1976 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

从一中减去 (1x)(1-x) 的倒数,所得结果等于 (1x)(1-x) 的倒数,则 xx 等于

If one minus the reciprocal of (1x)(1-x) equals the reciprocal of (1x),(1-x), then xx equals

2-2

1-1

12\frac12

22

33

知识点:分式方程代数变形
难度评级:1260
小提示:

将方程两边乘以不为零的 1x1-x

Multiply the equation by 1x,1-x, which cannot be zero

大提示:

消去分母后,解方程 1x1=11-x-1=1

After clearing the denominator, solve 1x1=11-x-1=1

解答:

方程为 111x=11x 1-\frac1{1-x}=\frac1{1-x}\text{。}两边乘以 1x01-x\ne0,得 1x1=11-x-1=1,所以 x=1x=-1

所以正确答案是 B

The equation is 111x=11x. 1-\frac1{1-x}=\frac1{1-x}. Multiplying by 1x01-x\ne0 gives 1x1=1,1-x-1=1, so x=1.x=-1.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

2.

有多少个实数 xx 能使 (x+1)2\sqrt{-(x+1)^2} 为实数?

For how many real numbers xx is (x+1)2\sqrt{-(x+1)^2} a real number?

没有

none

一个

one

两个

two

大于两个的有限个

a finite number greater than two

无穷多个

infinitely many

难度评级:1180
小提示:

平方根在实数范围内有意义时,被开方数必须非负

A real square root requires a nonnegative radicand

大提示:

(x+1)2-(x+1)^2 只有在这个平方为零时才可能非负

The quantity (x+1)2-(x+1)^2 can be nonnegative only when the square vanishes

解答:

因为 (x+1)20(x+1)^2\ge0,所以它的相反数至多为 00。它只有在 (x+1)2=0(x+1)^2=0 时非负,而这只对应一个值 x=1x=-1

所以正确答案是 B

Since (x+1)20,(x+1)^2\ge0, its negative is at most 0.0. It is nonnegative only when (x+1)2=0,(x+1)^2=0, which occurs for the single value x=1.x=-1.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

3.

边长为二的正方形中,从一个顶点到四条边的中点的距离之和为

The sum of the distances from one vertex of a square with sides of length two to the midpoints of each of the sides of the square is

252\sqrt5

2+32+\sqrt3

2+232+2\sqrt3

2+52+\sqrt5

2+252+2\sqrt5

难度评级:1490
小提示:

把所选顶点置于 (0,0)(0,0),其余顶点置于 (2,0)(2,0)(2,2)(2,2)(0,2)(0,2)

Place the chosen vertex at (0,0)(0,0) and the other vertices at (2,0),(2,0), (2,2),(2,2), and (0,2)(0,2)

大提示:

两个中点与该顶点相距一个单位,另两个中点分别对应直角边长 2211

Two midpoints are one unit away, while each opposite-side midpoint forms legs 22 and 11

解答:

与所选顶点相邻的两条边的中点到该顶点的距离均为 11。另外两个中点的横、纵坐标差分别为 2211,所以每个距离都是 22+12=5\sqrt{2^2+1^2}=\sqrt5。总和为 2+252+2\sqrt5

所以正确答案是 E

The two midpoints on sides meeting the chosen vertex are each at distance 1.1. The other two midpoints have coordinate differences 22 and 1,1, so each is at distance 22+12=5.\sqrt{2^2+1^2}=\sqrt5. The sum is 2+25.2+2\sqrt5.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

4.

一个有 nn 项的等比数列首项为一、公比为 rr、和为 ss,其中 rrss 均不为零。把原数列的每一项替换为其倒数后所得等比数列的和为

Let a geometric progression with nn terms have first term one, common ratio rr and sum s,s, where rr and ss are not zero. The sum of the geometric progression formed by replacing each term of the original progression by its reciprocal is

1s\frac1s

1rns\frac1{r^ns}

srn1\frac{s}{r^{n-1}}

rns\frac{r^n}{s}

rn1s\frac{r^{n-1}}s

难度评级:1620
小提示:

把倒数数列的和写成 1+r1++r(n1)1+r^{-1}+\cdots+r^{-(n-1)}

Write the reciprocal sum as 1+r1++r(n1)1+r^{-1}+\cdots+r^{-(n-1)}

大提示:

将幂的顺序倒过来后,提取因子 r(n1)r^{-(n-1)}

Factor r(n1)r^{-(n-1)} after reversing the order of the powers

解答:

设倒数数列的和为 SS'。乘以 rn1r^{n-1} 后,原数列各项的顺序恰好反转:rn1S=rn1+rn2++1=s \begin{aligned} r^{n-1}S' &=r^{n-1}+r^{n-2}+\cdots+1\\ &=s \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 S=srn1S'=\frac{s}{r^{n-1}}。当 r=1r=1 时结论也成立。

所以正确答案是 C

Let SS' be the reciprocal sum. Multiplying it by rn1r^{n-1} reverses the original terms: rn1S=rn1+rn2++1=s. \begin{aligned} r^{n-1}S' &=r^{n-1}+r^{n-2}+\cdots+1\\ &=s. \end{aligned} Hence S=srn1.S'=\frac{s}{r^{n-1}}. This also holds when r=1.r=1.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

5.

在大于十且小于一百的整数中,若用十进制表示,把各位数字颠倒后会增加九的有多少个?

How many integers greater than ten and less than one hundred, written in base ten notation, are increased by nine when their digits are reversed?

00

11

88

99

1010

难度评级:1250
小提示:

ttuu 分别表示十位与个位数字

Represent the tens and units digits by tt and uu

大提示:

增加量为 10u+t(10t+u)=9(ut)10u+t-(10t+u)=9(u-t)

The increase is 10u+t(10t+u)=9(ut)10u+t-(10t+u)=9(u-t)

解答:

条件为 9(ut)=99(u-t)=9,所以 u=t+1u=t+1。可能的整数是 12122323343445455656676778788989,共 88 个。

所以正确答案是 C

The condition is 9(ut)=9,9(u-t)=9, so u=t+1.u=t+1. The possibilities are 12,12, 23,23, 34,34, 45,45, 56,56, 67,67, 78,78, and 89,89, giving 88 integers.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

6.

cc 为实数。若方程 x23x+c=0x^2-3x+c=0 的某个解的相反数是方程 x2+3xc=0x^2+3x-c=0 的一个解,则 x23x+c=0x^2-3x+c=0 的两个解为

If cc is a real number and the negative of one of the solutions of x23x+c=0x^2-3x+c=0 is a solution of x2+3xc=0,x^2+3x-c=0, then the solutions of x23x+c=0x^2-3x+c=0 are

1122

1,1, 22

1-12-2

1,-1, 2-2

0033

0,0, 33

003-3

0,0, 3-3

32\frac3232\frac32

32,\frac32, 32\frac32

难度评级:1210
小提示:

把第一个方程的这个根记为 rr,再将 r-r 代入第二个方程

Call the first root rr and substitute r-r into the second equation

大提示:

所得两个方程只有 cc 的符号不同

The two resulting equations differ only in the sign of cc

解答:

对于这样的根 rrr23r+c=0,(r)2+3(r)c=0 \begin{aligned} r^2-3r+c&=0,\\ (-r)^2+3(-r)-c&=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}两式相减得 2c=02c=0。于是第一个方程化为 x(x3)=0x(x-3)=0,其根为 0033

