2021 AMC 12B Spring 第 25 题

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25.

SS 是坐标平面中的格点集合,其两个坐标都是从 113030 的整数(含端点)。 SS 中恰有 300300 个点位于方程为 y=mxy=mx 的直线上或其下方。mm 的可能值构成一个长度为 ab\dfrac{a}{b} 的区间,其中 aabb 是互质正整数。a+ba+b 是多少?

Let SS be the set of lattice points in the coordinate plane, both of whose coordinates are integers between 11 and 30,30, inclusive. Exactly 300300 points in SS lie on or below a line with equation y=mx.y=mx. The possible values of mm lie in an interval of length ab,\dfrac{a}{b}, where aa and bb are relatively prime positive integers. What is a+b?a+b?

3131

4747

6262

7272

8585

答案:E
知识点:格点取整函数
难度评级:2600
解答:

对斜率 mm, 第 xx 列(其中 1x301\le x\le 30)贡献 min(30,mx)\min(30,\lfloor mx\rfloor) 个在直线 y=mxy=mx 上或其下方的点,我们需要总数等于 300300

这个计数是关于 m=23m=\tfrac23 的阶梯函数,并在分数 3030 处跳变。依次扫过这些断点,当计数等于 x=1302x/3=300\sum_{x=1}^{30}\lfloor 2x/3\rfloor=300 时,y/xy/x 对应一个单一区间,其端点是相邻的两个这样的斜率。 x30x\le30

该区间从 y/x>2/3y/x>2/33y2x3y-2x 长度为 3y2x=13y-2x=1x30x\le30 (y,x)=(19,28)(y,x)=(19,28)22 [23,1928)[\tfrac23,\tfrac{19}{28})192823=184\tfrac{19}{28}-\tfrac23=\tfrac1{84}

因为 gcd(1,84)=1\gcd(1,84)=1, 所以 a+b=1+84=85a+b=1+84=85

所以正确答案是 E

For slope m,m, column xx (with 1x301\le x\le 30) contributes min(30,mx)\min(30,\lfloor mx\rfloor) points on or below y=mx,y=mx, and we need the total to equal 300.300.

At m=23,m=\tfrac23, the cap at 3030 is inactive and x=1302x/3=300.\sum_{x=1}^{30}\lfloor 2x/3\rfloor=300. The count remains fixed until the next larger slope y/xy/x with x30.x\le30.

If y/x>2/3,y/x>2/3, then 3y2x3y-2x is a positive integer. The closest possibility has 3y2x=1;3y-2x=1; maximizing x30x\le30 in this congruence gives (y,x)=(19,28).(y,x)=(19,28). Any numerator at least 22 gives a larger gap. Hence the interval is [23,1928),[\tfrac23,\tfrac{19}{28}), whose length is 192823=184.\tfrac{19}{28}-\tfrac23=\tfrac1{84}.

Since gcd(1,84)=1,\gcd(1,84)=1, a+b=1+84=85.a+b=1+84=85.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

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