2020 AMC 12B 真题

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1.

下列表达式的最简值是多少?

1+1+3+1+3+5+1+3+5+7 \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{1} + \sqrt{1+3} + \sqrt{1+3+5} \\ &\quad {}+ \sqrt{1+3+5+7} \end{aligned}

What is the value in simplest form of the following expression?

1+1+3+1+3+5+1+3+5+7 \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{1} + \sqrt{1+3} + \sqrt{1+3+5} \\ &\quad {}+ \sqrt{1+3+5+7} \end{aligned}

55

4+7+104 + \sqrt{7} + \sqrt{10}

1010

1515

4+33+25+74 + 3\sqrt{3} + 2\sqrt{5} + \sqrt{7}

答案:C
知识点:前n个奇数之和完全平方数根式
难度评级:890
小提示:

kk 个正奇数的和是 k2k^2

The sum of the first kk odd numbers is k2k^2

大提示:

各项分别化为 1\sqrt{1}4\sqrt{4}9\sqrt{9}16\sqrt{16}

Each term simplifies to 1,\sqrt{1}, 4,\sqrt{4}, 9,\sqrt{9}, and 16\sqrt{16}

解答:

kk 个正奇数的和等于 k2k^2,所以每个根号内都是完全平方数:1+4+9+16=1+2+3+4=10 \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{1} + \sqrt{4} + \sqrt{9} + \sqrt{16} \\ &= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The sum of the first kk odd numbers equals k2,k^2, so each radicand is a perfect square: 1+4+9+16=1+2+3+4=10. \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{1} + \sqrt{4} + \sqrt{9} + \sqrt{16} \\ &= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

下列表达式的值是多少?

100272702112(7011)(70+11)(1007)(100+7)\frac{100^2 - 7^2}{70^2 - 11^2} \cdot \frac{(70 - 11)(70 + 11)}{(100 - 7)(100 + 7)}

What is the value of the following expression?

100272702112(7011)(70+11)(1007)(100+7)\frac{100^2 - 7^2}{70^2 - 11^2} \cdot \frac{(70 - 11)(70 + 11)}{(100 - 7)(100 + 7)}

11

99519950\dfrac{9951}{9950}

47804779\dfrac{4780}{4779}

108107\dfrac{108}{107}

8180\dfrac{81}{80}

答案:A
知识点:平方差
难度评级:1020
小提示:

使用平方差公式 a2b2=(ab)(a+b)a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b)

a2b2=(ab)(a+b)a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b)

大提示:

分解 100272100^2 - 7^270211270^2 - 11^2,再观察可以约去的因子。

Factor 100272100^2 - 7^2 and 70211270^2 - 11^2, then look for cancellation

解答:

由平方差公式,100272=(1007)(100+7)100^2 - 7^2 = (100 - 7)(100 + 7),且 702112=(7011)(70+11)70^2 - 11^2 = (70 - 11)(70 + 11)。原式变为 (1007)(100+7)(7011)(70+11)(7011)(70+11)(1007)(100+7)=1 \begin{aligned} &\frac{(100 - 7)(100 + 7)}{(70 - 11)(70 + 11)} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{(70 - 11)(70 + 11)}{(100 - 7)(100 + 7)} = 1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

Using the difference of squares, 100272=(1007)(100+7)100^2 - 7^2 = (100 - 7)(100 + 7) and 702112=(7011)(70+11).70^2 - 11^2 = (70 - 11)(70 + 11). The expression becomes (1007)(100+7)(7011)(70+11)(7011)(70+11)(1007)(100+7)=1. \begin{aligned} &\frac{(100 - 7)(100 + 7)}{(70 - 11)(70 + 11)} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{(70 - 11)(70 + 11)}{(100 - 7)(100 + 7)} = 1. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is A.

3.

wwxx 的比为 4:34 : 3yyzz 的比为 3:23 : 2,且 zzxx 的比为 1:61 : 6wwyy 的比是多少?

The ratio of ww to xx is 4:3,4 : 3, the ratio of yy to zz is 3:2,3 : 2, and the ratio of zz to xx is 1:6.1 : 6. What is the ratio of ww to y?y?

4:34 : 3

3:23 : 2

8:38 : 3

4:14 : 1

16:316 : 3

答案:E
知识点:比与比例
难度评级:1130
小提示:

取一个方便的值,例如 x=6x = 6,再依次求出 w,zw, z,然后求 yy

Pick a convenient value such as x=6x = 6 and work out w,z,w, z, then yy

大提示:

z:x=1:6z : x = 1 : 6,可取 z=1,x=6z = 1, x = 6;于是 w=43xw = \tfrac43 xy=32zy = \tfrac32 z

From z:x=1:6,z : x = 1 : 6, take z=1,x=6;z = 1, x = 6; then w=43xw = \tfrac43 x and y=32zy = \tfrac32 z

解答:

x=6x = 6。由 z:x=1:6z : x = 1 : 6,得 z=1z = 1;由 w:x=4:3w : x = 4 : 3,得 w=436=8w = \tfrac43 \cdot 6 = 8;由 y:z=3:2y : z = 3 : 2,得 y=321=32y = \tfrac32 \cdot 1 = \tfrac32

因此 w:y=8:32=16:3w : y = 8 : \tfrac32 = 16 : 3

所以正确答案是 E

Let x=6.x = 6. From z:x=1:6,z : x = 1 : 6, we get z=1.z = 1. From w:x=4:3,w : x = 4 : 3, we get w=436=8.w = \tfrac43 \cdot 6 = 8. From y:z=3:2,y : z = 3 : 2, we get y=321=32.y = \tfrac32 \cdot 1 = \tfrac32.

Therefore w:y=8:32=16:3.w : y = 8 : \tfrac32 = 16 : 3.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

4.

一个直角三角形的两个锐角分别是 aa^\circbb^\circ,其中 a>ba \gt b,且 aabb 都是质数。bb 的最小可能值是多少?

The acute angles of a right triangle are aa^\circ and b,b^\circ, where a>ba \gt b and both aa and bb are prime numbers. What is the least possible value of b?b?

22

33

55

77

1111

答案:D
知识点:质数角度和
难度评级:1220
小提示:

两个锐角满足 a+b=90a + b = 90

The acute angles satisfy a+b=90a + b = 90

大提示:

从最小的质数开始试 bb,并检查 90b90 - b 是否也是质数。

Try the smallest primes for bb and check whether 90b90 - b is also prime

解答:

直角三角形的两个锐角互余,所以 a+b=90a + b = 90。要使 bb 尽可能小,可依次检查较小的质数,并要求 90b90 - b 也是质数。

b=2,3,5b = 2, 3, 5 时,90b=88,87,8590 - b = 88, 87, 85 都不是质数。当 b=7b = 7 时,907=8390 - 7 = 83 是质数。因此最小可能值是 b=7b = 7

所以正确答案是 D

Since the angles are complementary, a+b=90.a + b = 90. To minimize b,b, try small primes and require 90b90 - b to be prime as well.

For b=2,3,5,b = 2, 3, 5, the value 90b=88,87,8590 - b = 88, 87, 85 is not prime. For b=7,b = 7, we get 907=83,90 - 7 = 83, which is prime. So the least possible value is b=7.b = 7.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

5.

AA 队和 BB 队在一个篮球联赛中比赛,每场比赛必有一队胜、一队负。AA 队赢了自己所有比赛的 23\tfrac23BB 队赢了自己所有比赛的 58\tfrac58。此外,BB 队比 AA 队多赢 77 场,也多输 77 场。AA 队一共打了多少场比赛?

Teams AA and BB are playing in a basketball league where each game results in a win for one team and a loss for the other team. Team AA has won 23\tfrac23 of its games and team BB has won 58\tfrac58 of its games. Also, team BB has won 77 more games and lost 77 more games than team A.A. How many games has team AA played?

2121

2727

4242

4848

6363

答案:C
知识点:方程组分数
难度评级:1290
小提示:

AA 队打了 aa 场,BB 队打了 bb 场,分别写出胜场和负场的条件。

Let AA play aa games and BB play bb games, then write both the win and loss conditions

大提示:

胜场给出 58b=23a+7\tfrac58 b = \tfrac23 a + 7;负场给出 38b=13a+7\tfrac38 b = \tfrac13 a + 7

Wins: 58b=23a+7;\tfrac58 b = \tfrac23 a + 7; losses: 38b=13a+7\tfrac38 b = \tfrac13 a + 7

解答:

AA 队打了 aa 场,BB 队打了 bb 场。AA 队的胜场数和负场数分别为 23a\tfrac23 a13a\tfrac13 aBB 队的胜场数和负场数分别为 58b\tfrac58 b38b\tfrac38 b。题意给出 58b=23a+7 \tfrac58 b = \tfrac23 a + 7 以及 38b=13a+7 \tfrac38 b = \tfrac13 a + 7\text{。}

两式相减得 14b=13a\tfrac14 b = \tfrac13 a,所以 b=43ab = \tfrac43 a。代回负场方程,得 3843a=13a+7\tfrac38 \cdot \tfrac43 a = \tfrac13 a + 7,即 12a=13a+7\tfrac12 a = \tfrac13 a + 7。因此 16a=7\tfrac16 a = 7,所以 a=42a = 42

所以正确答案是 C

Let aa be the number of games team AA played and bb the number team BB played. Team AA wins 23a\tfrac23 a and loses 13a;\tfrac13 a; team BB wins 58b\tfrac58 b and loses 38b.\tfrac38 b. The conditions give 58b=23a+7 \tfrac58 b = \tfrac23 a + 7 and 38b=13a+7. \tfrac38 b = \tfrac13 a + 7.

