terms are geometric, so Because minimizing means finding the smallest divisor of greater than There is no divisor strictly between and if its exponent of is or then after dividing by or respectively, a number of the form would have to lie in or the allowed powers give none. Since is a divisor, it is the least possible Its paired divisor is and the digit sum of is Thus, the correct answer is E.
13.
函数 的图像有一条对称轴。点 关于这条对称轴的反射点是什么?
The graph of has an axis of symmetry. What is the reflection of the point over this axis?
小提示:
对称轴是函数取得最小值处的竖直直线 。
The axis of symmetry is the vertical line where the function attains its minimum
大提示:
令导数 来求 ,再把 关于它反射
Set the derivative to find then reflect across it
解答:
曲线 关于其最小值所在的竖直直线对称。令导数 得到 ,所以 。把 关于 反射, 坐标不变, 变为 。反射点是 。因此正确答案是 D。
The curve is symmetric about the vertical line through its minimum. Setting the derivative gives so Reflecting across keeps the -coordinate and sends to The image is Thus, the correct answer is D.
14.
一个 整数数组中,每一行按顺序的五个数,以及每一列按顺序的五个数,都构成一个长度为 的等差数列。位置 ,, 和 上的数分别是 ,, 和 。位置 上的数是多少?
The numbers, in order, of each row and the numbers, in order, of each column of a array of integers form an arithmetic progression of length The numbers in positions and are and respectively. What number is in position
小提示:
如果每行每列都是等差数列,则条目可写成 。
If every row and every column is arithmetic, the entry has the form
大提示:
将四个已知条目代入这个形式,解出 。
Substitute the four known entries into that form and solve for
解答:
行和列都为等差数列的网格,其条目可写成双线性形式 。四个已知值给出
解得 。于是 。
因此正确答案是 C。
A grid whose rows and columns are all arithmetic has entries of the bilinear form The four givens yield
Solving gives Then
Thus, the correct answer is C.
15.
多项式 的根为 、 和 。求下式的值:
The roots of are , , and . What is the value of
小提示:
,所以这个乘积与 和 有关,其中
so the product relates to and where
大提示:
和 是共轭复数;将它们相乘得到实数
and are complex conjugates; multiply them to get a real number
解答:
因为 ,将所有根上的 分组可得 计算得 ,而 。它们的乘积为 。因此正确答案是 D。
Since grouping over all roots gives Compute and Their product is Thus, the correct answer is D.
16.
一组 个筹码中有 个红色、 个白色、 个蓝色和 个黑色。这些筹码随机分给 个游戏玩家,每人 个筹码。某个玩家得到所有红色筹码,另一个玩家得到所有白色筹码,剩下的玩家得到蓝色筹码的概率可写成 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。 是多少?
A set of tokens — red, white, blue, and black — is to be distributed at random to game players, tokens per player. The probability that some player gets all the red tokens, another gets all the white tokens, and the remaining player gets the blue token can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers. What is
小提示:
将三个角色(所有红色、所有白色、单个蓝色)分配给玩家有 种方式
Assign the three roles (all reds, all whites, the lone blue) to the players in ways
大提示:
黑色筹码随后必须按 分给三位玩家;再除以 。
The black tokens must then split as among the players; divide by
解答:
把所有筹码视为可区分的;给每位玩家发 个的总方式数是 。对有利事件,选择哪位玩家得到红色、白色和蓝色有 种方式。红色玩家还需 个筹码,白色玩家还需 个,蓝色玩家还需 个,全部为黑色; 个黑色筹码按 分配有 种方式。概率为 。所以 。因此正确答案是 C。
Treat all tokens as distinct; the total number of ways to deal to each player is For the favorable event, choose which player gets the reds, whites, and blue in ways. The red player needs more token, the white player more, and the blue player more, all black; the black tokens split as in ways. So the probability is Then Thus, the correct answer is C.
17.
整数 , 和 满足 ,,且 。 是多少?
Integers and satisfy and What is
小提示:
两两相减,例如 可因式分解为
Subtract equations in pairs, e.g. factors as
大提示:
是质数,所以 只有少数选择;逐一测试整数解
is prime, so has few options; test them for integer solutions
解答:
第一个方程减去第二个方程得到 。因此 相应的 值为 。把 代入 ,前两种情形被排除,因为它们分别要求 或 。 的情形给出 和 ,它满足全部三个方程。 的情形给出 ,但不满足 。因此唯一的整数解是 ,从而 。因此正确答案是 D。
Subtracting the second equation from the first gives Hence The corresponding values of are Substituting into eliminates the first two cases because they would require or The case gives and which satisfies all three equations. The case gives which fails Thus the unique integer solution is and Thus, the correct answer is D.
18.
