2004 AMC 12B 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
上周每次篮球训练时,Jenny 罚中的球数都是前一次训练罚中球数的两倍。她第五次训练罚中 球。她第一次训练罚中了多少球?
At each basketball practice last week, Jenny made twice as many free throws as she made at the previous practice. At her fifth practice she made free throws. How many free throws did she make at the first practice?
小提示:
往前推时,每次训练罚中的球数都是下一次的一半。
Each practice she made half as many as the next practice
大提示:
把 连续四次除以二,就能回到第一次训练
Halve four times to reach the first practice
解答:
每次训练罚中球数都是前一次的两倍,所以倒着推要除以二。第五次是 ,前几次分别是 、、、 球。
因此正确答案是 A。
Each practice she made twice the previous, so going backward we halve. From the fifth practice at the earlier practices had and free throws.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
2.
在表达式 中,,, 和 的值是 ,, 和 ,但顺序不一定如此。这个表达式的最大可能值是多少?
In the expression the values of and are and although not necessarily in that order. What is the maximum possible value of the result?
小提示:
要让结果尽量大,应让 尽量小。
To keep the result large, make as small as possible
大提示:
令 ,再尝试哪个变量取值为 。
Set and try each choice of which variable equals
解答:
为了使结果最大,取 。此时 分别取 中的不同值;当 且 时, 最大。这给出 ,比 以及其他分配都大。
因此正确答案是 D。
To maximize, set With taking the term is largest when and This gives which beats and the other assignments.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
3.
4.
从满足 的整数中选一个整数 。若所有选择等可能, 的至少一个数字是 的概率是多少?
An integer with is to be chosen. If all choices are equally likely, what is the probability that at least one digit of is a
小提示:
分别数个位是 的两位数和十位是 的两位数。
Count two-digit numbers with a in the units place and with a in the tens place
大提示:
在两组中都被数到,所以要减去一次。
is counted in both groups, so subtract it once
解答:
从 到 共有 个整数。个位是 的有十个,十位是 的有九个。由于 被重复计算,所以至少有一个 的数共有 个。概率为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
There are integers from to Ten have a units digit and nine have a tens digit Since is counted twice, there are with at least one The probability is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
5.
Isabella 从美国去加拿大旅行,带了 美元。在边境她把钱全部兑换,每 美元可换 加元。花掉 加元后,她还剩 加元。 的各位数字之和是多少?
On a trip from the United States to Canada, Isabella took U.S. dollars. At the border she exchanged them all, receiving Canadian dollars for every U.S. dollars. After spending Canadian dollars, she had Canadian dollars left. What is the sum of the digits of
6.
明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗国际机场位于圣保罗市中心西南 英里处,且位于明尼阿波利斯市中心东南 英里处。下列哪一个最接近圣保罗市中心和明尼阿波利斯市中心之间的英里数?
Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport is miles southwest of downtown St. Paul and miles southeast of downtown Minneapolis. Which of the following is closest to the number of miles between downtown St. Paul and downtown Minneapolis?
小提示:
西南方向和东南方向互相垂直。
Southwest and southeast directions are perpendicular
大提示:
距离是 ,然后估算。
The distance is then estimate
解答:
西南和东南方向互相垂直,所以机场位于一个直角三角形的直角顶点,两条直角边长为 和 。两个市中心之间的距离为 ,最接近 。
因此正确答案是 A。
Southwest and southeast are perpendicular, so the airport sits at the right angle of a right triangle with legs and The distance between downtowns is closest to
Thus, the correct answer is A.
7.
一个正方形边长为 ,一个圆以该正方形的一个顶点为圆心,半径为 。正方形和圆所围成区域的并集面积是多少?
A square has sides of length and a circle centered at one of its vertices has radius What is the area of the union of the regions enclosed by the square and the circle?
小提示:
正方形与圆的重叠部分是圆的四分之一。
The overlap of the square and circle is a quarter of the circle
大提示:
并集面积 。
Union
解答:
正方形面积为 ,圆面积为 。二者重叠部分是位于正方形内的四分之一圆,面积为 。并集面积为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
The square has area and the circle has area Their overlap is the quarter of the circle lying inside the square, with area The union is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
8.
一位杂货商摆放罐头,最上面一排有一个罐头,每下面一排都比上一排多两个罐头。若这个陈列共有 个罐头,它有多少排?
A grocer makes a display of cans in which the top row has one can and each lower row has two more cans than the row above it. If the display contains cans, how many rows does it contain?
