2021 AMC 12B Fall 真题

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1.

求下式的值:1234+2341+3412+41231234 + 2341 + 3412 + 4123\text{?}

What is the value of 1234+2341+3412+4123?1234 + 2341 + 3412 + 4123?

10,00010{,}000

10,01010{,}010

10,11010{,}110

11,00011{,}000

11,11011{,}110

答案:E
知识点:位值对称性
难度评级:720
小提示:

数字 1,2,3,41, 2, 3, 4 各自在每一个位值上都出现一次。

Each of the digits 1,2,3,41, 2, 3, 4 appears once in every place value

大提示:

每一列的数字和都是 1+2+3+41 + 2 + 3 + 4

Every column adds to 1+2+3+41 + 2 + 3 + 4

解答:

数字 1,2,3,41, 2, 3, 4 在千位、百位、十位和个位上各恰好出现一次,因此每一列的和都是 1+2+3+4=101 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10

所以总和为 101111=1111010 \cdot 1111 = 11110

所以正确答案是 E

Each of the digits 1,2,3,41, 2, 3, 4 appears exactly once in the thousands, hundreds, tens, and units columns. So each column sums to 1+2+3+4=10.1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10.

The total is therefore 101111=11110.10 \cdot 1111 = 11110.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

下图阴影图形的面积是多少?

What is the area of the shaded figure shown below?

44

66

88

1010

1212

答案:B
难度评级:810
小提示:

阴影区域是一个大三角形减去底部挖掉的一个小三角形。

The shaded region is a large triangle with a triangular notch removed from its base

大提示:

两个三角形沿 xx-轴的底边长度都是 44

Both triangles have base 44 along the xx-axis

解答:

外层三角形的顶点依次为 (1,0)(1, 0)(3,5)(3, 5)(5,0)(5, 0),底为 44,高为 55,所以面积为 1245=10\tfrac12 \cdot 4 \cdot 5 = 10

被挖去的三角形顶点依次为 (1,0)(1, 0)(3,2)(3, 2)(5,0)(5, 0),底为 44,高为 22,所以面积为 1242=4\tfrac12 \cdot 4 \cdot 2 = 4

阴影面积为 104=610 - 4 = 6

所以正确答案是 B

The outer triangle has vertices (1,0),(1, 0), (3,5),(3, 5), and (5,0),(5, 0), giving base 44 and height 5,5, so its area is 1245=10.\tfrac12 \cdot 4 \cdot 5 = 10.

Removed from it is the triangle with vertices (1,0),(1, 0), (3,2),(3, 2), and (5,0),(5, 0), which has base 44 and height 2,2, so area 1242=4.\tfrac12 \cdot 4 \cdot 2 = 4.

The shaded area is 104=6.10 - 4 = 6.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

3.

某天中午,Minneapolis 比 St. Louis 暖 NN 度。到 4:004{:}00,Minneapolis 的温度下降了 55 度,而 St. Louis 的温度上升了 33 度,此时两城市温度相差 22 度。所有可能的 NN 值的乘积是多少?

At noon on a certain day, Minneapolis is NN degrees warmer than St. Louis. At 4:004{:}00 the temperature in Minneapolis has fallen by 55 degrees while the temperature in St. Louis has risen by 33 degrees, at which time the temperatures in the two cities differ by 22 degrees. What is the product of all possible values of N?N?

1010

3030

6060

100100

120120

答案:C
难度评级:1090
小提示:

中午的温差是 NN;追踪两个温度变化如何改变这个差。

At noon the difference is NN; track how each change affects the gap

大提示:

新温差为 N53=2|N - 5 - 3| = 2

The new difference is N53=2|N - 5 - 3| = 2

解答:

中午温差为 NN。之后 Minneapolis 的温度下降 55 度,St. Louis 的温度上升 33 度,所以温差改变了 88 度。新的绝对温差为 N8=2|N - 8| = 2

由此得到 N=10N = 10N=6N = 6,乘积为 6060

所以正确答案是 C

At noon the gap is N.N. Minneapolis then loses 55 degrees and St. Louis gains 3,3, so the gap changes by 8.8. The new absolute difference is N8=2.|N - 8| = 2.

This gives N=10N = 10 or N=6,N = 6, whose product is 60.60.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

4.

n=82022n = 8^{2022}。下列哪一个等于 n4\dfrac{n}{4}\text{?}

Let n=82022.n = 8^{2022}. Which of the following is equal to n4?\dfrac{n}{4}?

410104^{1010}

220222^{2022}

820188^{2018}

430314^{3031}

430324^{3032}

答案:E
知识点:指数
难度评级:1150
小提示:

把所有数都改写成 22 的幂。

Rewrite everything as a power of 22

大提示:

n4=2606622\dfrac{n}{4} = \dfrac{2^{6066}}{2^{2}}

n4=2606622\dfrac{n}{4} = \dfrac{2^{6066}}{2^{2}}

解答:

写成二的幂,有 n=82022=26066n = 8^{2022} = 2^{6066}。于是 n4=2606622=26064\dfrac{n}{4} = \dfrac{2^{6066}}{2^{2}} = 2^{6064}\text{。}

又因为 26064=430322^{6064} = 4^{3032},所以它对应最后一个选项。

所以正确答案是 E

Write n=82022=26066.n = 8^{2022} = 2^{6066}. Then n4=2606622=26064.\dfrac{n}{4} = \dfrac{2^{6066}}{2^{2}} = 2^{6064}.

Since 26064=43032,2^{6064} = 4^{3032}, this matches the last option.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

5.

若分数 ab\dfrac{a}{b} 的正整数分子 aa 与分母 bb 之和为 1515 则称该分数为特殊分数,分数不必是最简形式。有多少个不同的整数可以表示为两个特殊分数之和?这两个分数可以相同。

Call a fraction ab,\dfrac{a}{b}, not necessarily in the simplest form, special if aa and bb are positive integers whose sum is 15.15. How many distinct integers can be written as the sum of two, not necessarily different, special fractions?

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

答案:C
知识点:分数分类讨论
难度评级:1400
小提示:

列出所有特殊分数,并注意其中哪些是整数、哪些是半整数、哪些是四分之一整数。

List the special fractions and note which are integers, half-integers, or quarter-integers

大提示:

两个特殊分数之和为整数时,它们的小数部分之和也必须为整数。

Two specials sum to an integer only when their fractional parts cancel

解答:

1a141\le a\le14 逐一列出 a15a\frac{a}{15-a}:其中的整数是 2,4,142,4,14;小数部分为 12\frac{1}{2} 的分数是 12,32,132\tfrac12,\tfrac32,\tfrac{13}{2};而 14,114\tfrac14,\tfrac{11}{4} 的小数部分互补,分别为 14,34\frac{1}{4},\frac{3}{4}

其余的小数部分是 114,213,411,23,78,17\frac{1}{14},\frac{2}{13},\frac{4}{11},\frac{2}{3},\frac{7}{8},\frac{1}{7},而它们各自的补数都没有出现。因此只有整数、半整数和四分之一这三类才可能凑出整数和。

整数对给出 4,6,8,16,18,284, 6, 8, 16, 18, 28。半整数对 (12,32,132)\left(\tfrac12, \tfrac32, \tfrac{13}{2}\right) 给出 1,2,3,7,8,131, 2, 3, 7, 8, 13。四分之一型的一对 14+114\tfrac14 + \tfrac{11}{4} 给出 33

去重后得到 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,13,16,18,281, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 18, 281111 个不同整数。

所以正确答案是 C

Listing a15a\frac{a}{15-a} for 1a14,1\le a\le14, the integers are 2,4,14;2,4,14; the fractions with fractional part 12\frac{1}{2} are 12,32,132;\tfrac12,\tfrac32,\tfrac{13}{2}; and 14,114\tfrac14,\tfrac{11}{4} have complementary fractional parts 14,34.\frac{1}{4},\frac{3}{4}.

The remaining fractional parts are 114,213,411,23,78,17,\frac{1}{14},\frac{2}{13},\frac{4}{11},\frac{2}{3},\frac{7}{8},\frac{1}{7}, and none of their complements occurs. Thus only the integer, half-integer, and quarter cases can give integer sums.