在一张边长分别为 和 的矩形卡片上,放置一张相同的卡片,使得两张卡片的两条对角线重合,如图所示(本图中为 )。
继续这个过程,在第二张卡片上加第三张卡片,依此类推,每次顺时针旋转后让相邻的对角线重合。总共必须使用多少张卡片,才会使一张新卡片的某个顶点正好落在图中标为 的顶点上?
On top of a rectangular card with sides of length and an identical card is placed so that two of their diagonals line up, as shown ( in this case).
Continue the process, adding a third card to the second, and so on, lining up successive diagonals after rotating clockwise. In total, how many cards must be used until a vertex of a new card lands exactly on the vertex labeled in the figure?
不会有新顶点落在 上。
No new vertex will land on
小提示:
对角线与长边所成角为 ,因为 。
The diagonal makes angle with the long side, since
大提示:
两条对角线成 角;追踪加入五张新卡片的过程中未被共用的那条对角线。
The two diagonals meet at track the unused diagonal as five new cards are added
解答:
卡片的对角线与长边所成角 满足 ,所以 。
每张新卡片与前一张共用一条对角线,而它的另一条对角线正是再顺时针转 得到的下一条直线。这些等长的对角线有共同的中点,都是同一个圆的直径。原卡片另一条对角线所在的直线经过 ,它相对 逆时针转了 ;作为不带方向的直线,这等同于相对 顺时针转了 。每加一张卡片,未被共用的对角线就前进一步,加五张后共前进 ,所以第六张卡片是第一张有顶点落在 上的新卡片。
因此正确答案是 A。
A diagonal makes an angle with a long side, where Thus the acute angle between the two diagonals of a card is
Each new card shares one diagonal with the previous card, and its other diagonal is the next line obtained by turning clockwise. All these equal diagonals have the same midpoint and are diameters of one common circle. The line through the original card’s other diagonal, which contains is counterclockwise from As an unoriented line, this is the same as clockwise from Five additions advance the unused diagonal by so the sixth card is the first new card with a vertex at
Thus, the correct answer is A.
19.
圆内接四边形 满足 ,,且 。 中较短的对角线长度是多少?
Cyclic quadrilateral has lengths and with What is the length of the shorter diagonal of
小提示:
在 中, 。
In
大提示:
利用 ,求 ,再用托勒密定理:。
Find using then apply Ptolemy:
解答:
在 中,由余弦定理得 ,所以 。
因为 是圆内接四边形,。在 、 的 中,由余弦定理得 ,所以 。由托勒密定理, ,所以 。这比 短。
因此正确答案是 D。
In the law of cosines gives so
Since is cyclic, In with and the law of cosines gives so By Ptolemy, hence This is shorter than
Thus, the correct answer is D.
20.
在等边三角形 中,点 和 分别在边 与 上独立均匀随机选取。下面哪个区间包含 的面积小于 面积一半的概率?
Points and are chosen uniformly and independently at random on sides and respectively, of equilateral triangle Which of the following intervals contains the probability that the area of is less than half the area of
小提示:
令 、,它们在 上均匀分布;面积比为 。
Let and be uniform on the area ratio is
大提示:
计算 ,再用 减去它
Compute and subtract from
解答:
令 ,,二者在 上均匀分布,则面积比 。补事件 要求 ,且 ,其概率为 因此 ,落在 中。因此正确答案是 D。
With and uniform on the area ratio The complementary event requires and with probability Therefore which lies in Thus, the correct answer is D.
21.
设 ,且序列 对所有 满足递推关系 求不超过下式的最大整数:
Suppose that and the sequence satisfies the recurrence relation for all What is the greatest integer less than or equal to
小提示:
计算前几项并猜测通项 。
Compute a few terms and conjecture the closed form
大提示:
于是 ,且 严格介于 和 之间
Then and lies strictly between and
解答:
递推式可化为 。计算前几项 ,可以猜出 。这可以用归纳法证明:把 代入递推式得 。于是 ,所以 其中 且 。因此该和介于 与 之间,其向下取整为 。因此正确答案是 B。
The recurrence rearranges to Computing early terms suggests This follows by induction: substituting into the recurrence gives Then so where and Hence the sum is between and and its floor is Thus, the correct answer is B.
22.
下图显示了一个宽 格、高 格的点阵网格,由 的正方形组成。Carl 沿某些正方形边放置 英寸长的牙签,形成一条不自交的闭合回路。格子中的数字表示该正方形有多少条边必须被牙签覆盖;没有写数字的格子允许任意数量的牙签。Carl 有多少种放置牙签的方法?
The figure below shows a dotted grid cells wide and cells tall consisting of squares. Carl places -inch toothpicks along some of the sides of the squares to create a closed loop that does not intersect itself. The numbers in the cells indicate the number of sides of that square that are to be covered by toothpicks, and any number of toothpicks are allowed if no number is written. In how many ways can Carl place the toothpicks?