所以正确答案是 C

For such a root r,r, r23r+c=0,(r)2+3(r)c=0. \begin{aligned} r^2-3r+c&=0,\\ (-r)^2+3(-r)-c&=0. \end{aligned} Subtracting gives 2c=0.2c=0. Thus the first equation is x(x3)=0,x(x-3)=0, with roots 00 and 3.3.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

7.

xx 为实数,则 (1x)(1+x)(1-|x|)(1+x) 为正数的充要条件是

If xx is a real number, then the quantity (1x)(1+x)(1-|x|)(1+x) is positive if and only if

x<1|x|\lt1

x<1x\lt1

x>1|x|\gt1

x<1x\lt-1

x<1x\lt-11<x<1-1\lt x\lt1

x<1x\lt-1 or 1<x<1-1\lt x\lt1

难度评级:1570
小提示:

乘积为正数时,两个因子的符号相同

A product is positive when its two factors have the same sign

大提示:

分别考察由 1-111 分出的各个区间

Analyze the intervals cut by 1-1 and 11

解答:

两个因子同时为正恰好发生在 x<1|x|\lt1 时,此时 1<x<1-1\lt x\lt1。两个因子同时为负需要 x>1|x|\gt1x<1x\lt-1,这化为 x<1x\lt-1。两个端点都使乘积为零。

所以正确答案是 E

Both factors are positive exactly when x<1,|x|\lt1, giving 1<x<1.-1\lt x\lt1. Both are negative when x>1|x|\gt1 and x<1,x\lt-1, which reduces to x<1.x\lt-1. The endpoints make the product zero.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

8.

在平面上随机选取一点,其两个直角坐标都是绝对值不超过四的整数,且所有这样的点被选中的概率相同。该点到原点的距离不超过两个单位的概率是多少?

A point in the plane, both of whose rectangular coordinates are integers with absolute value less than or equal to four, is chosen at random, with all such points having an equal probability of being chosen. What is the probability that the distance from the point to the origin is at most two units?

1381\frac{13}{81}

1581\frac{15}{81}

1364\frac{13}{64}

π16\frac{\pi}{16}

某个有理数的平方

the square of a rational number

难度评级:1710
小提示:

每个坐标各有 99 种选择

There are 99 choices for each coordinate

大提示:

分别考虑 x=0x=0x=±1x=\pm1x=±2x=\pm2,数出满足 x2+y24x^2+y^2\le4 的整数对

Count integer pairs satisfying x2+y24x^2+y^2\le4 by considering x=0,x=0, x=±1,x=\pm1, and x=±2x=\pm2

解答:

共有 92=819^2=81 个可能的点。到原点距离不超过 22 的点包括原点;四个点 (±1,0)(\pm1,0)(0,±1)(0,\pm1);四个点 (±1,±1)(\pm1,\pm1);以及四个点 (±2,0)(\pm2,0)(0,±2)(0,\pm2)。因此共有 1313 个点符合条件,概率为 1381\frac{13}{81}

所以正确答案是 A

There are 92=819^2=81 possible points. Within distance 22 are the origin; the four points (±1,0),(\pm1,0), (0,±1);(0,\pm1); the four points (±1,±1);(\pm1,\pm1); and the four points (±2,0),(\pm2,0), (0,±2).(0,\pm2). Thus 1313 points qualify, for probability 1381.\frac{13}{81}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

9.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,DDABAB 的中点,EEDBDB 的中点,FFBCBC 的中点。若 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 9696,则 AEF\triangle AEF 的面积为

In triangle ABC,ABC, DD is the midpoint of AB;AB; EE is the midpoint of DB;DB; and FF is the midpoint of BC.BC. If the area of ABC\triangle ABC is 96,96, then the area of AEF\triangle AEF is

1616

2424

3232

3636

4848

难度评级:1530
小提示:

比较底边 AEAEABAB,再比较 FFCC 到这条直线的高

Compare the base AEAE with ABAB and the height from FF with the height from CC

大提示:

这两个比值分别为 34\frac3412\frac12

The two ratios are 34\frac34 and 12\frac12

解答:

因为 DDABAB 的中点,而 EEDBDB 的中点,所以 AE=34ABAE=\frac34AB。又因为 FFBCBC 的中点,所以它到直线 ABAB 的距离是 CC 到该直线距离的一半。因此 [AEF]=3412[ABC]=38(96)=36 \begin{aligned} [AEF]&=\frac34\cdot\frac12[ABC]\\ &=\frac38(96)=36 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Since DD is the midpoint of ABAB and EE is the midpoint of DB,DB, AE=34AB.AE=\frac34AB. Since FF is the midpoint of BC,BC, its distance from line ABAB is half that of C.C. Therefore [AEF]=3412[ABC]=38(96)=36. \begin{aligned} [AEF]&=\frac34\cdot\frac12[ABC]\\ &=\frac38(96)=36. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

10.

mmnnppqq 都是实数,且 f(x)=mx+nf(x)=mx+ng(x)=px+qg(x)=px+q,则方程 f(g(x))=g(f(x))f(g(x))=g(f(x)) 有解的充要条件为

If m,m, n,n, pp and qq are real numbers and f(x)=mx+nf(x)=mx+n and g(x)=px+q,g(x)=px+q, then the equation f(g(x))=g(f(x))f(g(x))=g(f(x)) has a solution

任意 mmnnppqq 均可

for all choices of m,m, n,n, pp and qq

m=pm=pn=qn=q

if and only if m=pm=p and n=qn=q

mqnp=0mq-np=0

if and only if mqnp=0mq-np=0

n(1p)q(1m)=0n(1-p)-q(1-m)=0

if and only if n(1p)q(1m)=0n(1-p)-q(1-m)=0

(1n)(1p)(1-n)(1-p) (1q)(1m)=0{}-(1-q)(1-m)=0

if and only if (1n)(1p)(1-n)(1-p) (1q)(1m)=0{}-(1-q)(1-m)=0

难度评级:1670
小提示:

先展开两个复合函数,再尝试解出 xx

Expand both compositions before trying to solve for xx

大提示:

两边 xx 的系数自动相同,只需比较常数项

The coefficients of xx are automatically equal, leaving a condition on the constant terms

解答:

f(g(x))=mpx+mq+n,g(f(x))=pmx+pn+q \begin{aligned} f(g(x))&=mpx+mq+n,\\ g(f(x))&=pmx+pn+q \end{aligned}\text{。}对任意 xx,两边的 xx 项都会消去,所以方程有解当且仅当 mq+n=pn+qmq+n=pn+q。整理得 n(1p)q(1m)=0n(1-p)-q(1-m)=0

所以正确答案是 D

We have f(g(x))=mpx+mq+n,g(f(x))=pmx+pn+q. \begin{aligned} f(g(x))&=mpx+mq+n,\\ g(f(x))&=pmx+pn+q. \end{aligned} The xx-terms cancel for every x,x, so a solution exists exactly when mq+n=pn+q.mq+n=pn+q. Rearranging gives n(1p)q(1m)=0.n(1-p)-q(1-m)=0.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

11.

下列哪些陈述与“如果阿尔法行星上的粉红色大象长着紫色眼睛,那么贝塔行星上的野猪就没有长鼻子”这一陈述等价?

