2021 AMC 12B Spring 第 22 题

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22.

Arjun 和 Beth 玩一个游戏:他们轮流从若干堵砖墙中的一堵移走一块砖,或移走两块相邻的砖;移走后产生的空隙可能形成新的砖墙。每堵砖墙都只有一块砖高。例如,大小为 4422 的一组砖墙可以通过一步变成以下任意一种:(3,2)(3,2) (2,1,2)\ (2,1,2) (4)\ (4) (4,1)\ (4,1) (2,2)\ (2,2)(1,1,2)(1,1,2)

Arjun 先手,移走最后一块砖的玩家获胜。对于哪一个初始配置,Beth 有必胜策略?

Arjun and Beth play a game in which they take turns removing one brick or two adjacent bricks from one "wall" among a set of several walls of bricks, with gaps possibly creating new walls. The walls are one brick tall. For example, a set of walls of sizes 44 and 22 can be changed into any of the following by one move: (3,2),(3,2),  (2,1,2),\ (2,1,2),  (4),\ (4),  (4,1),\ (4,1),  (2,2),\ (2,2), or (1,1,2).(1,1,2).

Arjun plays first, and the player who removes the last brick wins. For which starting configuration is there a strategy that guarantees a win for Beth?

(6,1,1)(6,1,1)

(6,2,1)(6,2,1)

(6,2,2)(6,2,2)

(6,3,1)(6,3,1)

(6,3,2)(6,3,2)

答案:B
知识点:组合游戏不变量
难度评级:2390
解答:

把每堵砖墙看作一个类似 Nim 的堆,并赋予 Grundy 值。一步移走 11 块或 22 块相邻砖, 可能把一堵墙分成两堵,所以 a,ba,b 取遍所有可能结果的异或值。 g(n)g(n) g(a)g(b)g(a)\oplus g(b) a+b=n1a+b=n-1 a+b=n2a+b=n-2

计算得 g(0)=0g(0)=0g(1),g(2),,g(6)g(1),g(2),\ldots,g(6)1,2,3,1,4,31,2,3,1,4,3, , , 。

后手 Beth 获胜当且仅当各墙 Grundy 值的异或为 00。 检查每个选项,只有 (6,2,1)(6,2,1) 给出 g(6)g(2)g(1)g(6)\oplus g(2)\oplus g(1) =321=0=3\oplus 2\oplus 1=0

所以正确答案是 B

Treat each wall as a Nim-like heap with a Grundy value. A move removes 11 or 22 adjacent bricks, possibly splitting a wall into lengths a,b.a,b. Thus g(n)g(n) is the mex of g(a)g(b)g(a)\oplus g(b) over a+b=n1a+b=n-1 or a+b=n2.a+b=n-2.

Starting with g(0)=0,g(0)=0, this recurrence gives g(1),g(2),,g(6)g(1),g(2),\ldots,g(6) equal to 1,2,3,1,4,3,1,2,3,1,4,3, respectively.

The second player Beth wins exactly when the XOR of the walls' Grundy values is 0.0. Checking each option, only (6,2,1)(6,2,1) gives g(6)g(2)g(1)g(6)\oplus g(2)\oplus g(1) =321=0.=3\oplus 2\oplus 1=0.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

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