Subtracting the equations gives 14b=13a,\tfrac14 b = \tfrac13 a, so b=43a.b = \tfrac43 a. Substituting into the loss equation: 3843a=13a+7,\tfrac38 \cdot \tfrac43 a = \tfrac13 a + 7, i.e. 12a=13a+7,\tfrac12 a = \tfrac13 a + 7, so 16a=7\tfrac16 a = 7 and a=42.a = 42.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

6.

对所有整数 n9n \ge 9

(n+2)!(n+1)!n!\frac{(n + 2)! - (n + 1)!}{n!}

的值总是下列哪一种?

For all integers n9,n \ge 9, the value of

(n+2)!(n+1)!n!\frac{(n + 2)! - (n + 1)!}{n!}

is always which of the following?

44 的倍数

a multiple of 44

1010 的倍数

a multiple of 1010

质数

a prime number

完全平方数

a perfect square

完全立方数

a perfect cube

答案:D
难度评级:1270
小提示:

从分子中提出 (n+1)!(n + 1)!

Factor (n+1)!(n + 1)! out of the numerator

大提示:

(n+2)!(n+1)!(n + 2)! - (n + 1)! =(n+1)![(n+2)1]= (n + 1)!\,\big[(n + 2) - 1\big] =(n+1)!(n+1)= (n + 1)!\,(n + 1)

(n+2)!(n+1)!(n + 2)! - (n + 1)! =(n+1)![(n+2)1]= (n + 1)!\,\big[(n + 2) - 1\big] =(n+1)!(n+1)= (n + 1)!\,(n + 1)

解答:

从分子中提出 (n+1)!(n + 1)!(n+2)!(n+1)!=(n+1)![(n+2)1]=(n+1)!(n+1) \begin{gathered} (n + 2)! - (n + 1)! \\ {}= (n + 1)!\,\big[(n + 2) - 1\big] \\ {}= (n + 1)!\,(n + 1) \end{gathered}\text{。}

除以 n!n! 后得 (n+1)!(n+1)n!\dfrac{(n + 1)!\,(n + 1)}{n!} =(n+1)(n+1)= (n + 1)(n + 1) =(n+1)2= (n + 1)^2,它总是完全平方数。

所以正确答案是 D

Factor (n+1)!(n + 1)! from the numerator: (n+2)!(n+1)!=(n+1)![(n+2)1]=(n+1)!(n+1). \begin{gathered} (n + 2)! - (n + 1)! \\ {}= (n + 1)!\,\big[(n + 2) - 1\big] \\ {}= (n + 1)!\,(n + 1). \end{gathered}

Dividing by n!n! leaves (n+1)!(n+1)n!\dfrac{(n + 1)!\,(n + 1)}{n!} =(n+1)(n+1)= (n + 1)(n + 1) =(n+1)2,= (n + 1)^2, which is always a perfect square.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

7.

xyxy-坐标平面中两条既不水平也不竖直的直线相交,形成一个 4545^\circ 角。其中一条直线的斜率等于另一条直线斜率的 66 倍。这两条直线斜率乘积的最大可能值是多少?

Two nonhorizontal, non-vertical lines in the xyxy-coordinate plane intersect to form a 4545^\circ angle. One line has slope equal to 66 times the slope of the other line. What is the greatest possible value of the product of the slopes of the two lines?

16\dfrac16

23\dfrac23

32\dfrac32

33

66

答案:C
难度评级:1410
小提示:

斜率为 m1,m2m_1, m_2 的两直线夹角的正切为 m1m21+m1m2\left|\dfrac{m_1 - m_2}{1 + m_1 m_2}\right|

The tangent of the angle between lines of slopes m1,m2m_1, m_2 is m1m21+m1m2\left|\dfrac{m_1 - m_2}{1 + m_1 m_2}\right|

大提示:

设斜率为 mm6m6m,令 5m1+6m2=1\left|\dfrac{5m}{1 + 6m^2}\right| = 1,再求 6m26m^2 的最大值。

With slopes mm and 6m,6m, set 5m1+6m2=1\left|\dfrac{5m}{1 + 6m^2}\right| = 1 and maximize 6m26m^2

解答:

设两条直线的斜率为 mm6m6m。它们的夹角满足 6mm1+6m2=tan45=1\left|\frac{6m - m}{1 + 6m^2}\right| = \tan 45^\circ = 1\text{,} 所以 5m=±(1+6m2)5m = \pm(1 + 6m^2),从而 6m25m+1=06m^2 - 5m + 1 = 06m2+5m+1=06m^2 + 5m + 1 = 0

第一个方程给出 m=12m = \tfrac12m=13m = \tfrac13,第二个方程给出它们的相反数。斜率乘积为 6m26m^2,并在 m=12m = \tfrac12 时达到最大值 614=326 \cdot \tfrac14 = \tfrac32

所以正确答案是 C

Let the slopes be mm and 6m.6m. The angle between the lines satisfies 6mm1+6m2=tan45=1,\left|\frac{6m - m}{1 + 6m^2}\right| = \tan 45^\circ = 1, so 5m=±(1+6m2),5m = \pm(1 + 6m^2), giving 6m25m+1=06m^2 - 5m + 1 = 0 or 6m2+5m+1=0.6m^2 + 5m + 1 = 0.

The first yields m=12m = \tfrac12 or m=13;m = \tfrac13; the second yields the negatives of these. The product of the slopes is 6m2,6m^2, which is largest when m=12,m = \tfrac12, giving 614=32.6 \cdot \tfrac14 = \tfrac32.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

8.

有多少个整数有序对 (x,y)(x, y) 满足方程

x2020+y2=2yx^{2020} + y^2 = 2y\text{?}

How many ordered pairs of integers (x,y)(x, y) satisfy the equation

x2020+y2=2y?x^{2020} + y^2 = 2y?

11

22

33

44

无限多个

infinitely many

答案:D
难度评级:1410
小提示:

yy 配方,得 x2020+(y1)2=1x^{2020} + (y - 1)^2 = 1

Complete the square in y:y: x2020+(y1)2=1x^{2020} + (y - 1)^2 = 1

大提示:

因为 x20200x^{2020} \ge 0(y1)20(y - 1)^2 \ge 0,只有 x{1,0,1}x \in \{-1, 0, 1\} 才可能满足条件。

Since x20200x^{2020} \ge 0 and (y1)20,(y - 1)^2 \ge 0, only x{1,0,1}x \in \{-1, 0, 1\} can work

解答:

配方得 x2020+(y1)2=1x^{2020} + (y - 1)^2 = 1。两项都非负,所以 x20201x^{2020} \le 1,从而 x{1,0,1}x \in \{-1, 0, 1\}

x=0x = 0,则 (y1)2=1(y - 1)^2 = 1,所以 y=0y = 0y=2y = 2。若 x=±1x = \pm 1,则 x2020=1x^{2020} = 1,从而 (y1)2=0(y - 1)^2 = 0,故 y=1y = 1。所有解为 (0,0),(0,2),(1,1)(0, 0), (0, 2), (1, 1)(1,1)(-1, 1),一共四个。

所以正确答案是 D

Completing the square gives x2020+(y1)2=1.x^{2020} + (y - 1)^2 = 1. Both terms are nonnegative, so x20201,x^{2020} \le 1, forcing x{1,0,1}.x \in \{-1, 0, 1\}.

If x=0,x = 0, then (y1)2=1,(y - 1)^2 = 1, giving y=0y = 0 or y=2.y = 2. If x=±1,x = \pm 1, then x2020=1,x^{2020} = 1, so (y1)2=0(y - 1)^2 = 0 and y=1.y = 1. The solutions are (0,0),(0,2),(1,1),(0, 0), (0, 2), (1, 1), and (1,1)(-1, 1) — four in all.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

一个半径为 44 英寸的圆的四分之三扇形及其内部,可以沿图中所示的两条半径粘合卷成一个直圆锥的侧面。这个圆锥的体积是多少立方英寸?