I\mathrm{I}.“如果贝塔行星上的野猪长着长鼻子,那么阿尔法行星上的粉红色大象就长着紫色眼睛。”

II\mathrm{II}.“如果阿尔法行星上的粉红色大象没有紫色眼睛,那么贝塔行星上的野猪就没有长鼻子。”

III\mathrm{III}.“如果贝塔行星上的野猪长着长鼻子,那么阿尔法行星上的粉红色大象就没有紫色眼睛。”

IV\mathrm{IV}.“阿尔法行星上的粉红色大象没有紫色眼睛,或者贝塔行星上的野猪没有长鼻子。”

这里的“或者”取包含式的含义(数学写作中通常如此)。

Which of the following statements is (are) equivalent to the statement “If the pink elephant on planet alpha has purple eyes, then the wild pig on planet beta does not have a long nose”?

I.\mathrm{I}. “If the wild pig on planet beta has a long nose, then the pink elephant on planet alpha has purple eyes.”

II.\mathrm{II}. “If the pink elephant on planet alpha does not have purple eyes, then the wild pig on planet beta does not have a long nose.”

III.\mathrm{III}. “If the wild pig on planet beta has a long nose, then the pink elephant on planet alpha does not have purple eyes.”

IV.\mathrm{IV}. “The pink elephant on planet alpha does not have purple eyes, or the wild pig on planet beta does not have a long nose.”

The word “or” is used here in the inclusive sense (as is customary in mathematical writing).

I\mathrm{I}III\mathrm{III}

I\mathrm{I} and III\mathrm{III} only

III\mathrm{III}IV\mathrm{IV}

III\mathrm{III} and IV\mathrm{IV} only

II\mathrm{II}IV\mathrm{IV}

II\mathrm{II} and IV\mathrm{IV} only

II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III} only

III\mathrm{III}

III\mathrm{III} only

知识点:逻辑推理
难度评级:1740
小提示:

把原命题写成 P¬QP\mathbin{\Rightarrow}\neg Q

Write the original implication as P¬QP\mathbin{\Rightarrow}\neg Q

大提示:

同时使用它的逆否命题和等价的析取式 ¬P¬Q\neg P\mathbin{\lor}\neg Q

Use both its contrapositive and the equivalent disjunction ¬P¬Q\neg P\mathbin{\lor}\neg Q

解答:

PP 表示大象长着紫色眼睛,令 QQ 表示野猪长着长鼻子。原命题 P¬QP\Rightarrow\neg Q 等价于其逆否命题 Q¬PQ\Rightarrow\neg P,即 III\mathrm{III};也等价于 ¬P¬Q\neg P\lor\neg Q,即 IV\mathrm{IV}。陈述 I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II} 都是原命题的逆命题,不一定成立。

所以正确答案是 B

Let PP mean the elephant has purple eyes and QQ mean the pig has a long nose. The original statement P¬QP\Rightarrow\neg Q is equivalent to its contrapositive Q¬P,Q\Rightarrow\neg P, which is III,\mathrm{III}, and to ¬P¬Q,\neg P\lor\neg Q, which is IV.\mathrm{IV}. Statements I\mathrm{I} and II\mathrm{II} are converses and need not follow.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

12.

一家超市有 128128 箱苹果。每箱至少有 120120 个苹果,至多有 144144 个苹果。至少有 nn 箱装有相同数量的苹果一定成立时,nn 的最大整数值是多少?

A supermarket has 128128 crates of apples. Each crate contains at least 120120 apples and at most 144144 apples. What is the largest integer nn such that there must be at least nn crates containing the same number of apples?

44

55

66

2424

2525

难度评级:1380
小提示:

数出从 120120144144(含端点)共有多少种苹果数

Count the possible apple totals from 120120 through 144144, inclusive

大提示:

如果每种苹果数最多出现五次,那么至多只有 25525\cdot5

If every total occurred at most five times, there would be at most 25525\cdot5 crates

解答:

可能的苹果数共有 144120+1=25144-120+1=25 种。因为 128>255128>25\cdot5,所以某一种数量至少出现 66 次。这个界可以达到:让三种数量各出现 66 次,其余二十二种各出现 55 次,恰好分配 128128 箱。因此能保证的最大 nn66

所以正确答案是 C

There are 144120+1=25144-120+1=25 possible apple counts. Since 128>255,128>25\cdot5, some count occurs at least 66 times. This is sharp: distribute 128128 crates so that three counts occur 66 times and the other twenty-two occur 55 times. Thus the largest guaranteed nn is 6.6.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

13.

如果 xx 头奶牛在 x+2x+2 天内产出 x+1x+1 罐牛奶,那么 x+3x+3 头奶牛产出 x+5x+5 罐牛奶需要多少天?

If xx cows give x+1x+1 cans of milk in x+2x+2 days, how many days will it take x+3x+3 cows to give x+5x+5 cans of milk?

x(x+2)(x+5)(x+1)(x+3)\frac{x(x+2)(x+5)}{(x+1)(x+3)}

x(x+1)(x+5)(x+2)(x+3)\frac{x(x+1)(x+5)}{(x+2)(x+3)}

(x+1)(x+3)(x+5)x(x+2)\frac{(x+1)(x+3)(x+5)}{x(x+2)}

(x+1)(x+3)x(x+2)(x+5)\frac{(x+1)(x+3)}{x(x+2)(x+5)}

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:1560
小提示:

先求每头奶牛每天产出的牛奶罐数

First find the number of cans produced per cow-day

大提示:

列方程 x+5(x+3)T=x+1x(x+2)\frac{x+5}{(x+3)T}=\frac{x+1}{x(x+2)}

Set x+5(x+3)T=x+1x(x+2)\frac{x+5}{(x+3)T}=\frac{x+1}{x(x+2)}

解答:

产奶率为每头奶牛每天 x+1x(x+2)\frac{x+1}{x(x+2)} 罐。设新的用时为 TT,则 x+5(x+3)T=x+1x(x+2) \frac{x+5}{(x+3)T}=\frac{x+1}{x(x+2)}\text{。}因此 T=x(x+2)(x+5)(x+1)(x+3)T=\frac{x(x+2)(x+5)}{(x+1)(x+3)}

所以正确答案是 A

The production rate is x+1x(x+2)\frac{x+1}{x(x+2)} cans per cow-day. If the new time is T,T, then x+5(x+3)T=x+1x(x+2). \frac{x+5}{(x+3)T}=\frac{x+1}{x(x+2)}. Hence T=x(x+2)(x+5)(x+1)(x+3).T=\frac{x(x+2)(x+5)}{(x+1)(x+3)}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

14.

一个凸多边形的各内角度数成等差数列。若最小角为 100100^\circ,最大角为 140140^\circ,则该多边形的边数为

The measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon are in arithmetic progression. If the smallest angle is 100100^\circ and the largest angle is 140,140^\circ, then the number of sides the polygon has is

66

88

1010

1111

1212

难度评级:1510
小提示:

等差数列的平均值等于首项与末项的平均值

The average of an arithmetic progression is the average of its first and last terms

大提示:

120n120n 等于内角和 180(n2)180(n-2)

Equate 120n120n with the interior-angle sum 180(n2)180(n-2)

解答:

平均角度为 100+1402=120\frac{100+140}{2}=120^\circ,所以内角和为 120n120n。凸 nn 边形的内角和为 180(n2)180(n-2),故 120n=180(n2)120n=180(n-2),解得 n=6n=6

所以正确答案是 A

The average angle is 100+1402=120,\frac{100+140}{2}=120^\circ, so the angle sum is 120n.120n. A convex nn-gon has angle sum 180(n2),180(n-2), hence 120n=180(n2)120n=180(n-2) and n=6.n=6.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

15.

