2012 AMC 12B 第 13 题

先试着解答 2012 AMC 12B 第 13 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2012 AMC 12B 解答,或核对答案。

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

13.

两条抛物线的方程为 y=x2+ax+by = x^2 + ax + b 和 y=x2+cx+dy = x^2 + cx + d,其中 aa,bb,cc,和 dd 是整数(不一定互不相同),每个都通过掷一枚公平的六面骰子独立选出。两条抛物线至少有一个公共点的概率是多少?
Two parabolas have equations y=x2+ax+by = x^2 + ax + b and y=x2+cx+d,y = x^2 + cx + d, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are integers (not necessarily different), each chosen independently by rolling a fair six-sided die. What is the probability that the parabolas have at least one point in common?
12\dfrac{1}{2}
2536\dfrac{25}{36}
56\dfrac{5}{6}
3136\dfrac{31}{36}
11
答案:D
知识点:基本概率补集计数骰子(概率)
小提示:
令两个右边相等,x2x^2 项会抵消,留下 ax+b=cx+dax+b=cx+d
Setting the two right sides equal, the x2x^2 terms cancel, leaving ax+b=cx+dax+b=cx+d
大提示:
没有公共点恰好发生在 a=ca=c 且 b≠db\neq d 时;求出这个概率再用 11 减去
There is no common point exactly when a=ca=c and b≠d;b\neq d; find that probability and subtract from 11
解答:
抛物线相交处满足 x2+ax+b=x2+cx+dx^2+ax+b=x^2+cx+d,即 ax+b=cx+dax+b=cx+d。这个方程无解,恰好发生在两条直线平行且不重合的时候,也就是 a=ca=c 且 b≠db\neq d。
a=ca=c 的概率是 16\tfrac16,且 b≠db\neq d 的概率是 56\tfrac56,所以没有公共点的概率为 16⋅56=536\tfrac16\cdot\tfrac56=\tfrac5{36}。
至少有一个公共点的概率为 1−536=31361-\tfrac5{36}=\tfrac{31}{36}。
因此正确答案是 D。
The parabolas meet where x2+ax+b=x2+cx+d,x^2+ax+b=x^2+cx+d, i.e. ax+b=cx+d.ax+b=cx+d. This has no solution exactly when the lines are parallel and distinct: a=ca=c and b≠d.b\neq d.
The probability that a=ca=c is 16,\tfrac16, and the probability that b≠db\neq d is 56,\tfrac56, so the probability of no common point is 16⋅56=536.\tfrac16\cdot\tfrac56=\tfrac5{36}.
The probability of at least one common point is 1−536=3136.1-\tfrac5{36}=\tfrac{31}{36}.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
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