2012 AMC 12A 第 25 题

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25.

f(x)=2{x}1f(x) = |2\{x\} - 1|,其中 {x}\{x\} 表示 xx 的小数部分。数 nn 是最小正整数,使得方程 至少有 20122012 个实数解 xx。求 nnnf(xf(x))=xnf(xf(x)) = x

注:xx 的小数部分是实数 y={x}y = \{x\},满足 0y<10 \le y \lt 1xyx - y 是整数。

Let f(x)=2{x}1f(x) = |2\{x\} - 1| where {x}\{x\} denotes the fractional part of x.x. The number nn is the smallest positive integer such that the equation nf(xf(x))=xnf(xf(x)) = x has at least 20122012 real solutions x.x. What is n?n?

Note: the fractional part of xx is a real number y={x},y = \{x\}, such that 0y<10 \le y \lt 1 and xyx - y is an integer.

3030

3131

3232

6262

6464

答案:C
知识点:取整函数交点计数
难度评级:2720
解答:

因为 0f(x)10 \le f(x) \le 1,每个解都位于 [0,n][0,n] 内。函数 ff 是周期为 11 的三角波,而 g(x)=xf(x)g(x)=xf(x) 在每个半整数区间上单调,并把该区间映到一个使 a1a\ge1 振荡的区间上。 gg aa 00 [a,a+12)[a,a+\tfrac12)00 a+1a+1 [a+12,a+1)[a+\tfrac12,a+1)[0,12)[0,\tfrac12) y=x/ny=x/n

计数振荡次数,在区间 [a,a+12)[a, a + \tfrac12)[a+12,a+1)[a + \tfrac12, a+1) 上,曲线 y=f(g(x))y = f(g(x)) 与直线 y=xny = \tfrac{x}{n} 的交点总数分别贡献 2a2a2(a+1)2(a+1)。对 a=0,,n1a = 0, \ldots, n-1 求和,得到 个实数解。 a=0n1(2a+2(a+1))=2n2\sum_{a=0}^{n-1}\bigl(2a + 2(a+1)\bigr) = 2n^2

满足 2n220122n^2 \ge 2012 的最小 nnn=32n = 32,因为 2312=19222 \cdot 31^2 = 1922,而 2322=20482 \cdot 32^2 = 2048

因此,正确答案是 C

Since 0f(x)1,0 \le f(x) \le 1, every solution lies in [0,n].[0,n]. The function ff is a triangular wave of period 1.1. Put g(x)=xf(x).g(x)=xf(x). For each integer a1,a\ge1, the function gg decreases from aa to 00 on [a,a+12),[a,a+\tfrac12), while it increases from 00 to a+1a+1 on [a+12,a+1).[a+\tfrac12,a+1). The first interval [0,12)[0,\tfrac12) is exceptional, but it contributes no intersection with y=x/n.y=x/n.

Counting the oscillations, on the intervals [a,a+12)[a, a + \tfrac12) and [a+12,a+1)[a + \tfrac12, a+1) the curve y=f(g(x))y = f(g(x)) meets the line y=xny = \tfrac{x}{n} a total of 2a2a and 2(a+1)2(a+1) times. Summing over a=0,,n1a = 0, \ldots, n-1 gives a=0n1(2a+2(a+1))=2n2\sum_{a=0}^{n-1}\bigl(2a + 2(a+1)\bigr) = 2n^2 real solutions.

The smallest nn with 2n220122n^2 \ge 2012 is n=32,n = 32, since 2312=19222 \cdot 31^2 = 1922 and 2322=2048.2 \cdot 32^2 = 2048.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

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