1976 AMC 12 第 11 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

11.

下列哪些陈述与“如果阿尔法行星上的粉红色大象长着紫色眼睛,那么贝塔行星上的野猪就没有长鼻子”这一陈述等价?

I\mathrm{I}.“如果贝塔行星上的野猪长着长鼻子,那么阿尔法行星上的粉红色大象就长着紫色眼睛。”

II\mathrm{II}.“如果阿尔法行星上的粉红色大象没有紫色眼睛,那么贝塔行星上的野猪就没有长鼻子。”

III\mathrm{III}.“如果贝塔行星上的野猪长着长鼻子,那么阿尔法行星上的粉红色大象就没有紫色眼睛。”

IV\mathrm{IV}.“阿尔法行星上的粉红色大象没有紫色眼睛,或者贝塔行星上的野猪没有长鼻子。”

这里的“或者”取包含式的含义(数学写作中通常如此)。

Which of the following statements is (are) equivalent to the statement “If the pink elephant on planet alpha has purple eyes, then the wild pig on planet beta does not have a long nose”?

I.\mathrm{I}. “If the wild pig on planet beta has a long nose, then the pink elephant on planet alpha has purple eyes.”

II.\mathrm{II}. “If the pink elephant on planet alpha does not have purple eyes, then the wild pig on planet beta does not have a long nose.”

III.\mathrm{III}. “If the wild pig on planet beta has a long nose, then the pink elephant on planet alpha does not have purple eyes.”

IV.\mathrm{IV}. “The pink elephant on planet alpha does not have purple eyes, or the wild pig on planet beta does not have a long nose.”

The word “or” is used here in the inclusive sense (as is customary in mathematical writing).

I\mathrm{I}III\mathrm{III}

I\mathrm{I} and III\mathrm{III} only

III\mathrm{III}IV\mathrm{IV}

III\mathrm{III} and IV\mathrm{IV} only

II\mathrm{II}IV\mathrm{IV}

II\mathrm{II} and IV\mathrm{IV} only

II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III} only

III\mathrm{III}

III\mathrm{III} only

答案:B
知识点:逻辑推理
难度评级:1740
小提示:

把原命题写成 P¬QP\mathbin{\Rightarrow}\neg Q

Write the original implication as P¬QP\mathbin{\Rightarrow}\neg Q

大提示:

同时使用它的逆否命题和等价的析取式 ¬P¬Q\neg P\mathbin{\lor}\neg Q

Use both its contrapositive and the equivalent disjunction ¬P¬Q\neg P\mathbin{\lor}\neg Q

解答:

PP 表示大象长着紫色眼睛,令 QQ 表示野猪长着长鼻子。原命题 P¬QP\Rightarrow\neg Q 等价于其逆否命题 Q¬PQ\Rightarrow\neg P,即 III\mathrm{III};也等价于 ¬P¬Q\neg P\lor\neg Q,即 IV\mathrm{IV}。陈述 I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II} 都是原命题的逆命题,不一定成立。

所以正确答案是 B

Let PP mean the elephant has purple eyes and QQ mean the pig has a long nose. The original statement P¬QP\Rightarrow\neg Q is equivalent to its contrapositive Q¬P,Q\Rightarrow\neg P, which is III,\mathrm{III}, and to ¬P¬Q,\neg P\lor\neg Q, which is IV.\mathrm{IV}. Statements I\mathrm{I} and II\mathrm{II} are converses and need not follow.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

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