用整数 dd 分别除 105910591417141723122312,所得余数均为 rr,其中 dd 大于一。则 drd-r 等于

If rr is the remainder when each of the numbers 1059,1059, 14171417 and 23122312 is divided by d,d, where dd is an integer greater than one, then drd-r equals

11

1515

179179

d15d-15

d1d-1

难度评级:1800
小提示:

余数相同意味着 dd 整除任意两数之差

A common remainder means dd divides every pairwise difference

大提示:

使用 14171059=358=21791417-1059=358=2\cdot17923121417=895=51792312-1417=895=5\cdot179

Use 14171059=358=21791417-1059=358=2\cdot179 and 23121417=895=51792312-1417=895=5\cdot179

解答:

除数 dd 同时整除 358=2179358=2\cdot179895=5179895=5\cdot179。这两个数的最大公因数为质数 179179,所以 d=179d=179。又因为 1059=5179+1641059=5\cdot179+164,所以 r=164r=164,从而 dr=15d-r=15

所以正确答案是 B

The divisor dd divides both 358=2179358=2\cdot179 and 895=5179.895=5\cdot179. Their greatest common divisor is 179,179, a prime, so d=179.d=179. Since 1059=5179+164,1059=5\cdot179+164, we have r=164r=164 and dr=15.d-r=15.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

16.

在三角形 ABCABCDEFDEF 中,边长 ACACBCBCDFDFEFEF 都相等。ABAB 的长度是 DEF\triangle DEF 中从 FFDEDE 的高的两倍。下列哪些陈述正确?

I\mathrm{I}ACB\angle ACBDFE\angle DFE 必须互余。

II\mathrm{II}ACB\angle ACBDFE\angle DFE 必须互补。

III\mathrm{III}ABC\triangle ABC 的面积必须等于 DEF\triangle DEF 的面积。

IV\mathrm{IV}ABC\triangle ABC 的面积必须等于 DEF\triangle DEF 面积的两倍。

In triangles ABCABC and DEF,DEF, lengths AC,AC, BC,BC, DFDF and EFEF are all equal. Length ABAB is twice the length of the altitude of DEF\triangle DEF from FF to DE.DE. Which of the following statements is (are) true?

I.\mathrm{I}. ACB\angle ACB and DFE\angle DFE must be complementary.

II.\mathrm{II}. ACB\angle ACB and DFE\angle DFE must be supplementary.

III.\mathrm{III}. The area of ABC\triangle ABC must equal the area of DEF.\triangle DEF.

IV.\mathrm{IV}. The area of ABC\triangle ABC must equal twice the area of DEF.\triangle DEF.

II\mathrm{II}

II\mathrm{II} only

III\mathrm{III}

III\mathrm{III} only

IV\mathrm{IV}

IV\mathrm{IV} only

I\mathrm{I}III\mathrm{III}

I\mathrm{I} and III\mathrm{III} only

II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III} only

难度评级:2130
小提示:

分别从 CCFF 作高;每条高都平分对应等腰三角形的底边

Drop altitudes from CC and FF; each altitude bisects the base of its isosceles triangle

大提示:

ABCABC 的一半与 DEFDEF 的一半视为直角三角形进行比较

Compare a half of ABCABC with a half of DEFDEF as right triangles

解答:

设四条相等的边长均为 ss,令 AB=2aAB=2a,并设从 FF 作出的高为 aa。在两个等腰三角形中,从 CC 作出的高平分 ABAB,从 FF 作出的高平分 DEDEABCABC 的一半是斜边为 ss、一条直角边为 aa 的直角三角形;DEFDEF 的一半也有相同的斜边和长度为 aa 的高。两个直角三角形全等,只是两条直角边互换。因此相应的锐角互余,完整的顶角 ACB\angle ACBDFE\angle DFE 之和为 180180^\circ。相应的半三角形面积也相等,所以两个完整三角形的面积相等。陈述 II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III} 正确。

所以正确答案是 E

Let the equal sides have length s,s, let AB=2a,AB=2a, and let the altitude from FF be a.a. In the isosceles triangles, the altitude from CC bisects AB,AB, while the altitude from FF bisects DE.DE. A half of ABCABC has hypotenuse ss and leg a;a; a half of DEFDEF has the same hypotenuse and altitude leg a.a. The two right triangles are congruent with their legs interchanged. Thus their relevant acute angles are complementary, so the full vertex angles ACB\angle ACB and DFE\angle DFE sum to 180.180^\circ. The corresponding half-areas are equal as well, hence the full triangle areas are equal. Statements II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III} hold.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

17.

θ\theta 是锐角,且 sin2θ=a\sin2\theta=a,则 sinθ+cosθ\sin\theta+\cos\theta 等于

If θ\theta is an acute angle and sin2θ=a,\sin2\theta=a, then sinθ+cosθ\sin\theta+\cos\theta equals

a+1\sqrt{a+1}

(21)a+1(\sqrt2-1)a+1

a+1a2a\sqrt{a+1}-\sqrt{a^2-a}

a+1+a2a\sqrt{a+1}+\sqrt{a^2-a}

a+1+a2a\sqrt{a+1}+a^2-a

难度评级:1530
小提示:

sinθ+cosθ\sin\theta+\cos\theta 平方

Square the expression sinθ+cosθ\sin\theta+\cos\theta

大提示:

使用 2sinθcosθ=sin2θ2\sin\theta\cos\theta=\sin2\theta,并注意所求和为正

Use 2sinθcosθ=sin2θ2\sin\theta\cos\theta=\sin2\theta and the fact that the desired sum is positive

解答:

(sinθ+cosθ)2=sin2θ+cos2θ+2sinθcosθ=1+a \begin{aligned} (\sin\theta+\cos\theta)^2 &=\sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta\\ &\quad+2\sin\theta\cos\theta\\ &=1+a \end{aligned}\text{。}θ\theta 为锐角时,正弦和余弦都为正,所以所求和为 a+1\sqrt{a+1}

所以正确答案是 A

We have (sinθ+cosθ)2=sin2θ+cos2θ+2sinθcosθ=1+a. \begin{aligned} (\sin\theta+\cos\theta)^2 &=\sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta\\ &\quad+2\sin\theta\cos\theta\\ &=1+a. \end{aligned} Both sine and cosine are positive for acute θ,\theta, so the sum is a+1.\sqrt{a+1}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

18.

