2020 AMC 12A 第 25 题

先试着解答 2020 AMC 12A 第 25 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2020 AMC 12A 解答,或核对答案。

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

25.

数 a=pqa = \dfrac{p}{q},其中 pp 和 qq 是互质的正整数,具有如下性质:所有满足 ⌊x⌋⋅{x}=a⋅x2\lfloor x \rfloor \cdot \{x\} = a \cdot x^2 的实数 xx 的和为 420420,其中 ⌊x⌋\lfloor x \rfloor 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数,{x}=x−⌊x⌋\{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor 表示 xx 的小数部分。p+qp + q 是多少?
The number a=pq,a = \dfrac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers, has the property that the sum of all real numbers xx satisfying ⌊x⌋⋅{x}=a⋅x2\lfloor x \rfloor \cdot \{x\} = a \cdot x^2 is 420,420, where ⌊x⌋\lfloor x \rfloor denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to xx and {x}=x−⌊x⌋\{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor denotes the fractional part of x.x. What is p+q?p + q?
245245
593593
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答案:C
知识点:取整函数二次方程求和
小提示:
在 x∈[n,n+1)x \in [n, n+1) 上,写 ⌊x⌋=n\lfloor x \rfloor = n 且 {x}=x−n\{x\} = x - n 将方程化为二次方程 ax2−nx+n2=0a x^2 - n x + n^2 = 0。
On x∈[n,n+1)x \in [n, n+1) write ⌊x⌋=n\lfloor x \rfloor = n and {x}=x−n,\{x\} = x - n, turning the equation into a quadratic ax2−nx+n2=0a x^2 - n x + n^2 = 0
大提示:
把除以 nn 之后的两个根参数化为 1+1u1+\dfrac1u 和 1+u1+u;再确定哪些正整数 nn 会使某个根落在 [n,n+1)[n,n+1) 中
Parameterize the two roots after dividing by nn as 1+1u1+\dfrac1u and 1+u;1+u; determine which positive integers nn put a root in [n,n+1)[n,n+1)
解答:
没有负数解,而 x=0x=0 总是一个解。对 n≥1n\ge1 且 x∈[n,n+1)x\in[n,n+1),令 y=xny=\frac{x}{n}。方程变为 ay2−y+1=0ay^2-y+1=0。它的根必须为实数,所以 0<a≤140\lt a\le\tfrac14。
若两个根为 α≤β\alpha\le\beta,它们的和与积都等于 1a\frac{1}{a},所以 (α−1)(β−1)=1(\alpha-1)(\beta-1)=1。写成 α=1+1u,β=1+u \alpha=1+\dfrac1u,\qquad \beta=1+u 其中 u≥1u\ge1。此时 a=u(u+1)2a=\dfrac{u}{(u+1)^2}。根 x=nαx=n\alpha 位于 [n,n+1)[n,n+1) 中,当且仅当 n<un\lt u,而对正整数 nn,nβn\beta 永远不在该区间中。
所要求的正总和保证 u>1u\gt1。令 NN 为小于 uu 的最大正整数,则 N<u≤N+1N\lt u\le N+1。所有解的和为 u+1u⋅N(N+1)2=420。 \dfrac{u+1}{u}\cdot\dfrac{N(N+1)}2=420\text{。}因为 u+1u\dfrac{u+1}{u} 随 uu 递减,上述不等式给出 N(N+2)2≤420<(N+1)22, \dfrac{N(N+2)}2\le420\lt\dfrac{(N+1)^2}{2}\text{,}从而迫使 N=28N=28。
代入得到 406⋅u+1u=420406\cdot\dfrac{u+1}{u}=420,所以 u=29u=29。因此 a=29302=29900a=\dfrac{29}{30^2}=\dfrac{29}{900}。确实,正数解是 x=30n29x=\dfrac{30n}{29},其中 1≤n≤281\le n\le28,它们的和为 420420。所以 p+q=29+900=929p+q=29+900=929。
所以 C 是正确答案。
There are no negative solutions, while x=0x=0 is always a solution. For n≥1n\ge1 and x∈[n,n+1),x\in[n,n+1), put y=xn.y=\frac{x}{n}. The equation becomes ay2−y+1=0.ay^2-y+1=0. Its roots must be real, so 0<a≤14.0\lt a\le\tfrac14.
If the two roots are α≤β,\alpha\le\beta, their sum and product are both 1a,\frac{1}{a}, so (α−1)(β−1)=1.(\alpha-1)(\beta-1)=1. Write α=1+1u,β=1+u \alpha=1+\dfrac1u,\qquad \beta=1+u with u≥1.u\ge1. Then a=u(u+1)2.a=\dfrac{u}{(u+1)^2}. The root x=nαx=n\alpha lies in [n,n+1)[n,n+1) exactly when n<u,n\lt u, while nβn\beta never lies there for a positive integer n.n.
The required positive total ensures u>1.u\gt1. Let NN be the largest positive integer less than u,u, so N<u≤N+1.N\lt u\le N+1. The sum of all solutions is therefore u+1u⋅N(N+1)2=420. \dfrac{u+1}{u}\cdot\dfrac{N(N+1)}2=420. Because u+1u\dfrac{u+1}{u} decreases with u,u, these inequalities imply N(N+2)2≤420<(N+1)22, \dfrac{N(N+2)}2\le420\lt\dfrac{(N+1)^2}{2}, which forces N=28.N=28.
Substitution gives 406⋅u+1u=420,406\cdot\dfrac{u+1}{u}=420, so u=29.u=29. Hence a=29302=29900.a=\dfrac{29}{30^2}=\dfrac{29}{900}. Indeed the positive solutions are x=30n29x=\dfrac{30n}{29} for 1≤n≤28,1\le n\le28, and their sum is 420.420. Therefore p+q=29+900=929.p+q=29+900=929.
Thus, C is the correct answer.
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