2016 AMC 12A 第 13 题

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13.

NN55 的正倍数。一个红球和 NN 个绿球随机排成一行。令 P(N)P(N) 为至少 35\dfrac{3}{5} 的绿球在红球同一侧的概率。已知 P(5)=1P(5)=1,并且当 NN 变大时 P(N)P(N) 趋近于 45\dfrac{4}{5}。使 P(N)<321400P(N)\lt\dfrac{321}{400} 的最小 NN 的各位数字之和是多少?

Let NN be a positive multiple of 5.5. One red ball and NN green balls are arranged in a line in random order. Let P(N)P(N) be the probability that at least 35\dfrac{3}{5} of the green balls are on the same side of the red ball. Observe that P(5)=1P(5)=1 and that P(N)P(N) approaches 45\dfrac{4}{5} as NN grows large. What is the sum of the digits of the least value of NN such that P(N)<321400?P(N)\lt\dfrac{321}{400}?

1212

1414

1616

1818

2020

答案:A
知识点:基本概率不等式
难度评级:1690
解答:

N=5kN=5k。从一端开始,将红球的可能位置编号为 0,1,,5k0,1,\ldots,5k,共有 5k+15k+1 个等可能位置。

红球两侧的绿球都少于 35\dfrac{3}{5} 的情形,恰好对应红球位于 2k+1,2k+2,,3k12k+1,2k+2,\ldots,3k-1 中的某个位置,共有 k1k-1 个。因此 P(N)=1k15k+1=4k+25k+1. P(N)=1-\dfrac{k-1}{5k+1}=\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1}.

解不等式 4k+25k+1<321400\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1}\lt\dfrac{321}{400},得到 400(4k+2)<321(5k+1)400(4k+2)\lt 321(5k+1),即 1600k+800<1605k+3211600k+800\lt 1605k+321,所以 5k>4795k\gt 479,也就是 k>95.8k\gt 95.8。因此 k=96k=96N=480N=480,其各位数字之和为 4+8+0=124+8+0=12

所以正确答案是 A

Write N=5k.N=5k. Number the positions of the red ball 0,1,,5k0,1,\ldots,5k from one end; there are 5k+15k+1 equally likely positions.

Fewer than 35\dfrac{3}{5} of the green balls lie on each side exactly when the red ball is in one of the positions 2k+1,2k+2,,3k1,2k+1,2k+2,\ldots,3k-1, which is k1k-1 positions. Hence P(N)=1k15k+1=4k+25k+1. P(N)=1-\dfrac{k-1}{5k+1}=\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1}.

Solving 4k+25k+1<321400\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1}\lt\dfrac{321}{400} gives 400(4k+2)<321(5k+1),400(4k+2)\lt 321(5k+1), so 1600k+800<1605k+3211600k+800\lt 1605k+321 and 5k>479,5k\gt 479, meaning k>95.8.k\gt 95.8. Thus k=96k=96 and N=480,N=480, whose digit sum is 4+8+0=12.4+8+0=12.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

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