在所附图中,ABABAA 点与圆心为 OO 的圆相切;点 DD 在圆内;DBDB 与圆交于 CC。若 BC=DC=3BC=DC=3OD=2OD=2AB=6AB=6,则圆的半径为

In the adjoining figure, ABAB is tangent at AA to the circle with center O;O; point DD is interior to the circle; and DBDB intersects the circle at C.C. If BC=DC=3,BC=DC=3, OD=2OD=2 and AB=6,AB=6, then the radius of the circle is

3+33+\sqrt3

15π\frac{15}{\pi}

92\frac92

262\sqrt6

22\sqrt{22}

知识点:切线圆幂
难度评级:2130
小提示:

延长 BDBD,使其越过 DD 后再次与圆交于 EE

Extend BDBD through DD to meet the circle again at EE

大提示:

先用 BCBE=AB2BC\cdot BE=AB^2,再利用圆内点 DD 的幂

Use BCBE=AB2BC\cdot BE=AB^2 first, then use the power of interior point DD

解答:

延长 BDBD,使其越过 DD 后与圆交于 EE。因为 BC=3BC=3BD=6BD=6,切割线定理给出 3BE=AB2=36 3\cdot BE=AB^2=36\text{,}所以 BE=12BE=12DE=6DE=6。点 DD 的幂满足 DCDE=(ROD)(R+OD)=R2OD2 \begin{aligned} DC\cdot DE&=(R-OD)(R+OD)\\ &=R^2-OD^2 \end{aligned}\text{,}因而 36=(R2)(R+2)=R243\cdot6=(R-2)(R+2)=R^2-4。所以 R2=22R^2=22,且 R=22R=\sqrt{22}

所以正确答案是 E

Extend BDBD through DD to meet the circle at E.E. Since BC=3BC=3 and BD=6,BD=6, the tangent-secant theorem gives 3BE=AB2=36, 3\cdot BE=AB^2=36, so BE=12BE=12 and DE=6.DE=6. The power of DD gives DCDE=(ROD)(R+OD)=R2OD2, \begin{aligned} DC\cdot DE&=(R-OD)(R+OD)\\ &=R^2-OD^2, \end{aligned} hence 36=(R2)(R+2)=R24.3\cdot6=(R-2)(R+2)=R^2-4. Thus R2=22R^2=22 and R=22.R=\sqrt{22}.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

19.

多项式 p(x)p(x) 除以 x1x-1 的余数为三,除以 x3x-3 的余数为五。p(x)p(x) 除以 (x1)(x3)(x-1)(x-3) 的余数为

A polynomial p(x)p(x) has remainder three when divided by x1x-1 and remainder five when divided by x3.x-3. The remainder when p(x)p(x) is divided by (x1)(x3)(x-1)(x-3) is

x2x-2

x+2x+2

22

88

1515

难度评级:1620
小提示:

所求余式的次数小于二,可将其写成 ax+bax+b

The desired remainder has degree less than two, so write it as ax+bax+b

大提示:

x=1x=1x=3x=3 处使用余式定理

Use the remainder theorem at x=1x=1 and x=3x=3

解答:

设余式为 r(x)=ax+br(x)=ax+b。因为 p(1)=3p(1)=3p(3)=5p(3)=5,所以 a+b=3a+b=33a+b=53a+b=5。因此 a=1a=1b=2b=2,余式为 x+2x+2

所以正确答案是 B

Let the remainder be r(x)=ax+b.r(x)=ax+b. Since p(1)=3p(1)=3 and p(3)=5,p(3)=5, we have a+b=3,a+b=3, and 3a+b=5.3a+b=5. Thus a=1,a=1, and b=2,b=2, so the remainder is x+2.x+2.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

20.

aabbxx 是不等于一的正实数。则 4(logax)2+3(logbx)2=8(logax)(logbx) \begin{aligned} 4(\log_a x)^2&+3(\log_b x)^2\\ &=8(\log_a x)(\log_b x) \end{aligned}

Let a,a, bb and xx be positive real numbers distinct from one. Then 4(logax)2+3(logbx)2=8(logax)(logbx) \begin{aligned} 4(\log_a x)^2&+3(\log_b x)^2\\ &=8(\log_a x)(\log_b x) \end{aligned}

对所有 aabbxx 均成立

for all values of a,a, bb and xx

当且仅当 a=b2a=b^2

if and only if a=b2a=b^2

当且仅当 b=a2b=a^2

if and only if b=a2b=a^2

当且仅当 x=abx=ab

if and only if x=abx=ab

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:2110
小提示:

把所有项移到同一边,再把关于两个对数的二次式因式分解

Move all terms to one side and factor the quadratic in the two logarithms

大提示:

利用换底公式,将每个因式为零的方程转化为两个底数之间的关系

Translate each factor equation into a relation between the bases using change of base

解答:

因式分解得 (2logaxlogbx)(2logax3logbx)=0 \begin{aligned} &\bigl(2\log_a x-\log_b x\bigr)\\ &\quad\cdot \bigl(2\log_a x-3\log_b x\bigr)=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 x1x\ne1,由换底公式可知,第一个因式在 a=b2a=b^2 时为零,第二个因式在 a3=b2a^3=b^2 时为零。因此原方程在这两个条件中的任一个成立时成立,而选项中没有任何一个“当且仅当”陈述能描述它们的并集。

所以正确答案是 E

Factoring gives (2logaxlogbx)(2logax3logbx)=0. \begin{aligned} &\bigl(2\log_a x-\log_b x\bigr)\\ &\quad\cdot \bigl(2\log_a x-3\log_b x\bigr)=0. \end{aligned} Since x1,x\ne1, change of base shows that the first factor vanishes when a=b2,a=b^2, while the second vanishes when a3=b2.a^3=b^2. Thus the equation holds under either of two conditions, and no listed “if and only if” statement describes their union.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

21.

使乘积 21723722n+17 2^{\frac{1}{7}}2^{\frac{3}{7}}\cdots2^{\frac{2n+1}{7}} 大于 10001000 的最小正奇数 nn 是多少?(在这个乘积中,各指数的分母均为七,分子是从 112n+12n+1 的连续奇数。)

What is the smallest positive odd integer nn such that the product 21723722n+17 2^{\frac{1}{7}}2^{\frac{3}{7}}\cdots2^{\frac{2n+1}{7}} is greater than 1000?1000? (In the product the denominators of the exponents are all sevens, and the numerators are the successive odd integers from 11 to 2n+1.2n+1.)

77

99

1111

1717

1919

难度评级:1870
小提示:

把各幂合并,即把奇数分子相加

Combine the powers by summing the odd numerators

大提示:

奇数和 1+3++(2n+1)1+3+\cdots+(2n+1) 等于 (n+1)2(n+1)^2,将它与 210=10242^{10}=1024 比较

The odd-number sum 1+3++(2n+1)1+3+\cdots+(2n+1) equals (n+1)2;(n+1)^2; compare with 210=10242^{10}=1024

解答:

这个乘积为 21+3++(2n+1)7=2(n+1)27 2^{\frac{1+3+\cdots+(2n+1)}{7}} =2^{\frac{(n+1)^2}{7}}\text{。}n=7n=7 时,指数 647\frac{64}{7} 小于 192\frac{19}{2},所以乘积小于 2192=5122<768<10002^{\frac{19}{2}}=512\sqrt2\lt768\lt1000。所有更小的正奇数 nn 也都不满足。当 n=9n=9 时,指数为 1007>10\frac{100}{7}\gt10,所以乘积大于 210=10242^{10}=1024。因此第一个符合条件的奇数 nn99

所以正确答案是 B

The product is 21+3++(2n+1)7=2(n+1)27. 2^{\frac{1+3+\cdots+(2n+1)}{7}} =2^{\frac{(n+1)^2}{7}}. For n=7,n=7, the exponent 647\frac{64}{7} is less than 192,\frac{19}{2}, so the product is less than 2192=5122<768<1000.2^{\frac{19}{2}}=512\sqrt2\lt768\lt1000. All smaller positive odd nn also fail. For n=9,n=9, the exponent is 1007>10,\frac{100}{7}\gt10, so the product exceeds 210=1024.2^{10}=1024. Thus the first allowable odd nn is 9.9.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

22.

