2020 AMC 12B 第 25 题

先试着解答 2020 AMC 12B 第 25 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2020 AMC 12B 解答,或核对答案。

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

25.

对每个满足 0≤a≤10 \le a \le 1 的实数 aa,从区间 [0,a][0, a] 和 [0,1][0, 1] 中分别独立随机选择 xx 和 yy。令 P(a)P(a) 为下列不等式成立的概率: sin⁡2(πx)+sin⁡2(πy)>1。\sin^2(\pi x) + \sin^2(\pi y) \gt 1\text{。} P(a)P(a) 的最大值是多少?
For each real number aa with 0≤a≤1,0 \le a \le 1, let numbers xx and yy be chosen independently at random from the intervals [0,a][0, a] and [0,1],[0, 1], respectively, and let P(a)P(a) be the probability that sin⁡2(πx)+sin⁡2(πy)>1.\sin^2(\pi x) + \sin^2(\pi y) \gt 1. What is the maximum value of P(a)?P(a)?
712\dfrac{7}{12}
2−22 - \sqrt{2}
1+24\dfrac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{4}
5−12\dfrac{\sqrt{5} - 1}{2}
58\dfrac58
答案:B
知识点:几何概率最优化微积分
小提示:
条件等价于 ∣sin⁡πx∣>∣cos⁡πy∣|\sin \pi x| \gt |\cos \pi y|;固定 xx 时,关于 yy 的概率是一个简单的三角形函数。
The condition is ∣sin⁡πx∣>∣cos⁡πy∣;|\sin \pi x| \gt |\cos \pi y|; for fixed x,x, the probability over yy is a simple triangular function
大提示:
写成 P(a)=1a∫0ag(x) dxP(a) = \tfrac1a \int_0^a g(x)\,dx,其中 gg 先增后减,然后对 aa 最大化。
Express P(a)=1a∫0ag(x) dxP(a) = \tfrac1a \int_0^a g(x)\,dx where gg rises then falls, then maximize over aa
解答:
由 sin⁡2(πy)=1−cos⁡2(πy)\sin^2(\pi y) = 1 - \cos^2(\pi y),条件等价于 ∣sin⁡πx∣>∣cos⁡πy∣|\sin \pi x| \gt |\cos \pi y|。固定 xx,当 y∈[0,1]y \in [0, 1] 时,所求概率在 0≤x≤120 \le x \le \tfrac12 时为 g(x)=2xg(x) = 2x,在 12≤x≤1\tfrac12 \le x \le 1 时为 g(x)=2−2xg(x) = 2 - 2x。
因此 P(a)=1a∫0ag(x) dxP(a) = \tfrac1a \int_0^a g(x)\,dx。当 a≤12a \le \tfrac12 时,P(a)=aP(a) = a,并递增到 12\tfrac12。当 a≥12a \ge \tfrac12 时, P(a)=2a−a2−12a=2−a−12a。 \begin{gathered} P(a) = \frac{2a - a^2 - \tfrac12}{a} \\ {}= 2 - a - \frac{1}{2a} \end{gathered}\text{。}
将导数令为零得 2a2=12a^2 = 1,所以 a=12a = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt2},且 P ⁣(12)=2−2P\!\left(\tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}\right) = 2 - \sqrt2。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since sin⁡2(πy)=1−cos⁡2(πy),\sin^2(\pi y) = 1 - \cos^2(\pi y), the condition is ∣sin⁡πx∣>∣cos⁡πy∣.|\sin \pi x| \gt |\cos \pi y|. For fixed x,x, the probability over y∈[0,1]y \in [0, 1] is g(x)=2xg(x) = 2x for 0≤x≤120 \le x \le \tfrac12 and g(x)=2−2xg(x) = 2 - 2x for 12≤x≤1.\tfrac12 \le x \le 1.
Then P(a)=1a∫0ag(x) dx.P(a) = \tfrac1a \int_0^a g(x)\,dx. For a≤12,a \le \tfrac12, P(a)=a,P(a) = a, increasing to 12.\tfrac12. For a≥12,a \ge \tfrac12, P(a)=2a−a2−12a=2−a−12a. \begin{gathered} P(a) = \frac{2a - a^2 - \tfrac12}{a} \\ {}= 2 - a - \frac{1}{2a}. \end{gathered}
Setting the derivative to zero gives 2a2=1,2a^2 = 1, so a=12,a = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}, and P ⁣(12)=2−2.P\!\left(\tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}\right) = 2 - \sqrt2.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
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