Integer pairs give 4,6,8,16,18,28.4, 6, 8, 16, 18, 28. Half-integer pairs (12,32,132)\left(\tfrac12, \tfrac32, \tfrac{13}{2}\right) give 1,2,3,7,8,13.1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 13. The quarter pair 14+114\tfrac14 + \tfrac{11}{4} gives 3.3.

The distinct integers are 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,13,16,18,28,1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 18, 28, a total of 11.11.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

6.

16,38416{,}384 的最大质因数是 22,因为 16,384=21416{,}384 = 2^{14}16,38316{,}383 的最大质因数的数字和是多少?

The greatest prime number that is a divisor of 16,38416{,}384 is 22 because 16,384=214.16{,}384 = 2^{14}. What is the sum of the digits of the greatest prime number that is a divisor of 16,383?16{,}383?

33

77

1010

1616

2222

答案:C
难度评级:1280
小提示:

16,383=214116{,}383 = 2^{14} - 1

16,383=214116{,}383 = 2^{14} - 1

大提示:

分解为 (271)(27+1)(2^{7} - 1)(2^{7} + 1)

Factor as (271)(27+1)(2^{7} - 1)(2^{7} + 1)

解答:

因为 16,383=214116{,}383 = 2^{14} - 1 =(271)(27+1)= (2^{7} - 1)(2^{7} + 1) =127129= 127 \cdot 129,而 129=343129 = 3 \cdot 43,所以 16,383=34312716{,}383 = 3 \cdot 43 \cdot 127

最大质因数是 127127,其各位数字之和为 1+2+7=101 + 2 + 7 = 10

所以正确答案是 C

We have 16,383=214116{,}383 = 2^{14} - 1 =(271)(27+1)= (2^{7} - 1)(2^{7} + 1) =127129.= 127 \cdot 129. Then 129=343,129 = 3 \cdot 43, so 16,383=343127.16{,}383 = 3 \cdot 43 \cdot 127.

The greatest prime factor is 127,127, whose digit sum is 1+2+7=10.1 + 2 + 7 = 10.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

下列哪一个条件足以保证整数 xxyyzz 满足方程 x(xy)+y(yz)+z(zx)=1 \begin{aligned} &x(x - y) + y(y - z) \\ &\quad {}+ z(z - x) = 1 \end{aligned}\text{?}

Which of the following conditions is sufficient to guarantee that integers x,x, y,y, and zz satisfy the equation x(xy)+y(yz)+z(zx)=1? \begin{aligned} &x(x - y) + y(y - z) \\ &\quad {}+ z(z - x) = 1? \end{aligned}

x>yx \gt yy=zy = z

x>yx \gt y and y=zy = z

x=y1x = y - 1y=z1y = z - 1

x=y1x = y - 1 and y=z1y = z - 1

x=z+1x = z + 1y=x+1y = x + 1

x=z+1x = z + 1 and y=x+1y = x + 1

x=zx = zy1=xy - 1 = x

x=zx = z and y1=xy - 1 = x

x+y+z=1x + y + z = 1

答案:D
难度评级:1400
小提示:

乘以 22:左边的两倍等于 (xy)2+(yz)2+(zx)2(x - y)^2 + (y - z)^2 + (z - x)^2

Multiply by 22: the left side equals (xy)2+(yz)2+(zx)2(x - y)^2 + (y - z)^2 + (z - x)^2

大提示:

对整数而言,这个平方和等于 22 只可能是两个差为 ±1\pm 1,另一个差为 00

For integers, that sum equals 22 only when two differences are ±1\pm 1 and one is 00

解答:

有恒等式 2[x(xy)+y(yz)+z(zx)]=(xy)2+(yz)2+(zx)2 \small \begin{aligned} &2\bigl[x(x-y) + y(y-z) + z(z-x)\bigr] \\ &= (x-y)^2 + (y-z)^2 + (z-x)^2\text{。} \end{aligned} 所以原方程成立恰好当这个平方和等于 22

由于三个差的和为 00,这要求其中两个为 ±1\pm 1,一个为 00

选项 D 给出 zx=0z - x = 0xy=1x - y = -1yz=1y - z = 1,平方和为 1+1+0=21 + 1 + 0 = 2。因此对所有满足该条件的整数都成立。

所以正确答案是 D

The expression satisfies 2[x(xy)+y(yz)+z(zx)]=(xy)2+(yz)2+(zx)2. \small \begin{aligned} &2\bigl[x(x-y) + y(y-z) + z(z-x)\bigr] \\ &= (x-y)^2 + (y-z)^2 + (z-x)^2. \end{aligned} So the equation holds exactly when this sum of squares equals 2.2.

Since the three differences sum to 0,0, this requires two of them to be ±1\pm 1 and one to be 0.0.

Option D gives zx=0,z - x = 0, xy=1,x - y = -1, and yz=1,y - z = 1, so the squares are 1+1+0=2.1 + 1 + 0 = 2. This works for all such integers.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

8.

一个钝角等腰三角形的两条相等边长度的乘积,等于底边长度与该底边上高的两倍的乘积。这个三角形顶角的度数是多少?

The product of the lengths of the two congruent sides of an obtuse isosceles triangle is equal to the product of the base and twice the triangle’s height to the base. What is the measure, in degrees, of the vertex angle of this triangle?

105105

120120

135135

150150

165165

答案:D
难度评级:1530
小提示:

用两条腰和顶角 θ\theta 把面积写成两种形式。

Write the area two ways using the legs and the vertex angle θ\theta

大提示:

面积既可以写成 12bh\tfrac12 b h,也可以写成 12s2sinθ\tfrac12 s^2 \sin\theta

The area is both 12bh\tfrac12 b h and 12s2sinθ\tfrac12 s^2 \sin\theta

解答:

设两条相等边长为 ss,底边为 bb,到底边的高为 hh。题设条件为 s2=2bhs^2 = 2bh

三角形面积既等于 12bh\tfrac12 bh,也等于 12s2sinθ\tfrac12 s^2 \sin\theta,其中 θ\theta 是顶角。因此 bh=s2sinθbh = s^2 \sin\theta

代入 s2=2bhs^2 = 2bh,得到 bh=2bhsinθbh = 2bh\sin\theta,所以 sinθ=12\sin\theta = \tfrac12。由于三角形为钝角,θ=150\theta = 150^\circ

所以正确答案是 D

Let the congruent sides have length s,s, the base be b,b, and the height to the base be h.h. The given condition is s2=2bh.s^2 = 2bh.

The area equals 12bh\tfrac12 bh and also 12s2sinθ,\tfrac12 s^2 \sin\theta, where θ\theta is the vertex angle. So bh=s2sinθ.bh = s^2 \sin\theta.

Substituting s2=2bhs^2 = 2bh gives bh=2bhsinθ,bh = 2bh\sin\theta, so sinθ=12.\sin\theta = \tfrac12. Since the triangle is obtuse, θ=150.\theta = 150^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

等边三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 66。设 OO 是该三角形内切圆的圆心。经过 AAOOCC 三点的圆的面积是多少?

Triangle ABCABC is equilateral with side length 6.6. Suppose that OO is the center of the inscribed circle of this triangle. What is the area of the circle passing through A,A, O,O, and C?C?

9π9\pi

12π12\pi

18π18\pi

24π24\pi

27π27\pi

答案:B
难度评级:1610
小提示:

在等边三角形中,内心和外心重合。

In an equilateral triangle the incenter coincides with the circumcenter

大提示:

在三角形 AOCAOC 中,角 AOC=120AOC = 120^\circ,且 AC=6AC = 6;应用正弦定理

In triangle AOC,AOC, angle AOC=120AOC = 120^\circ and AC=6AC = 6; apply the law of sines

解答:

对于等边三角形,OO 也是外心,所以 OA=OC=63=23OA = OC = \dfrac{6}{\sqrt3} = 2\sqrt3。中心角 AOC=120\angle AOC = 120^\circ

在三角形 AOCAOC 中,边 AC=6AC = 6 所对的角为 120120^\circ,因此该三角形的外接圆半径 RR' 满足 2R=6sin120=432R' = \dfrac{6}{\sin 120^\circ} = 4\sqrt3\text{,} 从而 R=23R' = 2\sqrt3

该圆的面积为 π(23)2=12π\pi (2\sqrt3)^2 = 12\pi

所以正确答案是 B

For an equilateral triangle, OO is also the circumcenter, so OA=OC=63=23.OA = OC = \dfrac{6}{\sqrt3} = 2\sqrt3. The central angle AOC=120.\angle AOC = 120^\circ.

