2018 AMC 12A 第 12 题

先试着解答 2018 AMC 12A 第 12 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2018 AMC 12A 解答,或核对答案。

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

12.

设 SS 是从 {1,2,…,12}\{1, 2, \ldots, 12\} 中选出的 66 个整数的集合,且满足:若 aa 和 bb 是 SS 的元素且 a<ba \lt b,则 bb 不是 aa 的倍数。SS 中元素的最小可能值是多少?
Let SS be a set of 66 integers taken from {1,2,…,12}\{1, 2, \ldots, 12\} with the property that if aa and bb are elements of SS with a<b,a \lt b, then bb is not a multiple of a.a. What is the least possible value of an element of S?S?
22
33
44
55
77
答案:C
知识点:整除性抽屉原理极端原理
小提示:
把 {1,…,12}\{1, \ldots, 12\} 分成若干链,每条链中前一个数整除后一个数:{1,2,4,8}\{1,2,4,8\},{3,6,12}\{3,6,12\},{5,10}\{5,10\},{7}\{7\},{9}\{9\},{11}\{11\}。
Group {1,…,12}\{1, \ldots, 12\} into chains where each number divides the next: {1,2,4,8},\{1,2,4,8\}, {3,6,12},\{3,6,12\}, {5,10},\{5,10\}, {7},\{7\}, {9},\{9\}, {11}\{11\}
大提示:
每条链至多取一个元素;共有 66 条链,SS 必须每条链正好取一个元素,迫使 7,9,11∈S7, 9, 11 \in S。
At most one element comes from each chain; with 66 chains, SS must use exactly one from each, forcing 7,9,11∈S7, 9, 11 \in S
解答:
将 {1,…,12}\{1, \ldots, 12\} 分成六条整除链 {1,2,4,8}\{1,2,4,8\},{3,6,12}\{3,6,12\},{5,10}\{5,10\},{7}\{7\},{9}\{9\},{11}\{11\}。因为 SS 中不能有一个元素整除另一个元素,所以每条链至多贡献一个元素;需要 66 个元素就迫使每条链正好取一个,因此 7,9,11∈S7, 9, 11 \in S。
因为 9∈S9 \in S,所以 3∉S3 \notin S,第二条链贡献 66 或 1212,于是第一条链中既不能选 11 也不能选 22(它们会整除 66 和 1212)。从第一条链取 44 可以做到:S={4,5,6,7,9,11}S = \{4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11\} 满足条件。因此最小可能元素是 44。
所以正确答案是 C。
Partition {1,…,12}\{1, \ldots, 12\} into the six divisibility chains {1,2,4,8},\{1,2,4,8\}, {3,6,12},\{3,6,12\}, {5,10},\{5,10\}, {7},\{7\}, {9},\{9\}, {11}.\{11\}. Since no element of SS may divide another, at most one comes from each chain; needing 66 elements forces exactly one from each, so 7,9,11∈S.7, 9, 11 \in S.
Because 9∈S,9 \in S, 3∉S,3 \notin S, so the second chain contributes 66 or 12,12, and then neither 11 nor 22 can be chosen from the first chain (they divide 66 and 1212). Taking 44 from the first chain works: S={4,5,6,7,9,11}S = \{4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11\} has the property. Hence the least possible element is 4.4.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
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