给定一个边长为 ss 的等边三角形。考虑该三角形所在平面内所有满足下列条件的点 PPPP 到三个顶点的距离平方和为定值 aa。这个轨迹

Given an equilateral triangle with side of length s,s, consider the locus of all points PP in the plane of the triangle such that the sum of the squares of the distances from PP to the vertices of the triangle is a fixed number a.a. This locus

a>s2a\gt s^2 时是一个圆

is a circle if a>s2a\gt s^2

a=2s2a=2s^2 时只含三个点,而当 a>2s2a\gt2s^2 时是一个圆

contains only three points if a=2s2a=2s^2 and is a circle if a>2s2a\gt2s^2

仅当 s2<a<2s2s^2\lt a\lt2s^2 时是一个半径为正的圆

is a circle with positive radius only if s2<a<2s2s^2\lt a\lt2s^2

无论 aa 取何值,都只含有限个点

contains only a finite number of points for any value of aa

以上都不是

is none of these

难度评级:2110
小提示:

GG 为重心,用 PG2PG^2 表示这个距离平方和

Let GG be the centroid and express the sum using PG2PG^2

大提示:

对于等边三角形,这个和等于 3PG2+s23PG^2+s^2

For an equilateral triangle, the sum equals 3PG2+s23PG^2+s^2

解答:

设三个顶点为 AABBCC,重心为 GG,并令 T=GA2+GB2+GC2T=GA^2+GB^2+GC^2。重心恒等式给出 PA2+PB2+PC2=3PG2+T PA^2+PB^2+PC^2=3PG^2+T\text{。}在等边三角形中,每个 GA=s3GA=\frac{s}{\sqrt3},所以 T=s2T=s^2。因此 3PG2=as23PG^2=a-s^2。当 a<s2a\lt s^2 时轨迹为空集;当 a=s2a=s^2 时只有一个点;当 a>s2a\gt s^2 时是半径为正的圆。

所以正确答案是 A

For vertices A,A, B,B, and CC with centroid G,G, put T=GA2+GB2+GC2.T=GA^2+GB^2+GC^2. The standard centroid identity gives PA2+PB2+PC2=3PG2+T. PA^2+PB^2+PC^2=3PG^2+T. In an equilateral triangle, each GA=s3,GA=\frac{s}{\sqrt3}, so T=s2.T=s^2. Hence 3PG2=as2.3PG^2=a-s^2. The locus is empty for a<s2,a\lt s^2, one point for a=s2,a=s^2, and a circle of positive radius for a>s2.a\gt s^2.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

23.

对于满足 1k<n1\le k\lt n 的整数 kknn,定义 (nk)=n!k!(nk)! \binom nk=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}\text{。}(n2k1k+1)(nk)\left(\frac{n-2k-1}{k+1}\right)\binom nk 为整数

For integers kk and nn such that 1k<n,1\le k\lt n, let (nk)=n!k!(nk)!. \binom nk=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}. Then (n2k1k+1)(nk)\left(\frac{n-2k-1}{k+1}\right)\binom nk is an integer

对所有 kknn 均成立

for all kk and nn

对所有偶数 kknn 均成立,但并非对所有 kknn 均成立

for all even values of kk and n,n, but not for all kk and nn

对所有奇数 kknn 均成立,但并非对所有 kknn 均成立

for all odd values of kk and n,n, but not for all kk and nn

k=1k=1n1n-1 时成立,但并非对所有奇数 kknn 均成立

if k=1k=1 or n1,n-1, but not for all odd values of kk and nn

nn 能被 kk 整除时成立,但并非对所有偶数 kknn 均成立

if nn is divisible by k,k, but not for all even values of kk and nn

知识点:组合代数变形
难度评级:2080
小提示:

n2k1n-2k-1 拆成 (nk)(k+1)(n-k)-(k+1)

Split n2k1n-2k-1 into (nk)(k+1)(n-k)-(k+1)

大提示:

尝试把原式改写成两个相邻二项式系数之差

Try rewriting the expression as a difference of two adjacent binomial coefficients

解答:

利用 (nk+1)=nkk+1(nk) \binom n{k+1}=\frac{n-k}{k+1}\binom nk\text{,}并写成 n2k1k+1=nkk+11 \frac{n-2k-1}{k+1}=\frac{n-k}{k+1}-1\text{,}原式化为 (nk+1)(nk) \binom n{k+1}-\binom nk\text{。}对每一组允许的 kknn,这都是整数。

所以正确答案是 A

Using (nk+1)=nkk+1(nk), \binom n{k+1}=\frac{n-k}{k+1}\binom nk, and writing n2k1k+1=nkk+11, \frac{n-2k-1}{k+1}=\frac{n-k}{k+1}-1, the given expression becomes (nk+1)(nk). \binom n{k+1}-\binom nk. This is an integer for every permitted kk and n.n.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

24.

在所附图中,圆 KK 的直径为 ABAB;圆 LL 与圆 KK 相切,并在圆 KK 的圆心处与 ABAB 相切;圆 MM 与圆 KK、圆 LLABAB 都相切。圆 KK 与圆 MM 的面积之比为

In the adjoining figure, circle KK has diameter AB;AB; circle LL is tangent to circle KK and to ABAB at the center of circle K;K; and circle MM is tangent to circle K,K, to circle LL and to AB.AB. The ratio of the area of circle KK to the area of circle MM is

1212

1414

1616

1818

不是整数

not an integer

难度评级:2200
小提示:

把圆 KK 的半径缩放为 22,则圆 LL 的半径为 11

Scale the radius of KK to 2,2, so circle LL has radius 11

大提示:

若圆 MM 的半径为 tt、圆心为 (x,t)(x,t),利用它与两个较大圆的相切关系

If MM has radius tt and center (x,t),(x,t), use its tangencies to both larger circles

解答:

令圆 KK 的圆心为 (0,0)(0,0)、半径为 22,并令 ABABxx 轴。则圆 LL 的圆心为 (0,1)(0,1)、半径为 11。若圆 MM 的圆心为 (x,t)(x,t)、半径为 tt,它与圆 KK 内切并与圆 LL 外切,故 x2+t2=(2t)2,x2+(t1)2=(1+t)2 \begin{aligned} x^2+t^2&=(2-t)^2,\\ x^2+(t-1)^2&=(1+t)^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}两式分别化为 x2=44tx^2=4-4tx2=4tx^2=4t,所以 t=12t=\frac12。半径之比为 2:12=4:12:\frac{1}{2}=4:1,因此面积之比为 1616

所以正确答案是 C

Take KK to have center (0,0)(0,0) and radius 2,2, with ABAB the xx-axis. Then LL has center (0,1)(0,1) and radius 1.1. If MM has center (x,t)(x,t) and radius t,t, internal tangency to KK and external tangency to LL give x2+t2=(2t)2,x2+(t1)2=(1+t)2. \begin{aligned} x^2+t^2&=(2-t)^2,\\ x^2+(t-1)^2&=(1+t)^2. \end{aligned} These simplify to x2=44tx^2=4-4t and x2=4t,x^2=4t, so t=12.t=\frac12. The radius ratio is 2:12=4:1,2:\frac{1}{2}=4:1, hence the area ratio is 16.16.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

25.