In triangle AOC,AOC, side AC=6AC = 6 is opposite the 120120^\circ angle, so the circumradius RR' of this triangle satisfies 2R=6sin120=43,2R' = \dfrac{6}{\sin 120^\circ} = 4\sqrt3, giving R=23.R' = 2\sqrt3.

The area of the circle is π(23)2=12π.\pi (2\sqrt3)^2 = 12\pi.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

坐标平面上的三点 (cos40,sin40), (\cos 40^\circ, \sin 40^\circ),\ (cos60,sin60)(\cos 60^\circ, \sin 60^\circ),和   (cost,sint)\ \ (\cos t^\circ, \sin t^\circ) 构成等腰三角形。求 00360360 之间所有可能的 tt 之和。

What is the sum of all possible values of tt between 00 and 360360 such that the triangle in the coordinate plane whose vertices are (cos40,sin40), (\cos 40^\circ, \sin 40^\circ),\ (cos60,sin60),(\cos 60^\circ, \sin 60^\circ), and   (cost,sint)\ \ (\cos t^\circ, \sin t^\circ) is isosceles?

100100

150150

330330

360360

380380

答案:E
难度评级:1820
小提示:

三个点都在单位圆上,所以边相等等价于对应弦相等,也就是圆弧间隔相等。

All three points lie on the unit circle, so equal sides mean equal chords, i.e. equal arc separations

大提示:

分三种情况:第三点到 AA 的距离相等、到 BB 的距离相等,或位于它们的垂直平分线上。

Consider the three cases where the third point matches distance to A,A, to B,B, or lies on their perpendicular bisector

解答:

三个点位于单位圆上,对应角分别为 4040^\circ6060^\circtt^\circ

若第三点到其余两点的距离相等,它必在这两点连线的垂直平分线上,故 t=50t = 50t=230t = 230

若它到 4040^\circ 所对点的距离等于两个已知点间的弦长(角度差为 2020^\circ),则 t=20t = 20t=60t = 60 时三角形退化)。同理,若它到 6060^\circ 所对点的距离相等,则 t=80t = 80t=40t = 40 时退化)。

有效值为 50,230,20,8050, 230, 20, 80,总和为 380380

所以正确答案是 E

The three points lie on the unit circle at angles 40,40^\circ, 60,60^\circ, and t.t^\circ. A chord’s length depends only on the angular separation of its endpoints.

If the third point is equidistant from the other two, it lies on the perpendicular bisector: t=50t = 50 or t=230.t = 230.

If its distance to 4040^\circ equals the fixed chord (separation 2020^\circ), then t=20t = 20 (since t=60t = 60 is degenerate). If its distance to 6060^\circ matches, then t=80t = 80 (since t=40t = 40 is degenerate).

The valid values are 50,230,20,80,50, 230, 20, 80, summing to 380.380.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

11.

Una 同时掷 66 个标准 66 面骰,并计算掷出的 66 个数的乘积。该乘积能被 44 整除的概率是多少?

Una rolls 66 standard 66-sided dice simultaneously and calculates the product of the 66 numbers obtained. What is the probability that the product is divisible by 4?4?

34\dfrac{3}{4}

5764\dfrac{57}{64}

5964\dfrac{59}{64}

187192\dfrac{187}{192}

6364\dfrac{63}{64}

答案:C
难度评级:1650
小提示:

用补集计数:乘积中少于两个因子 22

Use complementary counting: the product has fewer than two factors of 22

大提示:

追踪每个骰子贡献零个、一个或两个因子 22

Track whether each die contributes zero, one, or two factors of 22

解答:

当乘积中至多含一个因子 22 时,它不能被 44 整除。每个骰子掷出奇数的概率为 12\tfrac12;恰好贡献一个因子 22(即掷出 2266)的概率为 13\tfrac13;贡献两个因子(即掷出 44)的概率为 16\tfrac16

六个骰子全为奇数:(12)6=164\left(\tfrac12\right)^6 = \tfrac{1}{64}。恰有一个骰子为 2266,其余为奇数:613(12)5=116=4646 \cdot \tfrac13 \cdot \left(\tfrac12\right)^5 = \tfrac{1}{16} = \tfrac{4}{64}

不能被四整除的概率为 164+464=564\tfrac{1}{64} + \tfrac{4}{64} = \tfrac{5}{64},因此所求概率为 1564=59641 - \tfrac{5}{64} = \tfrac{59}{64}

所以正确答案是 C

The product fails to be divisible by 44 when it has at most one factor of 2.2. Each die is odd with probability 12,\tfrac12, contributes exactly one factor of 22 (a 22 or 66) with probability 13,\tfrac13, and two factors (a 44) with probability 16.\tfrac16.

All six odd: (12)6=164.\left(\tfrac12\right)^6 = \tfrac{1}{64}. Exactly one die a 22 or 66 and the rest odd: 613(12)5=116=464.6 \cdot \tfrac13 \cdot \left(\tfrac12\right)^5 = \tfrac{1}{16} = \tfrac{4}{64}.

The complement is 164+464=564,\tfrac{1}{64} + \tfrac{4}{64} = \tfrac{5}{64}, so the answer is 1564=5964.1 - \tfrac{5}{64} = \tfrac{59}{64}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

12.

对正整数 nn,令 f(n)f(n)nn 的所有正因数之和除以 nn 得到的商。例如, f(14)=(1+2+7+14)÷14=127 \begin{aligned} f(14) &= (1 + 2 + 7 + 14) \div 14 \\ &= \dfrac{12}{7}\text{。} \end{aligned} f(768)f(384)f(768) - f(384)

For nn a positive integer, let f(n)f(n) be the quotient obtained when the sum of all positive divisors of nn is divided by n.n. For example, f(14)=(1+2+7+14)÷14=127. \begin{aligned} f(14) &= (1 + 2 + 7 + 14) \div 14 \\ &= \dfrac{12}{7}. \end{aligned} What is f(768)f(384)?f(768) - f(384)?

1768\dfrac{1}{768}

1192\dfrac{1}{192}

11

43\dfrac{4}{3}

83\dfrac{8}{3}

答案:B
难度评级:1760
小提示:

分解 768=283768 = 2^8 \cdot 3384=273384 = 2^7 \cdot 3,再使用质数幂的因数和函数 σ\sigma

Factor 768=283768 = 2^8 \cdot 3 and 384=273,384 = 2^7 \cdot 3, then use σ\sigma of a prime power

大提示:

把两个值都化为分母为 192192 的分数。

Put both over a common denominator of 192192

解答:

因为 768=283768 = 2^8 \cdot 3,它的因数和是 (291)(1+3)(2^9 - 1)(1 + 3) =5114=2044= 511 \cdot 4 = 2044,所以 f(768)=2044768=511192f(768) = \dfrac{2044}{768} = \dfrac{511}{192}

因为 384=273384 = 2^7 \cdot 3,它的因数和是 (281)(1+3)(2^8 - 1)(1 + 3) =2554=1020= 255 \cdot 4 = 1020,所以 f(384)=1020384=510192f(384) = \dfrac{1020}{384} = \dfrac{510}{192}

差为 511510192=1192\dfrac{511 - 510}{192} = \dfrac{1}{192}

所以正确答案是 B

Since 768=283,768 = 2^8 \cdot 3, its divisor sum is (291)(1+3)(2^9 - 1)(1 + 3) =5114=2044,= 511 \cdot 4 = 2044, so f(768)=2044768=511192.f(768) = \dfrac{2044}{768} = \dfrac{511}{192}.

Since 384=273,384 = 2^7 \cdot 3, its divisor sum is (281)(1+3)(2^8 - 1)(1 + 3) =2554=1020,= 255 \cdot 4 = 1020, so f(384)=1020384=510192.f(384) = \dfrac{1020}{384} = \dfrac{510}{192}.

