2004 AMC 12B 第 25 题

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25.

已知 220042^{2004} 是一个 604604 位数,且首位数字是 11,集合 S={20,21,22,,22003}S = \{2^0, 2^1, 2^2, \ldots, 2^{2003}\} 中有多少个元素的首位数字是 44

Given that 220042^{2004} is a 604604-digit number whose first digit is 1,1, how many elements of the set S={20,21,22,,22003}S = \{2^0, 2^1, 2^2, \ldots, 2^{2003}\} have a first digit of 4?4?

194194

195195

196196

197197

198198

答案:B
知识点:数字找规律
难度评级:2360
解答:

具有任意固定位数的最小 22 的幂位于 10k10^k210k,2\cdot10^k, 之间,所以首位数字为 1.1. 因为 220042^{2004} 是以 11 开头的 604604 位数,它是第一个 604604 位的二次幂。因此集合 SS 对从 11603,603, 的每一种位数恰含一个首位为 11 的数,共 603603 个。

在每个首位为 11 的二次幂之后,下一个幂的首位为 223,3,再下一个幂的首位为 4,5,6,4, 5, 6,7.7. 所以有 603603 个元素首位为 223,3,另有 603603 个元素首位从 447,7,剩余 20043(603)=1952004 - 3(603) = 195 个元素首位为 889.9.

最后,把首位为 8899 的幂除以二,会得到前一个首位为 4,4, 的幂;把任意首位为 44 的幂乘以二正好是逆操作。这是一个双射,所以首位数字为 4.4. 的元素有 195195 个。

所以正确答案是 B

The smallest power of 22 with any given digit-count lies between 10k10^k and 210k,2\cdot10^k, so it has leading digit 1.1. Because 220042^{2004} is a 604604-digit number beginning with 1,1, it is the first 604604-digit power. Thus the powers in SS contain exactly one leading-11 number for each digit-count from 11 through 603,603, or 603603 in all.

After each leading-11 power, the next power leads with 22 or 3,3, and the following power leads with 4,5,6,4, 5, 6, or 7.7. Hence 603603 elements lead with 22 or 3,3, another 603603 lead with 44 through 7,7, and the remaining 20043(603)=1952004 - 3(603) = 195 lead with 88 or 9.9.

Finally, halving a power that leads with 88 or 99 produces the preceding power with leading digit 4,4, and doubling any leading-44 power reverses this. This is a bijection, so there are 195195 elements with first digit 4.4.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

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