小提示:
中间一行的每个格子必须恰好接触一根牙签;两端的折返列一旦固定,每个内部格子的牙签就独立地位于它的上边或下边
Each middle-row cell must touch exactly one toothpick; after the two turnaround columns are fixed, each interior cell’s toothpick is independently above or below it
大提示:
穿过中间带的回路会用到全部 列、前 列、后 列或中间 列;它的内部各列独立地向上或向下弯折
A loop crossing the middle uses all the first the last or the middle columns; its interior columns independently bend above or below
解答:
中间一行的每个格子必须恰好接触一根牙签。先考虑从中间带的一侧穿到另一侧的回路。回路可以横跨全部 列、前 列、后 列或中间 列;更窄的跨度会使外侧某个中间格没有牙签。
一旦两端固定,每个内部中间格可以独立选择让其唯一牙签位于上边或下边,其余不自交回路都被迫确定。因此四种情形分别贡献 ,和 条回路。另外,恰有两条回路不穿过中间带:完全沿顶部或完全沿底部的水平长方形。因此总数为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Each middle-row cell must touch exactly one toothpick. First consider loops that pass from one side of the middle strip to the other. The loop can span all columns, the first the last or the middle a narrower span would leave an outer middle cell untouched.
Once the two ends are fixed, each interior middle cell independently has its one toothpick on its top or bottom side, and the rest of the non-self-intersecting loop is forced. The four cases therefore contribute and loops. There are also exactly two loops that do not cross the middle strip: the horizontal rectangle running entirely along the top or entirely along the bottom. Hence the total is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
23.
24.
等面四面体是指四个三角形面彼此全等的四面体。若一个等面四面体的各个面都是边长为整数的不等边三角形,则它的最小总表面积是多少?
A disphenoid is a tetrahedron whose triangular faces are congruent to one another. What is the least total surface area of a disphenoid whose faces are scalene triangles with integer side lengths?
小提示:
等面四面体能由一个三角形构成,当且仅当该三角形是锐角三角形;总表面积为 个面的面积
A disphenoid can be built from a triangle exactly when that triangle is acute; its surface is faces
大提示:
寻找面积最小的锐角不等边整数三角形; 是直角三角形,所以尝试
Seek the smallest-area acute scalene integer triangle; is right, so try
解答:
等面四面体存在(可看作由一个长方体各面中心构成的四面体)当且仅当公共面三角形是锐角三角形,此时总表面积是单个面面积的 倍。把整数边长写成 。若 ,则 且 (只有 时取等号),所以三角形不是锐角三角形。因此 。
三角形 是锐角三角形,因为 。它的面积也是可能取到的最小值。任何锐角三角形的最大角至少为 ,所以满足 的候选三角形面积至少为 ,这大于 的面积 。
由海伦公式,半周长 ,面积为 。总表面积为 。
因此正确答案是 D。
A disphenoid exists (as the tetrahedron formed by the face-plane midpoints of a box) exactly when the common face triangle is acute, and its total surface area is times one face’s area. Write the integer side lengths as If then and (with equality only for ), so the triangle is not acute. Thus
The triangle is acute because It also has the least possible area. The largest angle of any acute triangle is at least so a candidate with has area at least which is greater than the area of
By Heron’s formula with that area is The total surface area is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
25.
如果一个图像关于某条直线反射后保持不变,则称它关于这条直线对称。有多少个整数四元组 ,其中 ,,,,且 和 不同时为 ,使得 的图像关于直线 对称?
A graph is symmetric about a line if the graph remains unchanged after reflection in that line. For how many quadruples of integers where and and are not both is the graph of symmetric about the line
小提示:
将 关于 反射得到它的反函数,所以对称意味着 等于自己的反函数
Reflecting over gives its inverse, so symmetry means is its own inverse
大提示:
映射 是对合,当且仅当 (且非退化);还要计入恒等函数 。
A map is an involution exactly when (and it is nondegenerate); also count the identity
解答:
将 的图像关于 反射,会得到其反函数的图像,所以图像关于 对称当且仅当 等于自己的反函数。对 ,这有两种情况: 且 (真正的对合,包括 时斜率为 的直线),或者 是恒等函数 ()。
对 ,令 ;行列式 必须非零,所以需要 ,同时 。当 时, 和 都必须非零,给出 种选择。对每个非零的 ,先有 的 种选择。若 或 ,恰有 组满足 ;若 ,则恰有 组。因此真正的对合共有 恒等函数的情形再增加 个(),总数为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
Reflecting the graph of over produces the graph of its inverse, so the graph is symmetric about exactly when equals its own inverse. For this happens in two ways: when with (a genuine involution, including the slope lines when ), or when is the identity ().
For set the determinant must be nonzero, so we need together with When both and must be nonzero, giving choices. For each nonzero start with choices of If or exactly pairs satisfy if exactly pairs do. Thus the genuine involutions number The identity case adds more (), for a total of
Thus, the correct answer is B.