The difference is 511510192=1192.\dfrac{511 - 510}{192} = \dfrac{1}{192}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

13.

c=2π11c = \dfrac{2\pi}{11}。求下式的值:sin3csin6csin9csin12csin15csincsin2csin3csin4csin5c\small \dfrac{\sin 3c \cdot \sin 6c \cdot \sin 9c \cdot \sin 12c \cdot \sin 15c}{\sin c \cdot \sin 2c \cdot \sin 3c \cdot \sin 4c \cdot \sin 5c}\text{?}

Let c=2π11.c = \dfrac{2\pi}{11}. What is the value of sin3csin6csin9csin12csin15csincsin2csin3csin4csin5c?\small \dfrac{\sin 3c \cdot \sin 6c \cdot \sin 9c \cdot \sin 12c \cdot \sin 15c}{\sin c \cdot \sin 2c \cdot \sin 3c \cdot \sin 4c \cdot \sin 5c}?

1-1

115-\dfrac{\sqrt{11}}{5}

115\dfrac{\sqrt{11}}{5}

1011\dfrac{10}{11}

11

答案:E
难度评级:1900
小提示:

每个角都是 2π11\dfrac{2\pi}{11} 的倍数;将分子中的角按模 2π2\pi 化简。

Each angle is a multiple of 2π11\dfrac{2\pi}{11}; reduce the numerator angles modulo 2π2\pi

大提示:

sin(2πx)=sinx\sin(2\pi - x) = -\sin x 将剩余的分子因子与分母因子联系起来

Use sin(2πx)=sinx\sin(2\pi - x) = -\sin x to relate leftover numerator factors to denominator factors

解答:

每个角都可写成 kc=2πk11kc = \dfrac{2\pi k}{11}。按 2π2\pi 取模后,sin12c=sinc\sin 12c = \sin c,且 sin15c=sin4c\sin 15c = \sin 4c

因此分子为 sin3csin6csin9c\sin 3c \cdot \sin 6c \cdot \sin 9c sincsin4c\cdot \sin c \cdot \sin 4c。约去公共因子 sinc\sin csin3c\sin 3csin4c\sin 4c,剩下 sin6csin9csin2csin5c\dfrac{\sin 6c \cdot \sin 9c}{\sin 2c \cdot \sin 5c}

又有 sin9c=sin(2π2c)=sin2c\sin 9c = \sin\left(2\pi - 2c\right) = -\sin 2c,并且 sin6c=sin(2π5c)=sin5c\sin 6c = \sin\left(2\pi - 5c\right) = -\sin 5c,所以比值为 (sin5c)(sin2c)sin2csin5c=1\dfrac{(-\sin 5c)(-\sin 2c)}{\sin 2c \cdot \sin 5c} = 1

所以正确答案是 E

Write each angle as kc=2πk11.kc = \dfrac{2\pi k}{11}. Reducing modulo 2π,2\pi, sin12c=sinc\sin 12c = \sin c and sin15c=sin4c.\sin 15c = \sin 4c.

So the numerator is sin3csin6csin9c\sin 3c \cdot \sin 6c \cdot \sin 9c sincsin4c.\cdot \sin c \cdot \sin 4c. Cancelling the common factors sinc,\sin c, sin3c,\sin 3c, sin4c\sin 4c leaves sin6csin9csin2csin5c.\dfrac{\sin 6c \cdot \sin 9c}{\sin 2c \cdot \sin 5c}.

Now sin9c=sin(2π2c)=sin2c\sin 9c = \sin\left(2\pi - 2c\right) = -\sin 2c and sin6c=sin(2π5c)=sin5c,\sin 6c = \sin\left(2\pi - 5c\right) = -\sin 5c, so the ratio equals (sin5c)(sin2c)sin2csin5c=1.\dfrac{(-\sin 5c)(-\sin 2c)}{\sin 2c \cdot \sin 5c} = 1.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

14.

P(z)P(z)Q(z)Q(z)R(z)R(z) 是实系数多项式,次数分别为 223366,常数项分别为 112233。令 NN 为满足方程 P(z)Q(z)=R(z)P(z) \cdot Q(z) = R(z) 的不同复数 zz 的个数。NN 的最小可能值是多少?

Suppose that P(z),P(z), Q(z),Q(z), and R(z)R(z) are polynomials with real coefficients, having degrees 2,2, 3,3, and 6,6, respectively, and constant terms 1,1, 2,2, and 3,3, respectively. Let NN be the number of distinct complex numbers zz that satisfy the equation P(z)Q(z)=R(z).P(z) \cdot Q(z) = R(z). What is the minimum possible value of N?N?

00

11

22

33

55

答案:B
难度评级:1850
小提示:

考虑 D(z)=P(z)Q(z)R(z)D(z) = P(z)Q(z) - R(z);它的次数和常数项是什么?

Consider D(z)=P(z)Q(z)R(z)D(z) = P(z)Q(z) - R(z); what is its degree and constant term?

大提示:

一个次数为 66 的多项式可以只有一个重数为 66 的根。

A degree-66 polynomial can have a single root of multiplicity 66

解答:

D(z)=P(z)Q(z)R(z)D(z) = P(z)Q(z) - R(z)。因为 PQP Q 的次数为 55,而 RR 的次数为 66,所以 DD 的次数为 66。它的常数项为 123=101 \cdot 2 - 3 = -1 \neq 0

由于 RR 除这些限制外没有其他限制,DD 可以成为任意次数为 66、常数项为 1-1 的实系数多项式,例如 (z1)6-(z - 1)^6

这样的多项式只有一个不同的根,所以最小值为 N=1N = 1

所以正确答案是 B

Let D(z)=P(z)Q(z)R(z).D(z) = P(z)Q(z) - R(z). Since PQP Q has degree 55 and RR has degree 6,6, the degree of DD is 6.6. Its constant term is 123=10.1 \cdot 2 - 3 = -1 \neq 0.

Because RR is otherwise unconstrained, DD can be made equal to any real degree-66 polynomial with constant term 1,-1, for instance (z1)6.-(z - 1)^6.

Such a polynomial has a single distinct root, so the minimum is N=1.N = 1.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

15.

三张相同的边长为 66 的正方形纸片叠在一起。中间的纸片绕其中心顺时针旋转 3030^\circ,最上面的纸片绕其中心顺时针旋转 6060^\circ,得到下图所示的 2424 边形。该多边形面积可表示为 abca - b\sqrt{c},其中 aabbcc 为正整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Three identical square sheets of paper each with side length 66 are stacked on top of each other. The middle sheet is rotated clockwise 3030^\circ about its center and the top sheet is rotated clockwise 6060^\circ about its center, resulting in the 2424-sided polygon shown in the figure below. The area of this polygon can be expressed in the form abc,a - b\sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is a+b+c?a + b + c?

7575

9393

9696

129129

147147

答案:E
难度评级:2100
小提示:

由对称性,多边形的顶点每隔 1515^\circ 交替为外侧正方形顶点和内部边交点。

By symmetry the polygon’s vertices alternate between outer square-corners and inner edge-crossings, every 1515^\circ

大提示:

外侧顶点到中心的距离为 323\sqrt2,内部顶点到中心的距离为 232\sqrt3

The outer vertices are at distance 323\sqrt2 from the center and the inner ones at distance 232\sqrt3

解答:

因为三个正方形分别旋转 00^\circ3030^\circ6060^\circ,图形有 1212 重对称。它的 2424 个顶点每隔 1515^\circ 交替出现:外侧顶点到中心的距离为 323\sqrt2,内侧交点到中心的距离为 232\sqrt3

连接中心与全部 2424 个顶点,把多边形分成 2424 个三角形,每个三角形的两边为 323\sqrt2232\sqrt3,夹角为 1515^\circ。总面积是 2412(32)(23)sin15=726624 \begin{aligned} &24 \cdot \tfrac12 (3\sqrt2)(2\sqrt3)\sin 15^\circ \\ &= 72\sqrt6 \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt6 - \sqrt2}{4} \end{aligned}\text{。}

这化简为 186(62)=10836318\sqrt6(\sqrt6 - \sqrt2) = 108 - 36\sqrt3,所以 a+b+c=108+36+3=147a + b + c = 108 + 36 + 3 = 147

所以正确答案是 E

Because the three squares are rotated by 0,0^\circ, 30,30^\circ, and 60,60^\circ, the figure has 1212-fold symmetry. Its 2424 vertices alternate every 1515^\circ: outer vertices are the square corners at distance 323\sqrt2 from the center, and inner vertices are edge crossings at distance 23.2\sqrt3.