A three-quarter sector of a circle of radius 44 inches together with its interior can be rolled up to form the lateral surface of a right circular cone by taping together along the two radii shown. What is the volume of the cone in cubic inches?

3π53\pi \sqrt{5}

4π34\pi \sqrt{3}

3π73\pi \sqrt{7}

6π36\pi \sqrt{3}

6π76\pi \sqrt{7}

答案:C
难度评级:1470
小提示:

扇形的弧长会成为圆锥底面的周长。

The arc length of the sector becomes the circumference of the cone’s base

大提示:

扇形半径 44 会成为圆锥的母线长;先求底面半径,再求圆锥高。

The sector radius 44 becomes the slant height; find the base radius, then the cone’s height

解答:

扇形弧长为 342π4=6π\tfrac34 \cdot 2\pi \cdot 4 = 6\pi,它等于底面周长。因此 2πr=6π2\pi r = 6\pi,所以 r=3r = 3

母线长是 44,因此由勾股定理可得高为 h=4232=7h = \sqrt{4^2 - 3^2} = \sqrt{7}。圆锥体积为 13πr2h=13π97=3π7\frac13 \pi r^2 h = \frac13 \pi \cdot 9 \cdot \sqrt{7} = 3\pi\sqrt{7}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The sector’s arc length is 342π4=6π,\tfrac34 \cdot 2\pi \cdot 4 = 6\pi, which becomes the base circumference: 2πr=6π,2\pi r = 6\pi, so r=3.r = 3.

The slant height is the sector radius 4,4, so the height is h=4232=7.h = \sqrt{4^2 - 3^2} = \sqrt{7}. The volume is 13πr2h=13π97=3π7.\frac13 \pi r^2 h = \frac13 \pi \cdot 9 \cdot \sqrt{7} = 3\pi\sqrt{7}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

10.

在单位正方形 ABCDABCD 中,内切圆 ω\omegaCD\overline{CD} 相交于 MMAM\overline{AM}ω\omega 还相交于不同于 MM 的点 PPAPAP 等于多少?

In unit square ABCD,ABCD, the inscribed circle ω\omega intersects CD\overline{CD} at M,M, and AM\overline{AM} intersects ω\omega at a point PP different from M.M. What is AP?AP?

512\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{12}

510\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{10}

59\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{9}

58\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{8}

2515\dfrac{2\sqrt{5}}{15}

答案:B
难度评级:1560
小提示:

A=(0,0)A = (0, 0) 则圆心为 (12,12)\left(\tfrac12, \tfrac12\right),且 M=(12,1)M = \left(\tfrac12, 1\right)

Place A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), so the circle has center (12,12)\left(\tfrac12, \tfrac12\right) and M=(12,1)M = \left(\tfrac12, 1\right)

大提示:

把直线 AMAM 代入圆的方程;两个根分别对应 MMPP

Substitute the line AMAM into the circle’s equation; the two roots give MM and PP

解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(1,0)B = (1, 0)C=(1,1)C = (1, 1)D=(0,1)D = (0, 1)。内切圆圆心为 (12,12)\left(\tfrac12, \tfrac12\right),半径为 12\tfrac12,并在 M=(12,1)M = \left(\tfrac12, 1\right) 处与 CD\overline{CD} 相切。

直线 AMAMy=2xy = 2x。代入 (x12)2+(y12)2=14\left(x - \tfrac12\right)^2 + \left(y - \tfrac12\right)^2 = \tfrac14,得到 20x212x+1=020x^2 - 12x + 1 = 0,其根为 x=12x = \tfrac12(点 MM)和 x=110x = \tfrac{1}{10}(点 PP)。

因此 P=(110,15)P = \left(\tfrac{1}{10}, \tfrac15\right),且 AP=(110)2+(15)2=510AP = \sqrt{\left(\tfrac{1}{10}\right)^2 + \left(\tfrac15\right)^2} = \frac{\sqrt5}{10}

所以正确答案是 B

Let A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(1,0),B = (1, 0), C=(1,1),C = (1, 1), D=(0,1).D = (0, 1). The inscribed circle has center (12,12)\left(\tfrac12, \tfrac12\right) and radius 12,\tfrac12, touching CD\overline{CD} at M=(12,1).M = \left(\tfrac12, 1\right).

Line AMAM is y=2x.y = 2x. Substituting into (x12)2+(y12)2=14\left(x - \tfrac12\right)^2 + \left(y - \tfrac12\right)^2 = \tfrac14 gives 20x212x+1=0,20x^2 - 12x + 1 = 0, with roots x=12x = \tfrac12 (point MM) and x=110x = \tfrac{1}{10} (point PP).

So P=(110,15)P = \left(\tfrac{1}{10}, \tfrac15\right) and AP=(110)2+(15)2=510.AP = \sqrt{\left(\tfrac{1}{10}\right)^2 + \left(\tfrac15\right)^2} = \frac{\sqrt5}{10}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

11.

如下图,六个半圆位于边长为 22 的正六边形内部,且这些半圆的直径分别与六边形的各边重合。阴影区域在六边形内部、但在所有半圆外部。阴影区域的面积是多少?

As shown in the figure below, six semicircles lie in the interior of a regular hexagon with side length 22 so that the diameters of the semicircles coincide with the sides of the hexagon. What is the area of the shaded region—inside the hexagon but outside all of the semicircles?

633π6\sqrt{3} - 3\pi

9322π\dfrac{9\sqrt{3}}{2} - 2\pi

332π3\dfrac{3\sqrt{3}}{2} - \dfrac{\pi}{3}

33π3\sqrt{3} - \pi

932π\dfrac{9\sqrt{3}}{2} - \pi

答案:D
难度评级:1590
小提示:

六边形面积为 332s2\dfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}s^2,其中 s=2s = 2 且每个半圆的半径为 11

The hexagon area is 332s2\dfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}s^2 with s=2,s = 2, and each semicircle has radius 11

大提示:

相邻半圆会重叠;减去半圆并集时,要计入六个重叠透镜形区域。

Adjacent semicircles overlap; subtract the union, accounting for the six overlapping lenses

解答:

六边形的面积为 33222=63\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}\cdot 2^2 = 6\sqrt3。每个半圆的半径为 11,面积为 π2\tfrac{\pi}{2},所以六个半圆的面积之和为 3π3\pi

相邻半圆的圆心距离为 3\sqrt3,因此每对相邻半圆的重叠透镜形面积为 2cos1 ⁣(32)32=π3322\cos^{-1}\!\left(\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}\right) - \tfrac{\sqrt3}{2} = \tfrac{\pi}{3} - \tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}

共有六个这样的透镜形,所以六个半圆的并集面积为 3π6(π332)=π+333\pi - 6\left(\frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{\sqrt3}{2}\right) = \pi + 3\sqrt3\text{。} 从六边形面积中减去它,得到阴影面积 63(π+33)=33π6\sqrt3 - (\pi + 3\sqrt3) = 3\sqrt3 - \pi

所以正确答案是 D

The hexagon has area 33222=63.\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}\cdot 2^2 = 6\sqrt3. Each semicircle has radius 11 and area π2,\tfrac{\pi}{2}, totaling 3π.3\pi.

Adjacent semicircle centers (side midpoints) are a distance 3\sqrt3 apart, so each adjacent pair overlaps in a lens of area 2cos1 ⁣(32)32=π332.2\cos^{-1}\!\left(\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}\right) - \tfrac{\sqrt3}{2} = \tfrac{\pi}{3} - \tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}. There are six such lenses.

The union of the semicircles is 3π6(π332)=π+33.3\pi - 6\left(\frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{\sqrt3}{2}\right) = \pi + 3\sqrt3. Subtracting from the hexagon gives the shaded area 63(π+33)=33π.6\sqrt3 - (\pi + 3\sqrt3) = 3\sqrt3 - \pi.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

12.

AB\overline{AB} 是半径为 525\sqrt2 的圆的一条直径。CD\overline{CD} 是圆中的一条弦,与 AB\overline{AB} 相交于点 EE,且满足 BE=25BE = 2\sqrt5AEC=45\angle AEC = 45^\circ。求 CE2+DE2CE^2 + DE^2

Let AB\overline{AB} be a diameter in a circle of radius 52.5\sqrt2. Let CD\overline{CD} be a chord in the circle that intersects AB\overline{AB} at a point EE such that BE=25BE = 2\sqrt5 and AEC=45.\angle AEC = 45^\circ. What is CE2+DE2?CE^2 + DE^2?