小提示:
各排罐头数为 ,即奇数。
The row counts are the odd numbers
大提示:
前 个奇数之和为 。
The sum of the first odd numbers is
解答:
各排罐头数为 ,前 个奇数之和为 。令 ,得 。
因此正确答案是 D。
The rows contain cans, and the sum of the first odd numbers is Setting gives
Thus, the correct answer is D.
9.
点 绕原点顺时针旋转 得到点 。然后点 关于直线 反射得到点 。 的坐标是什么?
The point is rotated clockwise around the origin to point Point is then reflected in the line to point What are the coordinates of
10.
圆环是两个同心圆之间的区域。图中的同心圆半径分别为 和 ,其中 。令 为大圆的一条半径, 在 处与小圆相切, 是经过 的大圆半径。令 、、。这个圆环的面积是多少?
An annulus is the region between two concentric circles. The concentric circles in the figure have radii and with Let be a radius of the larger circle, let be tangent to the smaller circle at and let be the radius of the larger circle that contains Let and What is the area of the annulus?
小提示:
圆环面积为 。
The annulus area is
大提示:
因为 是切线, 在 处为直角,所以 。
Since is tangent, is right-angled at so
解答:
圆环面积为 。因为 在 处与小圆相切,所以它垂直于半径 ,于是 在 处为直角。由此 ,所以 ,面积为 。
因此正确答案是 A。
The annulus area is Because is tangent to the smaller circle at it is perpendicular to radius so is right-angled at Then giving The area is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
11.
代数课上的所有学生都参加了一次满分 分的考试。五名学生得了 分,每名学生至少得 分,平均分为 。这个班最少可能有多少名学生?
All the students in an algebra class took a -point test. Five students scored each student scored at least and the mean score was What is the smallest possible number of students in the class?
小提示:
把每个分数看成与平均分 的差。
Measure each score as its deviation from the mean
大提示:
五个 分一共比平均分高 分;每个其他学生最多比平均分低 分。
The five s are points above the mean; each other student is at most below it
解答:
每个 分比平均分 高 分,所以五个学生共高出 分。这些必须由低于平均分的分数抵消,而每个剩余学生最多低 分。因此至少需要 ,即 名额外学生,总数为 。五个 分和八个 分可以达到这一情况。
因此正确答案是 D。
Each score of is above the mean, so the five contribute points above These must be balanced by points below the mean, and each remaining student is at most below. So at least hence more students are needed, for a total of Five s and eight s achieve this.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
12.
在数列 ,,, 中,从第四项起,每一项等于前两项之和减去前一项。例如第四项为 。这个数列的第 项是多少?
In the sequence each term after the third is found by subtracting the previous term from the sum of the two terms that precede that term. For example, the fourth term is What is the th term in this sequence?
小提示:
写出若干项来寻找规律。
Write out several terms to spot a pattern
大提示:
偶数项 构成等差数列。
The even-indexed terms form an arithmetic progression
解答:
递推给出 、、、、、。偶数项为 ,每次减少 。
更确切地说,用归纳法可以验证 且 。因此
因此正确答案是 C。
The rule gives The even-indexed terms are decreasing by
More precisely, the recurrence verifies inductively that and Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is C.
13.
14.
在 中,、、。点 和 分别在 和 上,且 。点 和 在 上,使得 和 都垂直于 。五边形 的面积是多少?
In and Points and lie on and respectively, with Points and are on so that and are perpendicular to What is the area of pentagon
小提示:
因为 , 在 处为直角。
is right-angled at since
大提示:
和 与 相似,斜边分别为 和 。
and are similar to with hypotenuses and
解答:
因为 , 在 处为直角,面积为 。小直角三角形 和 都与 相似,斜边分别为 和 。它们的面积为 和 。
五边形是剩余部分:
因此正确答案是 D。
Since is right-angled at with area The small right triangles and are each similar to with hypotenuses and Their areas are and
The pentagon is what remains:
Thus, the correct answer is D.
15.
Jack 年龄的两个数字与 Bill 年龄的两个数字相同,但顺序相反。五年后,Jack 的年龄将是 Bill 那时年龄的两倍。他们现在年龄的差是多少?
The two digits in Jack’s age are the same as the digits in Bill’s age, but in reverse order. In five years Jack will be twice as old as Bill will be then. What is the difference in their current ages?
小提示:
设 Jack 的年龄为 ,Bill 的年龄为 。
Let Jack be and Bill be
大提示:
化简为 。
simplifies to
解答:
设 Jack 为 ,Bill 为 ,则 ,所以 。检验数字,只有 可行,因此 Jack 是 岁,Bill 是 岁。差为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
Let Jack be and Bill be Then so Testing digits, only works, so Jack is and Bill is The difference is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
16.