Connecting the center to all 2424 vertices splits the polygon into 2424 triangles, each with sides 323\sqrt2 and 232\sqrt3 and included angle 15.15^\circ. The total area is 2412(32)(23)sin15=726624. \begin{aligned} &24 \cdot \tfrac12 (3\sqrt2)(2\sqrt3)\sin 15^\circ \\ &= 72\sqrt6 \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt6 - \sqrt2}{4}. \end{aligned}

This simplifies to 186(62)=108363,18\sqrt6(\sqrt6 - \sqrt2) = 108 - 36\sqrt3, so a+b+c=108+36+3=147.a + b + c = 108 + 36 + 3 = 147.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

16.

aabbcc 为正整数,满足 a+b+c=23a + b + c = 23gcd(a,b)+gcd(b,c)+gcd(c,a)=9 \begin{aligned} &\gcd(a, b) + \gcd(b, c) \\ &\quad {}+ \gcd(c, a) = 9\text{。} \end{aligned} 所有可能的不同 a2+b2+c2a^2 + b^2 + c^2 值之和是多少?

Suppose a,a, b,b, cc are positive integers such that a+b+c=23a + b + c = 23 and gcd(a,b)+gcd(b,c)+gcd(c,a)=9. \begin{aligned} &\gcd(a, b) + \gcd(b, c) \\ &\quad {}+ \gcd(c, a) = 9. \end{aligned} What is the sum of all possible distinct values of a2+b2+c2?a^2 + b^2 + c^2?

259259

438438

516516

625625

687687

答案:B
难度评级:2100
小提示:

由对称性可设 abca\le b\le c;那么 a7a\le7,并且 c=23abc=23-a-b

By symmetry assume abc;a\le b\le c; then a7a\le7 and c=23abc=23-a-b

大提示:

利用 gcd(b,c)=gcd(b,23a)\gcd(b,c)=\gcd(b,23-a),并检查不长的范围 ab23a2a\le b\le\frac{23-a}{2}

Use gcd(b,c)=gcd(b,23a)\gcd(b,c)=\gcd(b,23-a) and check the short range ab23a2a\le b\le\frac{23-a}{2}

解答:

条件是对称的,所以不妨设 abca\le b\le c。于是 a7a\le7,且对每个固定的 aa,有 ab23a2a\le b\le\lfloor\frac{23-a}{2}\rfloor 以及 c=23abc=23-a-b。最大公因数之和可以写成gcd(a,b)+gcd(b,23a)+gcd(a,23b) \begin{aligned} &\gcd(a,b)+\gcd(b,23-a) \\ &\quad {}+\gcd(a,23-b) \end{aligned}\text{。}

逐一检查这些不长的范围,a=1,2,,7a=1,2,\ldots,7 时可能的最大公因数之和分别是 {3,4,13}\{3,4,13\}{4,6,10}\{4,6,10\}{3,5,6,8,9,12}\{3,5,6,8,9,12\}{4,6}\{4,6\}{3,7,8,11}\{3,7,8,11\}{4,6,8}\{4,6,8\}{9,10}\{9,10\}。取值 99 只在 (a,b,c)=(3,5,15)(a,b,c)=(3,5,15)(7,7,9)(7,7,9) 处出现。

三元组 (7,7,9)(7, 7, 9)gcd\gcd 之和为 7+1+1=97 + 1 + 1 = 9,并且 a2+b2+c2=49+49+81a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 49 + 49 + 81 =179= 179。三元组 (3,5,15)(3, 5, 15)gcd\gcd 之和为 1+5+3=91 + 5 + 3 = 9,并且 a2+b2+c2=9+25a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 9 + 25 +225=259+ 225 = 259

不同值之和为 179+259=438179 + 259 = 438

所以正确答案是 B

The condition is symmetric, so assume abc.a\le b\le c. Then a7,a\le7, and for each fixed aa we have ab23a2a\le b\le\lfloor\frac{23-a}{2}\rfloor and c=23ab.c=23-a-b. The gcd sum can be evaluated as gcd(a,b)+gcd(b,23a)+gcd(a,23b). \begin{aligned} &\gcd(a,b)+\gcd(b,23-a) \\ &\quad {}+\gcd(a,23-b). \end{aligned}

Checking these short ranges, the possible gcd sums for a=1,2,,7a=1,2,\ldots,7 are, respectively, {3,4,13},\{3,4,13\}, {4,6,10},\{4,6,10\}, {3,5,6,8,9,12},\{3,5,6,8,9,12\}, {4,6},\{4,6\}, {3,7,8,11},\{3,7,8,11\}, {4,6,8},\{4,6,8\}, and {9,10}.\{9,10\}. The value 99 occurs only at (a,b,c)=(3,5,15)(a,b,c)=(3,5,15) and (7,7,9).(7,7,9).

The triple (7,7,9)(7, 7, 9) has gcd\gcd sum 7+1+1=97 + 1 + 1 = 9 and a2+b2+c2=49+49+81a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 49 + 49 + 81 =179.= 179. The triple (3,5,15)(3, 5, 15) has gcd\gcd sum 1+5+3=91 + 5 + 3 = 9 and a2+b2+c2=9+25a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 9 + 25 +225=259.+ 225 = 259.

The sum of the distinct values is 179+259=438.179 + 259 = 438.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

一只虫子从由边长为 11 的等边三角形组成的网格的一个顶点出发。每一步,虫子都沿网格线在 66 个可能方向中随机且独立地等概率移动。经过 55 步后,虫子在整个过程中从未距离起点超过 11 个单位的概率是多少?

A bug starts at a vertex of a grid made of equilateral triangles of side length 1.1. At each step the bug moves in one of the 66 possible directions along the grid lines randomly and independently with equal probability. What is the probability that after 55 moves the bug never will have been more than 11 unit away from the starting position?

13108\dfrac{13}{108}

754\dfrac{7}{54}

29216\dfrac{29}{216}

427\dfrac{4}{27}

116\dfrac{1}{16}

答案:A
难度评级:2230
小提示:

虫子必须始终在起点或起点的 66 个相邻顶点上。

The bug must always be at the start or one of its 66 neighbors

大提示:

从一个相邻顶点出发,66 个方向中只有 33 个仍保持在距离 11 以内:回到起点或到两个相邻的邻点。

From a neighbor, only 33 of the 66 moves stay within distance 11: back to start or to the two adjacent neighbors

解答:

保持在距离 11 以内意味着虫子始终在原点或其 66 个相邻顶点上。从原点出发,所有 66 个方向都可行;从相邻顶点出发,只有 33 个方向可行:回到原点,或到两个相邻的邻点之一。

aka_kbkb_k 分别表示有效的 kk 步路径中,结束在原点和结束在某个相邻点的路径数。则 ak+1=bka_{k+1} = b_kbk+1=6ak+2bkb_{k+1} = 6a_k + 2b_k,初值为 a0=1a_0 = 1b0=0b_0 = 0

迭代得 b1=6b_1 = 6(a2,b2)=(6,12)(a_2, b_2) = (6, 12)(a3,b3)=(12,60)(a_3, b_3) = (12, 60)(a4,b4)=(60,192)(a_4, b_4) = (60, 192)(a5,b5)=(192,744)(a_5, b_5) = (192, 744)。有效路径总数为 192+744=936192 + 744 = 936

所求概率为 93665=9367776=13108\dfrac{936}{6^5} = \dfrac{936}{7776} = \dfrac{13}{108}

所以正确答案是 A

Staying within distance 11 means the bug is always at the origin or one of its 66 neighbors. From the origin, all 66 moves are allowed. From a neighbor, only 33 moves keep it in range: back to the origin, or to either of the two adjacent neighbors.