对于数列 u1u_1u2u_2\ldots,定义 Δ1(un)=un+1un\Delta^1(u_n)=u_{n+1}-u_n,并对所有整数 k>1k\gt1 定义 Δk(un)=Δ1(Δk1(un))\Delta^k(u_n)=\Delta^1(\Delta^{k-1}(u_n))。若 un=n3+nu_n=n^3+n,则对所有 nn,都有 Δk(un)=0\Delta^k(u_n)=0

For a sequence u1,u_1, u2,u_2, ,\ldots, define Δ1(un)=un+1un\Delta^1(u_n)=u_{n+1}-u_n and, for all integers k>1,k\gt1, Δk(un)=Δ1(Δk1(un)).\Delta^k(u_n)=\Delta^1(\Delta^{k-1}(u_n)). If un=n3+n,u_n=n^3+n, then Δk(un)=0\Delta^k(u_n)=0 for all nn

k=1k=1

if k=1k=1

k=2k=2 时,但 k=1k=1 时不成立

if k=2,k=2, but not if k=1k=1

k=3k=3 时,但 k=2k=2 时不成立

if k=3,k=3, but not if k=2k=2

k=4k=4 时,但 k=3k=3 时不成立

if k=4,k=4, but not if k=3k=3

不存在这样的 kk

for no value of kk

难度评级:1830
小提示:

多项式数列每作一次向前差分,次数就降低一

Each forward difference lowers the degree of a polynomial sequence by one

大提示:

一直计算到恒定的三阶差分,就能看出何时首次得到零

Compute through the constant third difference to see when zero first appears

解答:

直接计算得 Δun=3n2+3n+2,Δ2un=6n+6,Δ3un=6,Δ4un=0 \begin{aligned} \Delta u_n&=3n^2+3n+2,\\ \Delta^2u_n&=6n+6,\\ \Delta^3u_n&=6,\\ \Delta^4u_n&=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此四阶差分对所有 nn 都为零,而三阶差分不为零。

所以正确答案是 D

Directly, Δun=3n2+3n+2,Δ2un=6n+6,Δ3un=6,Δ4un=0. \begin{aligned} \Delta u_n&=3n^2+3n+2,\\ \Delta^2u_n&=6n+6,\\ \Delta^3u_n&=6,\\ \Delta^4u_n&=0. \end{aligned} Thus the fourth differences vanish for all n,n, but the third differences do not.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

26.

在所附图中,圆 OO' 的每一点都在圆 OO 的外部。一条内公切线分别与两条外公切线交于 PPQQ。则 PQPQ 的长度

In the adjoining figure, every point of circle OO' is exterior to circle O.O. Let PP and QQ be the points of intersection of an internal common tangent with the two external common tangents. Then the length of PQPQ is

等于内公切线段与外公切线段长度的平均数

the average of the lengths of the internal and external common tangents

当且仅当圆 OOOO' 的半径相等时,才等于一条外公切线段的长度

equal to the length of an external common tangent if and only if circles OO and OO' have equal radii

总是等于一条外公切线段的长度

always equal to the length of an external common tangent

大于一条外公切线段的长度

greater than the length of an external common tangent

等于内公切线段与外公切线段长度的几何平均数

the geometric mean of the lengths of the internal and external common tangents

难度评级:2200
小提示:

在三条切线上分别标出切点

Mark the tangency point on each of the three tangent lines

大提示:

PPQQ 中任一点向同一个圆所作的两条切线段长度相等

From either PP or Q,Q, tangent segments to the same circle have equal lengths

解答:

设内公切线与圆 OOOO' 分别切于 RRSS。设经过 PP 的外公切线与两圆分别切于 XXYY,经过 QQ 的外公切线与两圆分别切于 VVWW。从同一点引出的切线段相等,所以 PR=PX,PS=PY,QR=QV,QS=QW \begin{gathered} PR=PX,\\ PS=PY,\\ QR=QV,\\ QS=QW \end{gathered}\text{。}在内公切线上,PR+QR=PQPR+QR=PQ,且 PS+QS=PQPS+QS=PQ。相加得 PR+QR+PS+QS=2PQ \begin{aligned} PR+QR+PS+QS=2PQ \end{aligned}\text{。}在两条外公切线上,PX+PY=XYPX+PY=XY,且 QV+QW=VWQV+QW=VW。因此 2PQ=XY+VW2PQ=XY+VW。两条外公切线段长度相等,所以 XY=VWXY=VW,从而 PQ=XY=VWPQ=XY=VW

所以正确答案是 C

Let the internal tangent touch OO and OO' at RR and S.S. Let the external tangent through PP touch them at XX and Y,Y, and let the one through QQ touch them at VV and W.W. Equal tangent segments from a point give PR=PX,PS=PY,QR=QV,QS=QW. \begin{gathered} PR=PX,\\ PS=PY,\\ QR=QV,\\ QS=QW. \end{gathered} Along the internal tangent, PR+QR=PQPR+QR=PQ and PS+QS=PQ.PS+QS=PQ. Adding, PR+QR+PS+QS=2PQ. \begin{aligned} PR+QR+PS+QS=2PQ. \end{aligned} Along the external tangents, PX+PY=XYPX+PY=XY and QV+QW=VW.QV+QW=VW. Therefore 2PQ=XY+VW.2PQ=XY+VW. The two external common tangent segments have equal length, so XY=VWXY=VW and hence PQ=XY=VW.PQ=XY=VW.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

27.

N=5+2+525+1322 \begin{aligned} N&=\frac{\sqrt{\sqrt5+2}+\sqrt{\sqrt5-2}} {\sqrt{\sqrt5+1}}\\ &\quad-\sqrt{3-2\sqrt2} \end{aligned}\text{,}NN 等于

If N=5+2+525+1322, \begin{aligned} N&=\frac{\sqrt{\sqrt5+2}+\sqrt{\sqrt5-2}} {\sqrt{\sqrt5+1}}\\ &\quad-\sqrt{3-2\sqrt2}, \end{aligned} then NN equals

11

2212\sqrt2-1

52\frac{\sqrt5}{2}

52\sqrt{\frac52}

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:2080
小提示:

先把大分数的分子平方,再进行化简

Square the numerator of the large fraction before simplifying it

大提示:

识别出 3223-2\sqrt2(21)2(\sqrt2-1)^2

Recognize 3223-2\sqrt2 as (21)2(\sqrt2-1)^2

解答:

TT 为第一个分数。它的分子平方为 (5+2)+(52)+2(5+2)(52)=25+2 \begin{aligned} &(\sqrt5+2)+(\sqrt5-2)\\ &\quad+2\sqrt{(\sqrt5+2)(\sqrt5-2)}\\ &=2\sqrt5+2 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 T2=25+25+1=2T^2=\frac{2\sqrt5+2}{\sqrt5+1}=2,且 T=2T=\sqrt2。另外,322=21\sqrt{3-2\sqrt2}=\sqrt2-1。所以 N=2(21)=1N=\sqrt2-(\sqrt2-1)=1

所以正确答案是 A

Let TT be the first fraction. Its numerator squared is (5+2)+(52)+2(5+2)(52)=25+2. \begin{aligned} &(\sqrt5+2)+(\sqrt5-2)\\ &\quad+2\sqrt{(\sqrt5+2)(\sqrt5-2)}\\ &=2\sqrt5+2. \end{aligned} Thus T2=25+25+1=2,T^2=\frac{2\sqrt5+2}{\sqrt5+1}=2, and T=2.T=\sqrt2. Also 322=21.\sqrt{3-2\sqrt2}=\sqrt2-1. Hence N=2(21)=1.N=\sqrt2-(\sqrt2-1)=1.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

28.