9696

9898

44544\sqrt{5}

70270\sqrt{2}

100100

答案:E
难度评级:1630
小提示:

把圆心放在原点,把 AB\overline{AB} 放在 xx-轴上,并从 EE 沿 4545^\circ 方向参数化这条弦。

Put the center at the origin with AB\overline{AB} on the xx-axis and parametrize the chord from EE at 4545^\circ

大提示:

t1,t2t_1, t_2 是从 EEC,DC, D 的有向距离,则 CE2+DE2=t12+t22CE^2 + DE^2 = t_1^2 + t_2^2

If t1,t2t_1, t_2 are the signed distances from EE to C,D,C, D, then CE2+DE2=t12+t22CE^2 + DE^2 = t_1^2 + t_2^2

解答:

将圆心置于原点,AB\overline{AB} 放在 xx-轴上;半径为 R=52R = 5\sqrt2,所以 R2=50R^2 = 50。于是 E=(xE,0)E = (x_E, 0),其中 xE=R25x_E = R - 2\sqrt5,但它的具体值不需要算出。

把弦参数化为 E+t(12,12)E + t\left(\tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}, \tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}\right)。代入圆方程 x2+y2=50x^2 + y^2 = 50 得到 t2+2xEt+(xE250)=0t^2 + \sqrt2\,x_E\, t + (x_E^2 - 50) = 0,其根 t1,t2t_1, t_2 是到 CCDD 的有向距离。

由韦达定理,t1+t2=2xEt_1 + t_2 = -\sqrt2\,x_E,且 t1t2=xE250t_1 t_2 = x_E^2 - 50,所以 CE2+DE2=t12+t22=(t1+t2)22t1t2=2xE22(xE250)=100 \begin{gathered} CE^2 + DE^2 = t_1^2 + t_2^2 \\ {}= (t_1 + t_2)^2 - 2t_1 t_2 \\ {}= 2x_E^2 - 2(x_E^2 - 50) \\ {}= 100 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Place the center at the origin with AB\overline{AB} on the xx-axis; the radius is R=52,R = 5\sqrt2, so R2=50.R^2 = 50. Then E=(xE,0)E = (x_E, 0) with xE=R25x_E = R - 2\sqrt5 (its exact value is not needed).

Parametrize the chord as E+t(12,12).E + t\left(\tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}, \tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}\right). Substituting into x2+y2=50x^2 + y^2 = 50 gives t2+2xEt+(xE250)=0,t^2 + \sqrt2\,x_E\, t + (x_E^2 - 50) = 0, whose roots are the signed distances t1,t2t_1, t_2 to CC and D.D.

By Vieta, t1+t2=2xEt_1 + t_2 = -\sqrt2\,x_E and t1t2=xE250,t_1 t_2 = x_E^2 - 50, so CE2+DE2=t12+t22=(t1+t2)22t1t2=2xE22(xE250)=100. \begin{gathered} CE^2 + DE^2 = t_1^2 + t_2^2 \\ {}= (t_1 + t_2)^2 - 2t_1 t_2 \\ {}= 2x_E^2 - 2(x_E^2 - 50) \\ {}= 100. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

13.

下列哪一个等于表达式 log26+log36\sqrt{\log_2 6 + \log_3 6}

Which of the following is the value of log26+log36?\sqrt{\log_2 6 + \log_3 6}?

11

log56\sqrt{\log_5 6}

22

log23+log32\sqrt{\log_2 3} + \sqrt{\log_3 2}

log26+log36\sqrt{\log_2 6} + \sqrt{\log_3 6}

答案:D
知识点:对数代数变形
难度评级:1590
小提示:

分别写成 log26=1+log23\log_2 6 = 1 + \log_2 3log36=1+log32\log_3 6 = 1 + \log_3 2

Write log26=1+log23\log_2 6 = 1 + \log_2 3 and log36=1+log32\log_3 6 = 1 + \log_3 2

大提示:

(log23+log32)2\left(\sqrt{\log_2 3} + \sqrt{\log_3 2}\right)^2 比较,并利用 log23log32=1\log_2 3 \cdot \log_3 2 = 1

Compare with (log23+log32)2,\left(\sqrt{\log_2 3} + \sqrt{\log_3 2}\right)^2, using log23log32=1\log_2 3 \cdot \log_3 2 = 1

解答:

a=log23a = \log_2 3,则 log32=1a\log_3 2 = \tfrac1a。于是 log26+log36=(1+log23)+(1+log32)=2+a+1a \begin{gathered} \log_2 6 + \log_3 6 \\ {}= (1 + \log_2 3) \\ \quad {}+ (1 + \log_3 2) \\ {}= 2 + a + \frac1a \end{gathered}\text{。}

另一方面,(log23+log32)2\left(\sqrt{\log_2 3} + \sqrt{\log_3 2}\right)^2 =a+1a+2a1a= a + \frac1a + 2\sqrt{a \cdot \tfrac1a} =a+1a+2= a + \frac1a + 2,与上式相等。

两边取平方根,得 log26+log36\sqrt{\log_2 6 + \log_3 6} =log23+log32= \sqrt{\log_2 3} + \sqrt{\log_3 2}

所以正确答案是 D

Let a=log23,a = \log_2 3, so log32=1a.\log_3 2 = \tfrac1a. Then log26+log36=(1+log23)+(1+log32)=2+a+1a. \begin{gathered} \log_2 6 + \log_3 6 \\ {}= (1 + \log_2 3) \\ \quad {}+ (1 + \log_3 2) \\ {}= 2 + a + \frac1a. \end{gathered}

Meanwhile (log23+log32)2\left(\sqrt{\log_2 3} + \sqrt{\log_3 2}\right)^2 =a+1a+2a1a= a + \frac1a + 2\sqrt{a \cdot \tfrac1a} =a+1a+2,= a + \frac1a + 2, which equals the expression above.

Taking square roots, log26+log36\sqrt{\log_2 6 + \log_3 6} =log23+log32.= \sqrt{\log_2 3} + \sqrt{\log_3 2}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

Bela 和 Jenn 在实数轴闭区间 [0,n][0, n] 上玩如下游戏,其中 nn 是大于 44 的固定整数。两人轮流行动,Bela 先手。Bela 第一次可以在区间 [0,n][0, n] 中任选一个实数。此后,轮到的玩家必须选择一个与此前任一玩家选过的所有数都相距大于一的实数。无法选择者失败。在最优策略下,谁会获胜?

Bela and Jenn play the following game on the closed interval [0,n][0, n] of the real number line, where nn is a fixed integer greater than 4.4. They take turns playing, with Bela going first. At his first turn, Bela chooses any real number in the interval [0,n].[0, n]. Thereafter, the player whose turn it is chooses a real number that is more than one unit away from all numbers previously chosen by either player. A player unable to choose such a number loses. Using optimal strategy, which player will win the game?

Bela 总会获胜。

Bela will always win.

Jenn 总会获胜。

Jenn will always win.

Bela 获胜当且仅当 nn 为奇数。

Bela will win if and only if nn is odd.

Jenn 获胜当且仅当 nn 为奇数。

Jenn will win if and only if nn is odd.

Jenn 获胜当且仅当 n>8n \gt 8

Jenn will win if and only if n>8.n \gt 8.

答案:A
难度评级:1500
小提示:

考虑 Bela 第一步恰好选在区间中点时会发生什么。

Consider what happens if Bela plays exactly at the midpoint of the interval first

大提示:

占据中心后,Bela 可以把 Jenn 的每一步关于中点镜像。

After claiming the center, Bela can mirror each of Jenn’s moves through the midpoint

解答:

Bela 第一步选择区间中点 n2\tfrac{n}{2}。这样,局面关于区间中心对称。

此后,每当 Jenn 选择一个数 xx,Bela 就选择它关于中点的镜像 nxn - x。因为 Bela 已经选了 n2\tfrac n2,Jenn 的合法选择必满足 xn2>1\left|x-\tfrac n2\right|>1。因此 x(nx)=2xn2>2|x-(n-x)|=2\left|x-\tfrac n2\right|>2,所以 Bela 的回应与 Jenn 刚选的点相距足够远。 由对称性,它与先前的每个点也相距足够远。因此,只要 Jenn 有合法行动,Bela 就一定也有合法行动, 所以 Jenn 会先无路可走。Bela 总会获胜。

所以正确答案是 A

Bela first plays the midpoint n2.\tfrac{n}{2}. This choice makes the configuration symmetric about the center of the interval.

Thereafter, whenever Jenn picks a number x,x, Bela responds with its mirror image nx.n - x. Since Bela has already chosen n2,\tfrac n2, Jenn’s legal move satisfies xn2>1.\left|x-\tfrac n2\right|>1. Therefore x(nx)=2xn2>2,|x-(n-x)|=2\left|x-\tfrac n2\right|>2, so Bela’s response is far enough from Jenn’s new point. Symmetry shows that it is also far enough from every earlier point. Thus Bela always has a move whenever Jenn does, so Jenn is the first to be stuck. Bela always wins.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

15.

1010 个人等间隔地站成一圈。每个人恰好认识其他 99 个人中的 33 个:站在其两侧的 22 个人,以及正对面的人。将这 1010 个人分成 55 对,且每对的两人互相认识,一共有多少种分法?