Let aka_k and bkb_k count valid kk-step paths ending at the origin and at a neighbor. Then ak+1=bka_{k+1} = b_k and bk+1=6ak+2bk,b_{k+1} = 6a_k + 2b_k, starting from a0=1,a_0 = 1, b0=0.b_0 = 0.

Iterating gives b1=6,b_1 = 6, then (a2,b2)=(6,12),(a_2, b_2) = (6, 12), (a3,b3)=(12,60),(a_3, b_3) = (12, 60), (a4,b4)=(60,192),(a_4, b_4) = (60, 192), (a5,b5)=(192,744).(a_5, b_5) = (192, 744). The total number of valid paths is 192+744=936.192 + 744 = 936.

The probability is 93665=9367776=13108.\dfrac{936}{6^5} = \dfrac{936}{7776} = \dfrac{13}{108}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

18.

u0=14u_0 = \dfrac{1}{4},且对 k0k \ge 0uk+1u_{k+1} 由如下递推式确定:uk+1=2uk2uk2u_{k+1} = 2u_k - 2u_k^2\text{。} 该数列趋于一个极限,记这个极限为 LL。使下式成立的最小 kk 值是多少?ukL121000|u_k - L| \le \dfrac{1}{2^{1000}}\text{?}

Set u0=14,u_0 = \dfrac{1}{4}, and for k0k \ge 0 let uk+1u_{k+1} be determined by the recurrence uk+1=2uk2uk2.u_{k+1} = 2u_k - 2u_k^2. This sequence tends to a limit; call it L.L. What is the least value of kk such that ukL121000?|u_k - L| \le \dfrac{1}{2^{1000}}?

1010

8787

123123

329329

401401

答案:A
知识点:递推换元法
难度评级:2230
小提示:

极限为 L=12L = \tfrac12;作代换 vk=12ukv_k = 1 - 2u_k

The limit is L=12L = \tfrac12; substitute vk=12ukv_k = 1 - 2u_k

大提示:

代换后得到 vk+1=vk2v_{k+1} = v_k^2,所以 vkv_k 会反复平方。

The substitution gives vk+1=vk2,v_{k+1} = v_k^2, so vkv_k squares repeatedly

解答:

极限满足 L=2L2L2L = 2L - 2L^2,得 L=12L = \tfrac12。令 vk=12ukv_k = 1 - 2u_k。于是 vk+1=12uk+1=14uk+4uk2=(12uk)2=vk2 \begin{aligned} v_{k+1} &= 1 - 2u_{k+1} \\ &= 1 - 4u_k + 4u_k^2 \\ &= (1 - 2u_k)^2 = v_k^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

v0=1214=12v_0 = 1 - 2 \cdot \tfrac14 = \tfrac12,可得 vk=(12)2kv_k = \left(\tfrac12\right)^{2^k},所以 ukL=vk2=22k1|u_k - L| = \dfrac{|v_k|}{2} = 2^{-2^k - 1}

需要 2k+110002^k + 1 \ge 1000,也就是 2k9992^k \ge 999。满足条件的最小 kk1010,因为 210=10242^{10} = 1024

所以正确答案是 A

The limit satisfies L=2L2L2,L = 2L - 2L^2, giving L=12.L = \tfrac12. Let vk=12uk.v_k = 1 - 2u_k. Then vk+1=12uk+1=14uk+4uk2=(12uk)2=vk2. \begin{aligned} v_{k+1} &= 1 - 2u_{k+1} \\ &= 1 - 4u_k + 4u_k^2 \\ &= (1 - 2u_k)^2 = v_k^2. \end{aligned}

Since v0=1214=12,v_0 = 1 - 2 \cdot \tfrac14 = \tfrac12, we get vk=(12)2k,v_k = \left(\tfrac12\right)^{2^k}, so ukL=vk2=22k1.|u_k - L| = \dfrac{|v_k|}{2} = 2^{-2^k - 1}.

We need 2k+11000,2^k + 1 \ge 1000, i.e. 2k999.2^k \ge 999. The least such kk is 10,10, since 210=1024.2^{10} = 1024.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

19.

边数为 55667788 的正多边形内接于同一个圆。没有两个多边形共用顶点,也没有三条边交于同一点。在圆内部,有多少个点是其中两个多边形的边的交点?

Regular polygons with 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, and 88 sides are inscribed in the same circle. No two of the polygons share a vertex, and no three of their sides intersect at a common point. At how many points inside the circle do two of their sides intersect?

5252

5656

6060

6464

6868

答案:E
难度评级:2320
小提示:

分别考虑每一对多边形。

Consider each pair of polygons separately

大提示:

一般位置下,边数为 mmnn 的两个内接多边形有 2min(m,n)2\min(m, n) 个交点。

Two inscribed polygons with mm and nn sides in general position cross at 2min(m,n)2\min(m, n) points

解答:

对同圆内接且没有共顶点的两个凸多边形,较小多边形的每条边会与较大多边形的边界相交两次,因此交点数为 2min(m,n)2\min(m, n)

对所有多边形对求和:(5,6),(5,7),(5,8)(5,6), (5,7), (5,8) 各给出 1010 个交点;(6,7),(6,8)(6,7), (6,8) 各给出 1212 个;(7,8)(7,8) 给出 1414 个。

总数为 310+212+14=683 \cdot 10 + 2 \cdot 12 + 14 = 68

所以正确答案是 E

For two convex polygons inscribed in the same circle with no shared vertices, each side of the smaller polygon crosses the larger polygon’s boundary exactly twice, so they meet at 2min(m,n)2\min(m, n) points.

Summing over all pairs: (5,6),(5,7),(5,8)(5,6), (5,7), (5,8) give 1010 each; (6,7),(6,8)(6,7), (6,8) give 1212 each; (7,8)(7,8) gives 14.14.

The total is 310+212+14=68.3 \cdot 10 + 2 \cdot 12 + 14 = 68.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

20.

44 个白色单位立方体和 44 个蓝色单位立方体构造一个 2×2×22 \times 2 \times 2 的立方体。有多少种不同的构造方式?(若一种构造可以旋转后与另一种重合,则两者视为相同。)

A cube is constructed from 44 white unit cubes and 44 blue unit cubes. How many different ways are there to construct the 2×2×22 \times 2 \times 2 cube using these smaller cubes? (Two constructions are considered the same if one can be rotated to match the other.)

77

88

99

1010

1111

答案:A
难度评级:2380
小提示:

对立方体的 2424 个旋转作用在 88 个角位置上使用 Burnside 引理。

Use Burnside’s lemma over the 2424 rotations of the cube acting on the 88 corner positions

大提示:

对每种旋转类型,数出它固定的恰有 44 个蓝色小立方体的涂色数。

For each rotation type, count the colorings with exactly 44 blue cubes that it fixes

解答:

由 Burnside 引理,答案是 2424 个旋转作用于 88 个小立方体位置时,每个旋转固定的“恰有 44 个蓝色”的构造数的平均值。

恒等旋转固定 (84)=70\binom{8}{4} = 70 种。66 个面四分之一转各固定 22 种,共 (12)(12) 种;33 个面半转各固定 66 种,共 (18)(18) 种;88 个顶点旋转各固定 44 种,共 (32)(32) 种;66 个棱半转各固定 66 种,共 (36)(36) 种。

固定构造数之和为 70+12+18+32+36=16870 + 12 + 18 + 32 + 36 = 168,平均数为 16824=7\dfrac{168}{24} = 7

所以正确答案是 A

By Burnside’s lemma, the count is the average number of 44-blue colorings fixed by each of the 2424 rotations acting on the 88 cubies.

The identity fixes (84)=70.\binom{8}{4} = 70. The 66 face quarter-turns fix 22 each (12).(12). The 33 face half-turns fix 66 each (18).(18). The 88 vertex rotations fix 44 each (32).(32). The 66 edge half-turns fix 66 each (36).(36).

The total is 70+12+18+32+36=168,70 + 12 + 18 + 32 + 36 = 168, and 16824=7.\dfrac{168}{24} = 7.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

21.