函数 定义为 ,其中 , 是 的复共轭。有多少个 同时满足 和 ?
A function is defined by where and is the complex conjugate of How many values of satisfy both and
小提示:
写成 ,并计算 。
Write and compute
大提示:
会强制 ,这是一条直线;再与圆 相交。
forces a line; intersect it with the circle
解答:
写 则 。令 得 ,这是一条过原点的直线。条件 是一个圆,过圆心的直线与圆相交于 个点。
因此正确答案是 C。
Writing we get Setting gives which is a line through the origin. The condition is a circle, and a line through the center meets the circle in points.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
17.
对某些实数 和 ,方程 有三个不同的正根。若这些根的以 为底的对数之和为 ,则 的值是多少?
For some real numbers and the equation has three distinct positive roots. If the sum of the base- logarithms of the roots is what is the value of
小提示:
根的 之和等于根的乘积的 。
The sum of of the roots equals of their product
大提示:
对于 根的乘积为 。
For the product of the roots is
解答:
以 为底的对数之和为 ,所以 。由 Vieta 公式,方程 的根的乘积为 。因此 得到 。
因此正确答案是 A。
The sum of the base- logarithms is so By Vieta’s formulas on the product of the roots is Thus giving
Thus, the correct answer is A.
18.
点 和 在抛物线 上,且原点是 的中点。 的长度是多少?
Points and are on the parabola and the origin is the midpoint of What is the length of
19.
一个截锥有水平底面,两个底面半径分别为 和 。一个球与截锥的上底面、下底面和侧面都相切。这个球的半径是多少?
A truncated cone has horizontal bases with radii and A sphere is tangent to the top, bottom, and lateral surface of the truncated cone. What is the radius of the sphere?
小提示:
取过轴的截面:它是一个内切圆的等腰梯形。
Take the cross-section through the axis: an isosceles trapezoid with an inscribed circle
大提示:
切线长关系给出斜边长 ;作高得到一个直角三角形。
Tangent lengths give a slant side of drop a height to form a right triangle
解答:
轴截面是梯形 ,平行边长为 和 ,且有一个内切圆(球的大圆)。从 和 引出的切线段长度相等,所以斜边 。从 向下底作垂线,得到一个水平直角边为 的直角三角形,所以高为 。球的半径是高的一半,即 。
因此正确答案是 A。
The axial cross-section is a trapezoid with parallel sides and and an inscribed circle (a great circle of the sphere). By equal tangent lengths from and the slant side Dropping a perpendicular from to the bottom base gives a right triangle with horizontal leg so the height is The sphere’s radius is half the height,
Thus, the correct answer is A.
20.
一个立方体的每个面都独立地以概率 涂成红色或蓝色。这个涂色立方体能被放在水平面上,使得四个竖直面颜色全相同的概率是多少?
Each face of a cube is painted either red or blue, each with probability The color of each face is determined independently. What is the probability that the painted cube can be placed on a horizontal surface so that the four vertical faces are all the same color?
小提示:
共有 种等可能的涂色。
There are equally likely colorings
大提示:
统计全部 面同色、恰好 面同色,或 分布且少数颜色在相对两面的情况。
Count arrangements with all exactly or a split on opposite faces
解答:
共有 种涂色。存在合适摆放方式的情况包括:六个面全同色( 种),恰好五个面同色( 种),或四个面为一种颜色且另外两个面为另一种颜色并位于相对面( 种)。共有 种有利涂色,所以概率为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
There are colorings. A suitable orientation exists when all six faces are one color ( ways), exactly five faces are one color ( ways), or four faces are one color with the other color on a pair of opposite faces ( ways). That is favorable colorings, so the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
21.
方程 的图像是在 平面第一象限内的一个椭圆。令 和 分别为椭圆上所有点 的 的最大值和最小值。 的值是多少?
The graph of is an ellipse in the first quadrant of the -plane. Let and be the maximum and minimum values of over all points on the ellipse. What is the value of
小提示:
的极值来自与椭圆相切的直线 。
The extreme values of come from lines tangent to the ellipse
大提示:
代入 ,并令所得关于 的二次方程的判别式为零。
Substitute and set the discriminant of the resulting quadratic in to zero
解答:
斜率 和 是使直线 与椭圆恰好交于一点的 值。代入得 令判别式为零,得到 。由 Vieta 公式,。
因此正确答案是 C。
The slopes and are the values of for which meets the ellipse in exactly one point. Substituting gives Setting its discriminant to zero yields By Vieta’s formulas,
Thus, the correct answer is C.