There are 1010 people standing equally spaced around a circle. Each person knows exactly 33 of the other 99 people: the 22 people standing next to her or him, as well as the person directly across the circle. How many ways are there for the 1010 people to split up into 55 pairs so that the members of each pair know each other?

1111

1212

1313

1414

1515

答案:C
知识点:图论分类讨论
难度评级:1730
小提示:

把允许的配对看作边:相邻边或直径边,然后数完美匹配。

Count perfect matchings using edges that are either adjacent (neighbor) pairs or diameters (across)

大提示:

按使用了多少条直径边分类;可能的数量只有 0,1,30, 1, 355

Organize by how many diameter pairs are used; only 0,1,3,0, 1, 3, or 55 of them can occur

解答:

将人编号为 0099。允许的配对是相邻边 (i,i+1)(i, i + 1) 或直径边 (i,i+5)(i, i + 5)。我们按使用的直径边数量分类计算完美匹配。

不使用直径边时,相邻的人可以按两种交错方式配对,共有 22 种。恰用一条直径边时,选择这条直径有 55 种,其余的人随后被唯一配对,因此共有 55 种。使用全部五条直径边时有 11 种。

只要使用了直径边,沿圆周考察被迫出现的相邻配对,就可看出直径边数必须是奇数。恰用三条直径边时,余下四人必须组成两对彼此对置的相邻配对;其中一对的位置唯一确定整个匹配,所以有 55 种。综上,总数为 2+5+5+1=132+5+5+1=13

所以正确答案是 C

Label the people 00 through 9.9. Allowed pairings use neighbor edges (i,i+1)(i, i + 1) or diameter edges (i,i+5).(i, i + 5). Count perfect matchings by the number of diameter edges used.

Using no diameters, the ten people split into adjacent pairs in 22 ways (all “even” edges or all “odd” edges). Using exactly one diameter, choose it in 55 ways; the remaining two arcs of four people each pair up uniquely, giving 5.5. Using all five diameters gives 11 matching.

If at least one diameter is used, following the forced adjacent pairings around the circle shows that the number of diameters must be odd. With exactly three diameters, the four remaining people must be two opposite adjacent pairs. The position of one such opposite pair determines the matching, giving 55 possibilities. Hence the total is 2+5+5+1=13.2+5+5+1=13.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

16.

一个罐子中有一个红球和一个蓝球,旁边有一盒额外的红球和蓝球。George 重复如下操作四次:从罐子中随机取出一个球,然后从盒中取一个相同颜色的球,把这两个同色球都放回罐子。四次操作后,罐子中有六个球。罐子中红球和蓝球各有三个的概率是多少?

An urn contains one red ball and one blue ball. A box of extra red and blue balls lies nearby. George performs the following operation four times: he draws a ball from the urn at random and then takes a ball of the same color from the box and returns those two matching balls to the urn. After the four iterations the urn contains six balls. What is the probability that the urn contains three balls of each color?

16\dfrac16

15\dfrac15

14\dfrac14

13\dfrac13

12\dfrac12

答案:B
知识点:基本概率组合
难度评级:1660
小提示:

最后两种颜色各有三个,等价于四次新增的球中恰有两个红球。

Reaching three of each color means exactly two of the four added balls are red

大提示:

任意一个“两红两蓝”的出现顺序都有相同概率,所以红球个数是均匀分布的。

Any specific order of two red and two blue additions has the same probability, so the number of red balls is uniform

解答:

要最后两种颜色各有三个,四次新增的球中必须恰有两个红球。当罐中有 kk 个球,其中有 cc 个某色球时,下一次抽到该色的概率为 ck\tfrac{c}{k}

每个恰含两次红球和两次蓝球的指定序列,其概率都为 12122345\tfrac{1\cdot 2\cdot 1\cdot 2}{2\cdot 3\cdot 4\cdot 5}。这样的序列有 (42)=6\binom42 = 6 个,所以总概率为 64120=15\tfrac{6\cdot 4}{120} = \tfrac15。(等价地,四次后红球数在 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} 中均匀分布;其中目标值为 33,概率也为 15\tfrac15。)

所以正确答案是 B

To end with three of each color, exactly two of the four added balls must be red. Consider any sequence of draws. When the urn holds kk balls, drawing a particular color with count cc has probability ck.\tfrac{c}{k}.

Any ordering with two red and two blue additions gives the same product 12122345,\tfrac{1\cdot 2\cdot 1\cdot 2}{2\cdot 3\cdot 4\cdot 5}, and there are (42)=6\binom42 = 6 such orderings, for probability 64120=15.\tfrac{6\cdot 4}{120} = \tfrac15. (Equivalently, the number of red balls after four steps is uniform on {1,2,3,4,5},\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\}, so 33 red occurs with probability 15.\tfrac15.)

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

有多少个形如 x5+ax4+bx3+cx2+dxx^5 + ax^4 + bx^3 + cx^2 + dx +2020+ 2020 的多项式,其中 aabbccdd 都是实数,满足如下性质:只要 rr 是一个根,那么 1+i32r\dfrac{-1 + i\sqrt3}{2}\cdot r 也是一个根?(注:i=1i = \sqrt{-1}。)

How many polynomials of the form x5+ax4+bx3+cx2+dxx^5 + ax^4 + bx^3 + cx^2 + dx +2020,+ 2020, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are real numbers, have the property that whenever rr is a root, so is 1+i32r?\dfrac{-1 + i\sqrt3}{2}\cdot r? (Note that i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}.)

00

11

22

33

44

答案:C
难度评级:1960
小提示:

ω=1+i32\omega = \dfrac{-1 + i\sqrt3}{2} 是本原三次单位根,所以非零根按 {r,ωr,ω2r}\{r, \omega r, \omega^2 r\} 这样的三元组出现。

ω=1+i32\omega = \dfrac{-1 + i\sqrt3}{2} is a primitive cube root of unity, so nonzero roots come in triples {r,ωr,ω2r}\{r, \omega r, \omega^2 r\}

大提示:

55 个根只能来自一个不同根三元组并带有重数;实系数还要求根关于共轭对称。

With five roots the distinct roots form one triple with multiplicities summing to 5;5; real coefficients force conjugate symmetry

解答:

ω=1+i32\omega = \tfrac{-1 + i\sqrt3}{2},它是本原三次单位根。由于 00 不是根,不同根的集合在乘以 ω\omega 后保持不变,所以根按 {r,ωr,ω2r}\{r, \omega r, \omega^2 r\} 这样的三元组出现。五个根无法填满两个三元组,因此只有一个三元组,其重数 m1,m2,m31m_1, m_2, m_3 \ge 1 之和为 55

实系数要求根的多重集在共轭下不变。这只可能发生在三元组的辐角关于实轴对称时,即 {0,120,240}\{0^\circ, 120^\circ, 240^\circ\}{60,180,300}\{60^\circ, 180^\circ, 300^\circ\}

全部根的乘积必须为 2020-2020。第一种构型中的实根为正,会导致乘积为正,不可能。第二种构型中的实根为负,乘积为 ρ5-\rho^5;取 ρ5=2020\rho^5 = 2020 即可。共轭对称的重数方案为 (1,3,1)(1, 3, 1)(2,1,2)(2, 1, 2),因此有 22 个多项式。

所以正确答案是 C

Here ω=1+i32\omega = \tfrac{-1 + i\sqrt3}{2} is a primitive cube root of unity. Since 00 is not a root, the set of distinct roots is closed under multiplication by ω,\omega, so it consists of triples {r,ωr,ω2r}\{r, \omega r, \omega^2 r\} equally spaced in argument. Five roots cannot fill two such triples, so there is exactly one triple, with multiplicities m1,m2,m31m_1, m_2, m_3 \ge 1 summing to 5.5.

Real coefficients require the root multiset to be closed under conjugation. This is possible only when the triple’s arguments are symmetric about the real axis, which happens for the two configurations {0,120,240}\{0^\circ, 120^\circ, 240^\circ\} and {60,180,300}.\{60^\circ, 180^\circ, 300^\circ\}.

The product of the roots must equal 2020.-2020. In the first configuration the real root is positive, forcing a positive product, which is impossible. In the second, the real root is negative and the product is ρ5;-\rho^5; setting ρ5=2020\rho^5 = 2020 works, and the two conjugate-symmetric multiplicity patterns (1,3,1)(1, 3, 1) and (2,1,2)(2, 1, 2) each give a valid polynomial. Hence there are 2.2.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

18.