对实数 xx,令 P(x)=1+cos(x)+isin(x)cos(2x)isin(2x)+cos(3x)+isin(3x) \begin{aligned} P(x) &= 1 + \cos(x) + i\sin(x) \\ &\quad {}- \cos(2x) - i\sin(2x) \\ &\quad {}+ \cos(3x) + i\sin(3x) \end{aligned} 其中 i=1i = \sqrt{-1}。在 0x<2π0 \le x \lt 2\pi 中,有多少个 xx 满足 P(x)=0P(x) = 0\text{?}

For real numbers x,x, let P(x)=1+cos(x)+isin(x)cos(2x)isin(2x)+cos(3x)+isin(3x) \begin{aligned} P(x) &= 1 + \cos(x) + i\sin(x) \\ &\quad {}- \cos(2x) - i\sin(2x) \\ &\quad {}+ \cos(3x) + i\sin(3x) \end{aligned} where i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}. For how many values of xx with 0x<2π0 \le x \lt 2\pi does P(x)=0?P(x) = 0?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:A
难度评级:2420
小提示:

写成 P(x)=1+eixe2ix+e3ixP(x) = 1 + e^{ix} - e^{2ix} + e^{3ix},并要求实部和虚部都为零。

Write P(x)=1+eixe2ix+e3ixP(x) = 1 + e^{ix} - e^{2ix} + e^{3ix} and require both the real and imaginary parts to vanish

大提示:

虚部可分解为 sin(2x)(2cosx1)\sin(2x)(2\cos x - 1)

The imaginary part factors as sin(2x)(2cosx1)\sin(2x)(2\cos x - 1)

解答:

由 Euler 公式,P(x)=1+eixe2ix+e3ixP(x) = 1 + e^{ix} - e^{2ix} + e^{3ix}。其虚部为 sinxsin2x+sin3x=(sinx+sin3x)sin2x=sin2x(2cosx1) \begin{gathered} \sin x - \sin 2x + \sin 3x \\ = (\sin x + \sin 3x) - \sin 2x \\ = \sin 2x(2\cos x - 1) \end{gathered}\text{。}

它在 sin2x=0\sin 2x = 0 时为零,此时 x=0,π2,π,3π2x = 0, \tfrac{\pi}{2}, \pi, \tfrac{3\pi}{2};或者在 cosx=12\cos x = \tfrac12 时为零,此时 x=π3,5π3x = \tfrac{\pi}{3}, \tfrac{5\pi}{3}

逐一检查实部 1+cosxcos2x+cos3x1 + \cos x - \cos 2x + \cos 3x,在这些值处结果为 ±2\pm 211,从不为 00。所以不存在 xx 使 P(x)=0P(x) = 0

所以正确答案是 A

Group by Euler’s formula: P(x)=1+eixe2ix+e3ix.P(x) = 1 + e^{ix} - e^{2ix} + e^{3ix}. The imaginary part is sinxsin2x+sin3x=(sinx+sin3x)sin2x=sin2x(2cosx1). \begin{gathered} \sin x - \sin 2x + \sin 3x \\ = (\sin x + \sin 3x) - \sin 2x \\ = \sin 2x(2\cos x - 1). \end{gathered}

This vanishes when sin2x=0\sin 2x = 0 (so x=0,π2,π,3π2x = 0, \tfrac{\pi}{2}, \pi, \tfrac{3\pi}{2}) or cosx=12\cos x = \tfrac12 (so x=π3,5π3x = \tfrac{\pi}{3}, \tfrac{5\pi}{3}).

Checking the real part 1+cosxcos2x+cos3x1 + \cos x - \cos 2x + \cos 3x at each of these values gives ±2\pm 2 or 1,1, never 0.0. So no xx makes P(x)=0.P(x) = 0.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

22.

直角三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 BC=6BC = 6AC=8AC = 8AB=10AB = 10。以 OO 为圆心的圆在 BB 点与直线 BCBC 相切,并经过 AA。以 PP 为圆心的圆在 AA 点与直线 ACAC 相切,并经过 BB。求 OPOP

Right triangle ABCABC has side lengths BC=6,BC = 6, AC=8,AC = 8, and AB=10.AB = 10. A circle centered at OO is tangent to line BCBC at BB and passes through A.A. A circle centered at PP is tangent to line ACAC at AA and passes through B.B. What is OP?OP?

238\dfrac{23}{8}

2910\dfrac{29}{10}

3512\dfrac{35}{12}

7325\dfrac{73}{25}

33

答案:C
难度评级:2490
小提示:

CC 放在原点,并让两条直角边沿坐标轴。

Place CC at the origin with legs along the axes

大提示:

切点处的半径垂直于切线,所以 OOBB 的正上方,PPAA 的正右方。

A tangent point’s radius is perpendicular to the tangent line, so OO lies directly above BB and PP directly across from AA

解答:

C=(0,0)C = (0, 0)B=(6,0)B = (6, 0)A=(0,8)A = (0, 8),于是直角在 CC

OO 与直线 BCBCxx-轴)在 BB 点相切,所以 O=(6,k)O = (6, k)。令 OA=OBOA = OB,得 36+(k8)2=k236 + (k - 8)^2 = k^2,所以 k=254k = \tfrac{25}{4},即 O=(6,254)O = \left(6, \tfrac{25}{4}\right)

PP 与直线 ACACyy-轴)在 AA 点相切,所以 P=(h,8)P = (h, 8)。由 PB=PAPB = PA(h6)2+64=h2(h - 6)^2 + 64 = h^2,所以 h=253h = \tfrac{25}{3},且 P=(253,8)P = \left(\tfrac{25}{3}, 8\right)

因此 OP=(73)2+(74)2OP = \sqrt{\left(\tfrac73\right)^2 + \left(\tfrac74\right)^2} =725144= 7\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{144}} =3512= \dfrac{35}{12}

所以正确答案是 C

Place C=(0,0),C = (0, 0), B=(6,0),B = (6, 0), and A=(0,8),A = (0, 8), so the right angle is at C.C.

Circle OO is tangent to line BCBC (the xx-axis) at B,B, so O=(6,k).O = (6, k). Setting OA=OBOA = OB gives 36+(k8)2=k2,36 + (k - 8)^2 = k^2, so k=254k = \tfrac{25}{4} and O=(6,254).O = \left(6, \tfrac{25}{4}\right).

Circle PP is tangent to line ACAC (the yy-axis) at A,A, so P=(h,8).P = (h, 8). Setting PB=PAPB = PA gives (h6)2+64=h2,(h - 6)^2 + 64 = h^2, so h=253h = \tfrac{25}{3} and P=(253,8).P = \left(\tfrac{25}{3}, 8\right).

Then OP=(73)2+(74)2OP = \sqrt{\left(\tfrac73\right)^2 + \left(\tfrac74\right)^2} =725144= 7\sqrt{\tfrac{25}{144}} =3512.= \dfrac{35}{12}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

从集合 {1,2,3,,30}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 30\} 中随机选出 55 个不同整数组成一个子集。这个子集中相邻整数对的平均个数是多少?(例如集合 {1,17,18,19,30}\{1, 17, 18, 19, 30\}22 对相邻整数。)

What is the average number of pairs of consecutive integers in a randomly selected subset of 55 distinct integers chosen from the set {1,2,3,,30}?\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 30\}? (For example the set {1,17,18,19,30}\{1, 17, 18, 19, 30\} has 22 pairs of consecutive integers.)

23\dfrac{2}{3}

2936\dfrac{29}{36}

56\dfrac{5}{6}

2930\dfrac{29}{30}

11

答案:A
难度评级:2190
小提示:

2929 个可能的相邻对 (i,i+1)(i, i+1) 使用期望的线性性。

Use linearity of expectation over the 2929 possible consecutive pairs (i,i+1)(i, i+1)

大提示:

同时选中 iii+1i+1 的概率为 530429\dfrac{5}{30} \cdot \dfrac{4}{29}

The probability that both ii and i+1i+1 are chosen is 530429\dfrac{5}{30} \cdot \dfrac{4}{29}

解答:

2929 个相邻对中的每一对 (i,i+1)(i, i+1),设指标变量在两数都被选中时为 11。这个事件的概率为 530429=287\dfrac{5}{30} \cdot \dfrac{4}{29} = \dfrac{2}{87}

由期望的线性性,相邻整数对的期望数为 29287=2329 \cdot \dfrac{2}{87} = \dfrac{2}{3}

所以正确答案是 A

For each of the 2929 adjacent pairs (i,i+1),(i, i+1), let an indicator be 11 if both are in the subset. The probability of this is 530429=287.\dfrac{5}{30} \cdot \dfrac{4}{29} = \dfrac{2}{87}.