22.
方阵 是一个乘法幻方。也就是说,每一行、每一列和每条对角线上的数的乘积都相同。若所有项都是正整数, 的可能值之和是多少?
The square is a multiplicative magic square. That is, the product of the numbers in each row, column, and diagonal is the same. If all the entries are positive integers, what is the sum of the possible values of
小提示:
利用相等的乘积,把每一项都用 表示。
Express every entry in terms of using the equal products
大提示:
角上的关系强制 且 ,所以 。
The corner relations force and so
解答:
由各行、列、对角线乘积相等,可把每一项都写成关于 的式子:、、。比较行和列得 、,因此 ,且 。
所有项都是正整数当且仅当 ,或 ,对应 。它们的和为 。
因此正确答案是 C。
From the equal row, column, and diagonal products, every entry can be written in terms of Comparing rows and columns gives and hence and
All entries are positive integers exactly when or giving Their sum is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
23.
多项式 的系数为整数,并且有三个不同的正零点。其中恰好一个零点是整数,且它等于另外两个零点之和。 可能有多少个值?
The polynomial has integer coefficients and three distinct positive zeros. Exactly one of these is an integer, and it is the sum of the other two. How many values of are possible?
小提示:
整数零点等于另外两个零点之和,而另外两个零点必须是共轭数 。
The integer zero is the sum of the other two, which must be conjugates
大提示:
整数零点是 的一半,所以是 ;然后数合法的 。
The integer zero is half of so it is then count valid
解答:
设整数零点为 。另外两个零点是无理共轭数 ,它们的和 等于整数零点。由 项系数的 Vieta 公式,,所以 ,共轭对为 。
系数为整数当且仅当 是正整数;零点为正且互不相同当 。由于 不能是整数,排除 个平方数 ,剩下 个 的值。
因此正确答案是 C。
Let the integer zero be The other two zeros are irrational conjugates whose sum equals the integer zero. Vieta’s formula on the coefficient gives so and the conjugate pair is
The coefficients are integers exactly when is a positive integer, and the zeros are positive and distinct when Since cannot be an integer, we exclude the perfect-square values leaving values of
Thus, the correct answer is C.
24.
在 中,,且 是高。点 在 的延长线上,且 。、、 的值构成等比数列,而 、、 的值构成等差数列。 的面积是多少?
In and is an altitude. Point is on the extension of such that The values of and form a geometric progression, and the values of form an arithmetic progression. What is the area of
小提示:
令 、;则 ,。
Let and then and
大提示:
等比数列给出 ,这会推出 。
The geometric progression gives which forces
解答:
令 、。由于 是等腰三角形的高,,且 。等比数列给出 ,化简为 ,所以 ,。
设 、,等差数列 、、 变为 ,从而推出 。又 ,且 ,所以 ,于是 。
的面积为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
Let and Since is the altitude of the isosceles triangle, and The geometric progression gives which simplifies to so and
Writing and the arithmetic progression becomes forcing With and we get so
The area of is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
25.
已知 是一个 位数,且首位数字是 ,集合 中有多少个元素的首位数字是 ?
Given that is a -digit number whose first digit is how many elements of the set have a first digit of
小提示:
的位数恰好在首位数字导致进位时增加 。
The number of digits of increases by exactly when its leading digit forces a carry
大提示:
一个 的幂首位是 或 ,当且仅当前一个幂的首位是 。
A power of has leading digit or precisely when the previous power has leading digit
解答:
具有任意固定位数的最小 的幂位于 和 之间,所以首位数字为 。因为 是以 开头的 位数,它是位数为 的第一个幂。因此集合 对从 到 的每一种位数恰含一个首位为 的数,共 个。
在每个首位为 的幂之后,下一个幂的首位为 或 ,再下一个幂的首位为 ,或 。所以有 个元素首位为 或 ,另有 个元素首位从 到 ,剩余 个元素首位为 或 。
最后,把首位为 或 的幂除以二,会得到前一个首位为 的幂;把任意首位为 的幂乘以二正好是逆操作。这是一个双射,所以首位数字为 的元素有 个。
所以正确答案是 B。
The smallest power of with any given digit-count lies between and so it has leading digit Because is a -digit number beginning with it is the first -digit power. Thus the powers in contain exactly one leading- number for each digit-count from through or in all.
After each leading- power, the next power leads with or and the following power leads with or Hence elements lead with or another lead with through and the remaining lead with or
Finally, halving a power that leads with or produces the preceding power with leading digit and doubling any leading- power reverses this. This is a bijection, so there are elements with first digit
Thus, the correct answer is B.