在正方形 ABCDABCD 中,点 EEHH 分别在 AB\overline{AB}DA\overline{DA} 上,且 AE=AHAE = AH。点 FFGG 分别在 BC\overline{BC}CD\overline{CD} 上,点 IIJJEH\overline{EH} 上,并满足 FIEH\overline{FI} \perp \overline{EH}GJEH\overline{GJ} \perp \overline{EH}。见下图。三角形 AEHAEH、四边形 BFIEBFIE、四边形 DHJGDHJG 和五边形 FCGJIFCGJI 的面积都为 11。求 FI2FI^2

In square ABCD,ABCD, points EE and HH lie on AB\overline{AB} and DA,\overline{DA}, respectively, so that AE=AH.AE = AH. Points FF and GG lie on BC\overline{BC} and CD,\overline{CD}, respectively, and points II and JJ lie on EH\overline{EH} so that FIEH\overline{FI} \perp \overline{EH} and GJEH.\overline{GJ} \perp \overline{EH}. See the figure below. Triangle AEH,AEH, quadrilateral BFIE,BFIE, quadrilateral DHJG,DHJG, and pentagon FCGJIFCGJI each has area 1.1. What is FI2?FI^2?

73\dfrac73

8428 - 4\sqrt{2}

1+21 + \sqrt{2}

742\dfrac74 \sqrt{2}

222\sqrt{2}

答案:B
难度评级:1910
小提示:

四个区域铺满正方形,所以正方形面积为 44,边长为 22

The four regions tile the square, so its area is 44 and its side is 22

大提示:

AEH\triangle AEH 是面积为 11 的等腰直角三角形,所以 AE=2AE = \sqrt2;建立坐标系并利用 BFIEBFIE 的面积。

AEH\triangle AEH is an isosceles right triangle of area 1,1, so AE=2;AE = \sqrt2; set coordinates and use the area of BFIEBFIE

解答:

四个区域总面积为 44,所以正方形边长为 22。取 A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(2,0)B = (2, 0)C=(2,2)C = (2, 2)D=(0,2)D = (0, 2)。由于 AEH\triangle AEH 是面积为 11 的等腰直角三角形,所以 AE=AH=2AE = AH = \sqrt2,从而 E=(2,0)E = (\sqrt2, 0)H=(0,2)H = (0, \sqrt2)。直线 EHEH 的方程为 x+y=2x + y = \sqrt2

F=(2,t)F = (2, t)。它到直线 EHEH 的垂直距离为 FI=2+t22FI = \tfrac{2 + t - \sqrt2}{\sqrt2}。令 s=FI2=2+t22s=\frac{FI}{\sqrt2}=\tfrac{2+t-\sqrt2}{2},则垂足为 I=(2s,ts)I=(2-s,t-s)。对 B=(2,0)B=(2,0)FFIIE=(2,0)E=(\sqrt2,0) 使用鞋带公式,得到 [BFIE]=s2(322)[BFIE]=s^2-(3-2\sqrt2)。由于该面积为 11,所以 s2=422s^2=4-2\sqrt2

因此 FI2=2s2=842FI^2 = 2s^2 = 8 - 4\sqrt2

所以正确答案是 B

The four regions have total area 4,4, so the square has side 2.2. Put A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(2,0),B = (2, 0), C=(2,2),C = (2, 2), D=(0,2).D = (0, 2). Since AEH\triangle AEH is an isosceles right triangle with area 1,1, we get AE=AH=2,AE = AH = \sqrt2, so E=(2,0)E = (\sqrt2, 0) and H=(0,2).H = (0, \sqrt2). Line EHEH is x+y=2.x + y = \sqrt2.

Let F=(2,t).F = (2, t). Its perpendicular distance to line EHEH is FI=2+t22.FI = \tfrac{2 + t - \sqrt2}{\sqrt2}. Write s=FI2=2+t22,s=\frac{FI}{\sqrt2}=\tfrac{2+t-\sqrt2}{2}, so the foot of the perpendicular is I=(2s,ts).I=(2-s,t-s). The shoelace formula on B=(2,0),B=(2,0), F,F, I,I, and E=(2,0)E=(\sqrt2,0) gives [BFIE]=s2(322).[BFIE]=s^2-(3-2\sqrt2). Since this area is 1,1, we get s2=422.s^2=4-2\sqrt2.

Then FI2=2s2=842.FI^2 = 2s^2 = 8 - 4\sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

坐标平面中的正方形 ABCDABCD 的顶点为 A(1,1)A(1, 1)B(1,1)B(-1, 1)C(1,1)C(-1, -1)D(1,1)D(1, -1)。考虑以下四个变换:

LL,绕原点逆时针旋转 9090^\circ

RR,绕原点顺时针旋转 9090^\circ

HH,关于 xx-轴反射;

VV,关于 yy-轴反射。

每个变换都会把正方形映到自身,但标记顶点的位置会改变。例如,先做 RR 再做 VV,会把顶点 AA(1,1)(1, 1) 送到 (1,1)(-1, -1),并把顶点 BB(1,1)(-1, 1) 送回原位。从 {L,R,H,V}\{L, R, H, V\} 中选出长度为 2020 的变换序列,有多少个会把所有标记顶点都送回原位?(例如,RRRRVVHH 是一个长度为 44 的有效序列。)

Square ABCDABCD in the coordinate plane has vertices at the points A(1,1),A(1, 1), B(1,1),B(-1, 1), C(1,1),C(-1, -1), and D(1,1).D(1, -1). Consider the following four transformations:

L,L, a rotation of 9090^\circ counterclockwise around the origin;

R,R, a rotation of 9090^\circ clockwise around the origin;

H,H, a reflection across the xx-axis; and

V,V, a reflection across the yy-axis.

Each of these transformations maps the square onto itself, but the positions of the labeled vertices will change. For example, applying RR and then VV would send the vertex AA at (1,1)(1, 1) to (1,1)(-1, -1) and would send the vertex BB at (1,1)(-1, 1) to itself. How many sequences of 2020 transformations chosen from {L,R,H,V}\{L, R, H, V\} will send all of the labeled vertices back to their original positions? (For example, R,R, R,R, V,V, HH is one sequence of 44 transformations that will send the vertices back to their original positions.)

2372^{37}

32363 \cdot 2^{36}

2382^{38}

32373 \cdot 2^{37}

2392^{39}

答案:C
知识点:变换分类讨论
难度评级:2000
小提示:

1919 个变换可以任意选择;最后一个变换会被唯一地强制为前面合成的逆。

The first 1919 transformations can be anything; the last one is then forced to be the unique inverse

大提示:

这个被强制的最后一步必须是四个允许变换之一;求它属于允许集合的计数。

The forced last move must be one of the four allowed transformations; find the probability that it is

解答:

将顶点依次标为 0,1,2,30,1,2,3。每个允许的变换都形如 jεj+δ(mod4)j\mapsto \varepsilon j+\delta\pmod 4,其中 ε{1,1}\varepsilon\in\{1,-1\}δ{1,1}\delta\in\{1,-1\}。这四种选择恰好给出两个四分之一周旋转和题中所述的两个反射。

在复合时,δ\delta 的奇偶性在每一步都会改变。因此,1919 个允许变换的复合仍有奇数的 δ\delta,所以它仍是四个允许变换之一。它的逆变换也被允许。因此,前 1919 步的每个序列都恰有一种最后一步的选择,共得到 419=2384^{19}=2^{38} 个成功序列。

因此,正确答案是 C

Label the vertices 0,1,2,30,1,2,3 cyclically. Each allowed transformation has the form jεj+δ(mod4),j\mapsto \varepsilon j+\delta\pmod 4, where ε{1,1}\varepsilon\in\{1,-1\} and δ{1,1}.\delta\in\{1,-1\}. These four choices give exactly the two quarter-turns and the two stated reflections.

Under composition, the parity of δ\delta changes at every move. Thus a composition of 1919 allowed transformations again has odd δ,\delta, and so is one of the four allowed transformations. Its inverse is also allowed. Consequently every sequence of the first 1919 moves has exactly one choice for the final move, giving 419=2384^{19}=2^{38} successful sequences.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

两个大小相同但彼此不同的立方体要被涂色,每个面的颜色独立随机选择为黑色或白色。涂色后,这两个立方体可以通过旋转变得外观相同的概率是多少?

Two different cubes of the same size are to be painted, with the color of each face being chosen independently and at random to be either black or white. What is the probability that after they are painted, the cubes can be rotated to be identical in appearance?