By linearity of expectation, the expected number of consecutive pairs is 29287=23.29 \cdot \dfrac{2}{87} = \dfrac{2}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

24.

三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 AB=11AB = 11BC=24BC = 24CA=20CA = 20BAC\angle BAC 的角平分线与 BC\overline{BC} 交于点 DD,并与 ABC\triangle ABC 的外接圆交于 EAE \neq ABED\triangle BED 的外接圆与直线 ABAB 交于点 BBFBF \neq B。求 CFCF

Triangle ABCABC has side lengths AB=11,AB = 11, BC=24,BC = 24, and CA=20.CA = 20. The bisector of BAC\angle BAC intersects BC\overline{BC} in point D,D, and intersects the circumcircle of ABC\triangle ABC in point EA.E \neq A. The circumcircle of BED\triangle BED intersects the line ABAB in points BB and FB.F \neq B. What is CF?CF?

2828

20220\sqrt{2}

3030

3232

20320\sqrt{3}

答案:C
难度评级:2650
小提示:

对经过 BBEEDD 的圆使用点 AA 的幂:ABAF=ADAEAB \cdot AF = AD \cdot AE

Apply power of the point AA to the circle through B,B, E,E, DD: ABAF=ADAEAB \cdot AF = AD \cdot AE

大提示:

因为 ABEADC\triangle ABE \sim \triangle ADC,得到 ADAE=ABACAD \cdot AE = AB \cdot AC,所以 AF=ACAF = AC

Because ABEADC,\triangle ABE \sim \triangle ADC, we get ADAE=ABAC,AD \cdot AE = AB \cdot AC, so AF=ACAF = AC

解答:

AADDEE 共线于角平分线上,点 AABBFF 共线于直线 ABAB。对经过 BBEEDD 的圆,点 AA 的幂给出 ABAF=ADAEAB \cdot AF = AD \cdot AE

因为 BAE=DAC\angle BAE = \angle DACAEB=ACB\angle AEB = \angle ACB(同弦 ABAB 所对的角),三角形 ABEABEADCADC 相似,所以 ADAE=ABACAD \cdot AE = AB \cdot AC。因此 AF=AC=20AF = AC = 20

A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(11,0)B = (11, 0)。由 CA=20CA = 20CB=24CB = 24,可得 C=(52,15752)C = \left(-\tfrac52, \tfrac{\sqrt{1575}}{2}\right)。点 FF 在射线 ABAB 上,且 AF=20AF = 20,所以 F=(20,0)F = (20, 0)

因此 CF2=(20+52)2+15754CF^2 = \left(20 + \tfrac52\right)^2 + \tfrac{1575}{4} =20254+15754= \tfrac{2025}{4} + \tfrac{1575}{4} =900= 900,所以 CF=30CF = 30

所以正确答案是 C

Points A,A, D,D, EE are collinear on the bisector, and A,A, B,B, FF are collinear on line AB.AB. The power of AA with respect to the circle through B,B, E,E, DD gives ABAF=ADAE.AB \cdot AF = AD \cdot AE.

Since BAE=DAC\angle BAE = \angle DAC and AEB=ACB\angle AEB = \angle ACB (subtending ABAB), triangles ABEABE and ADCADC are similar, so ADAE=ABAC.AD \cdot AE = AB \cdot AC. Therefore AF=AC=20.AF = AC = 20.

Place A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(11,0).B = (11, 0). From CA=20,CA = 20, CB=24,CB = 24, point C=(52,15752).C = \left(-\tfrac52, \tfrac{\sqrt{1575}}{2}\right). Point FF lies on ray ABAB with AF=20,AF = 20, so F=(20,0).F = (20, 0).

Then CF2=(20+52)2+15754CF^2 = \left(20 + \tfrac52\right)^2 + \tfrac{1575}{4} =20254+15754= \tfrac{2025}{4} + \tfrac{1575}{4} =900,= 900, so CF=30.CF = 30.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

对正整数 nn,令 R(n)R(n)nn 分别除以 22334455667788991010 时所得余数之和。例如, R(15)=1+0+3+0+3+1+7+6+5=26 \begin{aligned} &R(15) = 1 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 3 \\ &\quad {}+ 1 + 7 + 6 + 5 = 26\text{。} \end{aligned} 有多少个两位正整数 nn 满足 R(n)=R(n+1)R(n) = R(n + 1)\text{?}

For nn a positive integer, let R(n)R(n) be the sum of the remainders when nn is divided by 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, 9,9, and 10.10. For example, R(15)=1+0+3+0+3+1+7+6+5=26. \begin{aligned} &R(15) = 1 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 3 \\ &\quad {}+ 1 + 7 + 6 + 5 = 26. \end{aligned} How many two-digit positive integers nn satisfy R(n)=R(n+1)?R(n) = R(n + 1)?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:C
知识点:模运算整除性
难度评级:2800
小提示:

nn 增加 11 时,每个余数通常增加 11;若 n+1n+1mm 的倍数,则该余数降为 00

When nn increases by 1,1, each remainder rises by 11 unless n+1n+1 is divisible by m,m, where it drops to 00

大提示:

R(n+1)R(n)R(n+1) - R(n) =9mn+1m= 9 - \sum_{m \mid n+1} m,其中只对 n+1n+12,,102, \ldots, 10 中的因数求和;需要这些因子之和为 99

R(n+1)R(n)R(n+1) - R(n) =9mn+1m,= 9 - \sum_{m \mid n+1} m, so you need the divisors of n+1n+1 among 2,,102, \ldots, 10 to sum to 99

解答:

nn 变为 n+1n + 1 时,每个余数 nmodmn \bmod m 都增加 11,除非 n+1n + 1mm 的倍数,此时它从 m1m - 1 降为 00。所以 R(n+1)R(n)=92m10mn+1m \begin{aligned} &R(n+1) - R(n) \\ &= 9 - \sum_{\substack{2 \le m \le 10 \\ m \mid n+1}} m \end{aligned}\text{。}

221010 的互异整数之和等于 99 的方式只有 {9},{2,7},{3,6},{4,5}\{9\},\{2,7\},\{3,6\},\{4,5\},或 {2,3,4}\{2,3,4\}。因数的闭包性质排除了除 {2,7}\{2,7\} 外的所有情形:例如,99 的倍数也有因数 33,而 66 的倍数也有因数 2233。因此 n+1n+1 必须是 1414 的倍数,并且在 {2,,10}\{2,\ldots,10\} 中没有其他因数。

检查所需范围内的倍数 14,28,42,56,70,84,9814,28,42,56,70,84,98,只留下 14149898。所以 n=13n=13n=97n=97,共有 22 个值。

因此,正确答案是 C

Going from nn to n+1,n + 1, each remainder nmodmn \bmod m increases by 11 unless n+1n + 1 is divisible by m,m, in which case it drops from m1m - 1 to 0.0. So R(n+1)R(n)=92m10mn+1m. \begin{aligned} &R(n+1) - R(n) \\ &= 9 - \sum_{\substack{2 \le m \le 10 \\ m \mid n+1}} m. \end{aligned}

Distinct integers from 22 through 1010 can sum to 99 only as {9},{2,7},{3,6},{4,5},\{9\},\{2,7\},\{3,6\},\{4,5\}, or {2,3,4}.\{2,3,4\}. Divisibility closure eliminates every case except {2,7}:\{2,7\}: for example, a multiple of 99 also has divisor 3,3, and a multiple of 66 also has divisors 22 and 3.3. Thus n+1n+1 must be a multiple of 1414 with no other divisor in {2,,10}.\{2,\ldots,10\}.

Testing the multiples 14,28,42,56,70,84,9814,28,42,56,70,84,98 in the required range leaves only 1414 and 98.98. Hence n=13n=13 or n=97,n=97, giving 22 values.

Thus, the correct answer is C.