直线 L1L_1L2L_2\ldotsL100L_{100} 两两不同。所有直线 L4nL_{4n}(其中 nn 为正整数)彼此平行。所有直线 L4n3L_{4n-3}(其中 nn 为正整数)都经过给定点 AA。完整集合 {L1,L2,,L100}\{L_1,L_2,\ldots,L_{100}\} 中任意两条直线的交点数最大为

Lines L1,L_1, L2,L_2, ,\ldots, L100L_{100} are distinct. All lines L4n,L_{4n}, nn a positive integer, are parallel to each other. All lines L4n3,L_{4n-3}, nn a positive integer, pass through a given point A.A. The maximum number of points of intersection of pairs of lines from the complete set {L1,L2,,L100}\{L_1,L_2,\ldots,L_{100}\} is

43504350

43514351

49004900

49014901

98519851

难度评级:2320
小提示:

先从一般位置下的 (1002)\binom{100}{2} 个交点开始

Start with (1002)\binom{100}{2} intersections in general position

大提示:

去掉 2525 条平行线之间的线对,并把 2525 条共点直线之间的所有线对合并成一个点

Remove the pairs among the 2525 parallel lines and collapse the pairs among the 2525 concurrent lines to one point

解答:

能被 44 整除的下标有 2525 个,与 1(mod4)1\pmod4 同余的下标也有 2525 个。从 (1002)=4950\binom{100}{2}=4950 个交点出发,平行线组不产生交点,因此减去 (252)=300\binom{25}{2}=300。共点线组的 300300 对直线只产生一个点,而不是 300300 个不同的点,因此再减去 299299。其余交点都可以选成互不相同,所以最大值为 4950300299=4351 4950-300-299=4351\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

There are 2525 indices divisible by 44 and 2525 congruent to 1(mod4).1\pmod4. Starting from (1002)=4950,\binom{100}{2}=4950, the parallel group contributes no intersections, removing (252)=300.\binom{25}{2}=300. The concurrent group’s 300300 pairs all give one point rather than 300300 distinct points, removing another 299.299. All remaining intersections can be chosen distinct, so the maximum is 4950300299=4351. 4950-300-299=4351.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

29.

安和芭芭拉在比较年龄时发现:芭芭拉现在的年龄,等于安在某时的年龄;在那时,芭芭拉的年龄,又等于安在更早某时的年龄;而在那个更早的时候,芭芭拉的年龄是安现在年龄的一半。若她们现在的年龄之和为 4444 岁,则安的年龄是

Ann and Barbara were comparing their ages and found that Barbara is as old as Ann was when Barbara was as old as Ann had been when Barbara was half as old as Ann is. If the sum of their present ages is 4444 years, then Ann’s age is

2222

2424

2525

2626

2828

难度评级:1950
小提示:

设安和芭芭拉现在的年龄分别为 xxyy,且 x+y=44x+y=44

Let Ann’s and Barbara’s present ages be xx and y,y, with x+y=44x+y=44

大提示:

每遇到一个“在某时”,就从两人的年龄中减去同一段经过的时间

Translate each “when” by subtracting the same elapsed time from both ages

解答:

设安和芭芭拉现在的年龄分别为 xxyy,并令她们恒定的年龄差为 d=xyd=x-y。在第一个所述时刻,安的年龄为 yy,所以芭芭拉的年龄为 ydy-d。在更早的所述时刻,安的年龄为 ydy-d,所以芭芭拉的年龄为 y2dy-2d。最后一句说明这个年龄等于 x2\frac{x}{2}。因此 y2(xy)=x2 y-2(x-y)=\frac{x}{2}\text{,}从而 6y=5x6y=5x。再结合 x+y=44x+y=44,得 x=24x=24y=20y=20

所以正确答案是 B

Let Ann’s and Barbara’s present ages be xx and y,y, and let their constant age difference be d=xy.d=x-y. At the first referenced time Ann was y,y, so Barbara was yd.y-d. At the earlier referenced time Ann was that age yd,y-d, so Barbara was y2d.y-2d. The final clause says this last age was x2.\frac{x}{2}. Hence y2(xy)=x2, y-2(x-y)=\frac{x}{2}, which gives 6y=5x.6y=5x. Together with x+y=44,x+y=44, this yields x=24x=24 and y=20.y=20.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

30.

有多少个不同的有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x,y,z) 满足方程组 x+2y+4z=12,xy+4yz+2xz=22,xyz=6 \begin{aligned} x+2y+4z&=12,\\ xy+4yz+2xz&=22,\\ xyz&=6 \end{aligned}\text{?}

How many distinct ordered triples (x,y,z)(x,y,z) satisfy the equations x+2y+4z=12,xy+4yz+2xz=22,xyz=6? \begin{aligned} x+2y+4z&=12,\\ xy+4yz+2xz&=22,\\ xyz&=6? \end{aligned}

没有

none

11

22

44

66

难度评级:2320
小提示:

x=2ux=2uy=vy=vz=w2z=\frac{w}{2},对变量作缩放

Rescale the variables by setting x=2u,x=2u, y=v,y=v, and z=w2z=\frac{w}{2}

大提示:

新变量的三个基本对称和分别为 66111166

The new variables have elementary symmetric sums 6,6, 11,11, and 66

解答:

x=2ux=2uy=vy=vz=w2z=\frac{w}{2}。前两个方程都除以 22,得 u+v+w=6,uv+vw+uw=11 \begin{aligned} u+v+w&=6,\\ uv+vw+uw&=11 \end{aligned}\text{,}uvw=6uvw=6。因此 uuvvww 是多项式 p(t)=t36t2+11t6p(t)=t^3-6t^2+11t-6 的三个根。该多项式分解为 p(t)=(t1)(t2)(t3) p(t)=(t-1)(t-2)(t-3)\text{,}所以这三个数是按任意顺序排列的 112233。它们的 3!=63!=6 种排列产生 66 个不同的有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x,y,z)

所以正确答案是 E

Set x=2u,x=2u, y=v,y=v, and z=w2.z=\frac{w}{2}. Dividing the first two equations by 22 gives u+v+w=6,uv+vw+uw=11, \begin{aligned} u+v+w&=6,\\ uv+vw+uw&=11, \end{aligned} while uvw=6.uvw=6. Thus u,u, v,v, and ww are the three roots of p(t)=t36t2+11t6.p(t)=t^3-6t^2+11t-6. This polynomial factors as p(t)=(t1)(t2)(t3), p(t)=(t-1)(t-2)(t-3), so they are 1,1, 2,2, and 33 in any order. Their 3!=63!=6 permutations produce 66 distinct ordered triples (x,y,z).(x,y,z).

Therefore, the correct answer is E.