964\dfrac{9}{64}

2892048\dfrac{289}{2048}

73512\dfrac{73}{512}

1471024\dfrac{147}{1024}

5894096\dfrac{589}{4096}

答案:D
难度评级:2040
小提示:

概率为 1642OO2\dfrac{1}{64^2}\sum_{\mathcal O} |\mathcal O|^2,其中对所有涂色方案的旋转等价类 O\mathcal O 求和。

The probability equals 1642OO2\dfrac{1}{64^2}\sum_{\mathcal O} |\mathcal O|^2, where the sum is over rotation-equivalence classes O\mathcal O of colorings

大提示:

按黑色面的个数分类,并找出每个等价类的轨道大小;例如两个黑面时,对面给出大小 33,相邻给出大小 1212

Group colorings by number of black faces and find each class’s orbit size (e.g. two black faces: opposite gives size 3,3, adjacent gives size 1212)

解答:

固定第一个立方体后,与它旋转后相同的第二个立方体数等于其旋转轨道的大小。因此所求概率为 1642OO2\tfrac{1}{64^2}\sum_{\mathcal O} |\mathcal O|^2

按黑色面数量分类:0066 个黑面时 1\to 11155 个黑面时 6\to 62244 个黑面时,对面情形 3\to 3,相邻情形为 121233 个黑面时,共顶点情形 8\to 8,环带情形为 1212。于是 OO2=1+36+(9+144)+(64+144)+(9+144)+36+1=588 \begin{gathered} \sum_{\mathcal O} |\mathcal O|^2 \\ {}= 1 + 36 + (9 + 144) \\ \quad {}+ (64 + 144) + (9 + 144) \\ \quad {}+ 36 + 1 = 588 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此概率为 5884096=1471024\tfrac{588}{4096} = \tfrac{147}{1024}

所以正确答案是 D

For a fixed first cube, the number of second cubes matching it (up to rotation) equals the size of its rotation orbit. So the desired probability is 1642OO2.\tfrac{1}{64^2}\sum_{\mathcal O} |\mathcal O|^2.

Grouping by black-face count, the orbit sizes are: 00 or 66 black 1;\to 1; 11 or 55 black 6;\to 6; 22 or 44 black 3\to 3 (opposite) and 1212 (adjacent); 33 black 8\to 8 (corner) and 1212 (band). Then OO2=1+36+(9+144)+(64+144)+(9+144)+36+1=588. \begin{gathered} \sum_{\mathcal O} |\mathcal O|^2 \\ {}= 1 + 36 + (9 + 144) \\ \quad {}+ (64 + 144) + (9 + 144) \\ \quad {}+ 36 + 1 = 588. \end{gathered}

The probability is 5884096=1471024.\tfrac{588}{4096} = \tfrac{147}{1024}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

21.

有多少个正整数 nn 满足

n+100070=n\frac{n + 1000}{70} = \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor\text{?}

x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数。)

How many positive integers nn satisfy

n+100070=n?\frac{n + 1000}{70} = \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor?

(Recall that x\lfloor x \rfloor is the greatest integer not exceeding x.x.)

22

44

66

3030

3232

答案:C
难度评级:1800
小提示:

k=nk = \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor,则 n=70k1000n = 70k - 1000 必须满足 k2n<(k+1)2k^2 \le n \lt (k + 1)^2

Let k=n,k = \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor, so n=70k1000n = 70k - 1000 must satisfy k2n<(k+1)2k^2 \le n \lt (k + 1)^2

大提示:

这给出 k270k+10000k^2 - 70k + 1000 \le 0k268k+1001>0k^2 - 68k + 1001 \gt 0;数出满足条件的整数 kk

This gives k270k+10000k^2 - 70k + 1000 \le 0 and k268k+1001>0;k^2 - 68k + 1001 \gt 0; count integer kk

解答:

右边是整数,令 k=nk = \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor。则 n=70k1000n = 70k - 1000,而 k=nk = \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor 要求 k2n<(k+1)2k^2 \le n \lt (k + 1)^2

下界 k270k1000k^2 \le 70k - 1000 给出 k270k+10000k^2 - 70k + 1000 \le 0,即 20k5020 \le k \le 50。上界 70k1000<(k+1)270k - 1000 \lt (k + 1)^2 给出 k268k+1001>0k^2 - 68k + 1001 \gt 0,即 k21k \le 21k47k \ge 47

取交集得 k{20,21,47,48,49,50}k \in \{20, 21, 47, 48, 49, 50\},因此有 66nn 值。

所以正确答案是 C

The right side is an integer, so let k=n.k = \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor. Then n=70k1000,n = 70k - 1000, and k=nk = \lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor requires k2n<(k+1)2.k^2 \le n \lt (k + 1)^2.

The lower bound k270k1000k^2 \le 70k - 1000 gives k270k+10000,k^2 - 70k + 1000 \le 0, i.e. 20k50.20 \le k \le 50. The upper bound 70k1000<(k+1)270k - 1000 \lt (k + 1)^2 gives k268k+1001>0,k^2 - 68k + 1001 \gt 0, i.e. k21k \le 21 or k47.k \ge 47.

Intersecting, k{20,21,47,48,49,50},k \in \{20, 21, 47, 48, 49, 50\}, giving 66 values of n.n.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

22.

下列表达式的最大值是多少?

(2t3t)t4t\frac{(2^t - 3t)\,t}{4^t}

其中 tt 取遍所有实数。

What is the maximum value of

(2t3t)t4t\frac{(2^t - 3t)\,t}{4^t}

for real values of t?t?

116\dfrac{1}{16}

115\dfrac{1}{15}

112\dfrac{1}{12}

110\dfrac{1}{10}

19\dfrac19

答案:C
难度评级:1860
小提示:

u=t2tu = \dfrac{t}{2^t},则 t24t=u2\dfrac{t^2}{4^t} = u^2

Let u=t2t;u = \dfrac{t}{2^t}; then t24t=u2\dfrac{t^2}{4^t} = u^2

大提示:

表达式变为 u3u2u - 3u^2,这是关于 uu 的开口向下抛物线。

The expression becomes u3u2,u - 3u^2, a downward parabola in uu

解答:

拆开分式:(2t3t)t4t=t2t3t24t\dfrac{(2^t - 3t)t}{4^t} = \dfrac{t}{2^t} - \dfrac{3t^2}{4^t}。令 u=t2tu = \dfrac{t}{2^t},则 t24t=u2\dfrac{t^2}{4^t} = u^2,原式变为 u3u2u - 3u^2

这个抛物线在 u=16u = \tfrac16 时取得最大值 163136=112\tfrac16 - 3\cdot\tfrac1{36} = \tfrac1{12}。由于 u=t2tu = \tfrac{t}{2^t} 连续且能取到 16\tfrac16,该最大值确实可以达到。

所以正确答案是 C

Split the fraction: (2t3t)t4t=t2t3t24t.\dfrac{(2^t - 3t)t}{4^t} = \dfrac{t}{2^t} - \dfrac{3t^2}{4^t}. Let u=t2t,u = \dfrac{t}{2^t}, so t24t=u2\dfrac{t^2}{4^t} = u^2 and the expression is u3u2.u - 3u^2.

This parabola has maximum at u=16,u = \tfrac16, with value 163136=112.\tfrac16 - 3\cdot\tfrac1{36} = \tfrac1{12}. Since u=t2tu = \tfrac{t}{2^t} is continuous and attains the value 16,\tfrac16, the maximum is achieved.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

有多少个整数 n2n \ge 2 具有如下性质:只要复数 z1z_1z2z_2\ldotsznz_n 满足 z1=z2==zn=1 |z_1| = |z_2| = \cdots = |z_n| = 1 以及 z1+z2++zn=0 z_1 + z_2 + \cdots + z_n = 0\text{,} 那么 z1z_1z2z_2\ldotsznz_n 在复平面的单位圆上等间隔分布?

How many integers n2n \ge 2 are there such that whenever z1,z_1, z2,z_2, ,\ldots, znz_n are complex numbers such that z1=z2==zn=1 |z_1| = |z_2| = \cdots = |z_n| = 1 and z1+z2++zn=0, z_1 + z_2 + \cdots + z_n = 0, then the numbers z1,z_1, z2,z_2, ,\ldots, znz_n are equally spaced on the unit circle in the complex plane?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:B
难度评级:2100
小提示:

检查小情形:n=2n = 2 强制两点互为对径,n=3n = 3 强制形成等边三角形。

Check small cases: n=2n = 2 forces antipodal points and n=3n = 3 forces an equilateral triangle

大提示:

n4n \ge 4 可用一个较小的和为零构型加上一对对径点构造反例。

For n4,n \ge 4, build a counterexample by combining a smaller balanced configuration with an antipodal pair

解答:

n=2n = 2 时,z1+z2=0z_1 + z_2 = 0 强制 z2=z1z_2 = -z_1,所以两点等间隔分布。当 n=3n = 3 时,三个和为零的单位向量必须构成等边三角形,所以也等间隔分布。

对每个偶数 n4n\ge4,取 n2\frac{n}{2} 对处于一般位置、且不构成正 nn 边形的对径点。对每个奇数 n5n\ge5,取一个等边三角形的三个顶点,再加上 n32\frac{n-3}{2} 对处于一般位置的对径点。每种构造的各数之和都是 00,但它们并不等间隔分布。

因此只有 n=2n = 2n=3n = 3 满足条件,共 22 个值。

所以正确答案是 B

For n=2,n = 2, z1+z2=0z_1 + z_2 = 0 forces z2=z1,z_2 = -z_1, which is equally spaced. For n=3,n = 3, three unit vectors summing to zero must form an equilateral triangle, so they are equally spaced.

For every even n4,n\ge4, choose n2\frac{n}{2} antipodal pairs at generic angles that do not form a regular nn-gon. For every odd n5,n\ge5, choose the vertices of an equilateral triangle together with n32\frac{n-3}{2} generic antipodal pairs. Each construction has sum 00 but is not equally spaced.

Hence only n=2n = 2 and n=3n = 3 work, giving 22 values.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

D(n)D(n) 表示将正整数 nn 写成乘积 n=f1f2fkn = f_1 \cdot f_2 \cdots f_k 的方法数,其中 k1k \ge 1,每个 fif_i 都是严格大于 11 的整数,并且因子的排列顺序有区别 (也就是说,两个只在因子顺序上不同的表示也算作不同的方法)。例如,数 66 可以写成 66232 \cdot 3323 \cdot 2,所以 D(6)=3D(6) = 3。求 D(96)D(96)

Let D(n)D(n) denote the number of ways of writing the positive integer nn as a product n=f1f2fk,n = f_1 \cdot f_2 \cdots f_k, where k1,k \ge 1, the fif_i are integers strictly greater than 1,1, and the order in which the factors are listed matters (that is, two representations that differ only in the order of the factors are counted as distinct). For example, the number 66 can be written as 6,6, 23,2 \cdot 3, and 32,3 \cdot 2, so D(6)=3.D(6) = 3. What is D(96)?D(96)?

112112

128128

144144

172172

184184

答案:A
知识点:递推计数因数
难度评级:2220
小提示:

使用递推 D(n)=dn,d>1D(nd)D(n) = \sum_{d \mid n,\, d \gt 1} D(\frac{n}{d}) 并设 D(1)=1D(1) = 1

Use the recursion D(n)=dn,d>1D(nd),D(n) = \sum_{d \mid n,\, d \gt 1} D(\frac{n}{d}), with D(1)=1D(1) = 1

大提示:

因为 96=25396 = 2^5 \cdot 3,逐步计算其因子 2233446688121216162424323248489696DD 值。

Since 96=253,96 = 2^5 \cdot 3, build up DD on the divisors 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 6,6, 8,8, 12,12, 16,16, 24,24, 32,32, 48,48, 9696

解答:

第一个因子 f1f_1 可以是任意因子 d>1d \gt 1,之后剩余部分是 nd\frac{n}{d} 的有序分解。因此 D(n)=dn,d>1D(nd)D(n) = \sum_{d \mid n,\, d \gt 1} D(\frac{n}{d}),并设 D(1)=1D(1) = 1

96=25396 = 2^5\cdot 3 的因子上逐步计算:D(2)=D(3)=1D(2) = D(3) = 1D(4)=2D(4) = 2D(6)=3D(6) = 3D(8)=4D(8) = 4D(12)=8D(12) = 8D(16)=8D(16) = 8D(24)=20D(24) = 20D(32)=16D(32) = 16D(48)=48D(48) = 48

最后 D(96)=D(48)+D(32)+D(24)+D(16)+D(12)+D(8)+D(6)+D(4)+D(3)+D(2)+D(1)=48+16+20+8+8+4+3+2+1+1+1=112 \begin{gathered} D(96) = D(48) + D(32) \\ {}+ D(24) + D(16) + D(12) \\ {}+ D(8) + D(6) + D(4) \\ {}+ D(3) + D(2) + D(1) \\ = 48 + 16 + 20 + 8 \\ {}+ 8 + 4 + 3 + 2 \\ {}+ 1 + 1 + 1 = 112 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The first factor f1f_1 can be any divisor d>1,d \gt 1, after which the rest is an ordered factorization of nd.\frac{n}{d}. So D(n)=dn,d>1D(nd),D(n) = \sum_{d \mid n,\, d \gt 1} D(\frac{n}{d}), with D(1)=1.D(1) = 1.

Computing over the divisors of 96=253:96 = 2^5\cdot 3: D(2)=D(3)=1,D(2) = D(3) = 1, D(4)=2,D(4) = 2, D(6)=3,D(6) = 3, D(8)=4,D(8) = 4, D(12)=8,D(12) = 8, D(16)=8,D(16) = 8, D(24)=20,D(24) = 20, D(32)=16,D(32) = 16, D(48)=48.D(48) = 48.

Finally D(96)=D(48)+D(32)+D(24)+D(16)+D(12)+D(8)+D(6)+D(4)+D(3)+D(2)+D(1)=48+16+20+8+8+4+3+2+1+1+1=112. \begin{gathered} D(96) = D(48) + D(32) \\ {}+ D(24) + D(16) + D(12) \\ {}+ D(8) + D(6) + D(4) \\ {}+ D(3) + D(2) + D(1) \\ = 48 + 16 + 20 + 8 \\ {}+ 8 + 4 + 3 + 2 \\ {}+ 1 + 1 + 1 = 112. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is A.

25.

对每个满足 0a10 \le a \le 1 的实数 aa,从区间 [0,a][0, a][0,1][0, 1] 中分别独立随机选择 xxyy。令 P(a)P(a) 为下列不等式成立的概率: sin2(πx)+sin2(πy)>1\sin^2(\pi x) + \sin^2(\pi y) \gt 1\text{。} P(a)P(a) 的最大值是多少?

For each real number aa with 0a1,0 \le a \le 1, let numbers xx and yy be chosen independently at random from the intervals [0,a][0, a] and [0,1],[0, 1], respectively, and let P(a)P(a) be the probability that sin2(πx)+sin2(πy)>1.\sin^2(\pi x) + \sin^2(\pi y) \gt 1. What is the maximum value of P(a)?P(a)?

712\dfrac{7}{12}

222 - \sqrt{2}

1+24\dfrac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{4}

512\dfrac{\sqrt{5} - 1}{2}

58\dfrac58

答案:B
难度评级:2540
小提示:

条件等价于 sinπx>cosπy|\sin \pi x| \gt |\cos \pi y|;固定 xx 时,关于 yy 的概率是一个简单的三角形函数。

The condition is sinπx>cosπy;|\sin \pi x| \gt |\cos \pi y|; for fixed x,x, the probability over yy is a simple triangular function

大提示:

写成 P(a)=1a0ag(x)dxP(a) = \tfrac1a \int_0^a g(x)\,dx,其中 gg 先增后减,然后对 aa 最大化。

Express P(a)=1a0ag(x)dxP(a) = \tfrac1a \int_0^a g(x)\,dx where gg rises then falls, then maximize over aa

解答:

sin2(πy)=1cos2(πy)\sin^2(\pi y) = 1 - \cos^2(\pi y),条件等价于 sinπx>cosπy|\sin \pi x| \gt |\cos \pi y|。固定 xx,当 y[0,1]y \in [0, 1] 时,所求概率在 0x120 \le x \le \tfrac12 时为 g(x)=2xg(x) = 2x,在 12x1\tfrac12 \le x \le 1 时为 g(x)=22xg(x) = 2 - 2x

因此 P(a)=1a0ag(x)dxP(a) = \tfrac1a \int_0^a g(x)\,dx。当 a12a \le \tfrac12 时,P(a)=aP(a) = a,并递增到 12\tfrac12。当 a12a \ge \tfrac12 时, P(a)=2aa212a=2a12a \begin{gathered} P(a) = \frac{2a - a^2 - \tfrac12}{a} \\ {}= 2 - a - \frac{1}{2a} \end{gathered}\text{。}

将导数令为零得 2a2=12a^2 = 1,所以 a=12a = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt2},且 P ⁣(12)=22P\!\left(\tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}\right) = 2 - \sqrt2

所以正确答案是 B

Since sin2(πy)=1cos2(πy),\sin^2(\pi y) = 1 - \cos^2(\pi y), the condition is sinπx>cosπy.|\sin \pi x| \gt |\cos \pi y|. For fixed x,x, the probability over y[0,1]y \in [0, 1] is g(x)=2xg(x) = 2x for 0x120 \le x \le \tfrac12 and g(x)=22xg(x) = 2 - 2x for 12x1.\tfrac12 \le x \le 1.

Then P(a)=1a0ag(x)dx.P(a) = \tfrac1a \int_0^a g(x)\,dx. For a12,a \le \tfrac12, P(a)=a,P(a) = a, increasing to 12.\tfrac12. For a12,a \ge \tfrac12, P(a)=2aa212a=2a12a. \begin{gathered} P(a) = \frac{2a - a^2 - \tfrac12}{a} \\ {}= 2 - a - \frac{1}{2a}. \end{gathered}

Setting the derivative to zero gives 2a2=1,2a^2 = 1, so a=12,a = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}, and P ⁣(12)=22.P\!\left(\tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}\right) = 2 - \sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.