2018 AMC 12A 真题

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1.

一个大瓮里有 100100 个球,其中 36%36\% 是红球,其余是蓝球。必须取出多少个蓝球,才能使瓮中红球的百分比变为 72%72\%?(不取出红球。)

A large urn contains 100100 balls, of which 36%36\% are red and the rest are blue. How many of the blue balls must be removed so that the percentage of red balls in the urn will be 72%?72\%? (No red balls are to be removed.)

2828

3232

3636

5050

6464

答案:D
知识点:百分数
难度评级:890
小提示:

红球的数量不变;只有蓝球被取出

The number of red balls never changes; only blue balls leave

大提示:

如果 3636 个红球要占全瓮的 72%72\%,那么瓮中总数必须是 36÷0.7236 \div 0.72

If 3636 red balls are to be 72%72\% of the urn, the urn must hold 36÷0.7236 \div 0.72 balls

解答:

原来有 3636 个红球,而且这个数量保持不变。若红球要占全瓮的 72%72\%,瓮中必须有 36÷0.72=5036 \div 0.72 = 50 个球。因为 10050=50100 - 50 = 50,所以正好要取出 5050 个蓝球。

所以正确答案是 D

There are 3636 red balls, and this count stays fixed. For the red balls to be 72%72\% of the urn, the urn must contain 36÷0.72=5036 \div 0.72 = 50 balls. Since 10050=50100 - 50 = 50, exactly 5050 blue balls are removed.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

2.

Carl 在探索洞穴时发现一批石头:55 磅重的石头每块价值 $141444 磅重的石头每块价值 $111111 磅重的石头每块价值 $22。每种大小至少有 2020 块。他最多能携带 1818 磅。按美元计,他最多能从洞穴中带出价值多少的石头?

While exploring a cave, Carl comes across a collection of 55-pound rocks worth $1414 each, 44-pound rocks worth $1111 each, and 11-pound rocks worth $22 each. There are at least 2020 of each size. He can carry at most 1818 pounds. What is the maximum value, in dollars, of the rocks he can carry out of the cave?

4848

4949

5050

5151

5252

答案:C
难度评级:1020
小提示:

比较每磅价值:三种石头分别是 $2.80\$2.80$2.75\$2.75,和 $2\$2

Compare the value per pound: $2.80,\$2.80, $2.75,\$2.75, and $2\$2 for the three rock sizes

大提示:

装满 1818 磅比总是选每磅价值最高的石头更重要;试试两块 55 磅石头和两块 44 磅石头

Filling the full 1818 pounds matters more than always grabbing the best per-pound rock; try two 55-pound and two 44-pound rocks

解答:

三种石头每磅分别价值 $2.802.80、$2.752.75 和 $22。对每一种可能的 55 磅石头数量,尽量装入 44 磅石头,再用 11 磅石头填满剩余容量。取 0,1,20,1,23355 磅石头时,最大价值分别为 $4848、$4949、$5050 和 $4848

因此,两块 55 磅石头和两块 44 磅石头恰好用满 1818 磅,最大价值是 $5050。所以正确答案是 C

The rocks are worth $2.80,2.80, $2.75,2.75, and $22 per pound, respectively. For each possible number of 55-pound rocks, use as many 44-pound rocks as fit and fill any leftover capacity with 11-pound rocks. Taking 0,1,2,0,1,2, or 33 of the 55-pound rocks gives maximum values $48,48, $49,49, $50,50, and $48,48, respectively.

Thus two 55-pound and two 44-pound rocks use all 1818 pounds, and the maximum value is $50.50. Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

一名学生要在一天 66 节课中安排 33 门数学课:代数、几何和数论。如果任意两门数学课不能安排在连续课时中,有多少种安排方法?(其他 33 节课上什么不需要考虑。)

How many ways can a student schedule 33 mathematics courses—algebra, geometry, and number theory—in a 66-period day if no two mathematics courses can be taken in consecutive periods? (What courses the student takes during the other 33 periods is of no concern here.)

33

66

1212

1818

2424

答案:E
难度评级:1130
小提示:

先数出从 66 个课时中选 33 个且没有相邻课时的集合数

First count the sets of 33 periods out of 66 with no two chosen periods adjacent

大提示:

这样的集合有 44 个,而三门不同课程可以用 3!3! 种方式分配进去

There are 44 such sets, and the three distinct courses can be assigned in 3!3! ways

解答:

三个不相邻课时的选择为 {1,3,5}\{1,3,5\}{1,3,6}\{1,3,6\}{1,4,6}\{1,4,6\},和 {2,4,6}\{2,4,6\},共 44 种。三门不同课程可以按任意顺序放进这样的课时集合中,有 3!=63! = 6 种顺序,因此共有 46=244 \cdot 6 = 24 种安排。

所以正确答案是 E

The choices of three non-consecutive periods are {1,3,5},\{1,3,5\}, {1,3,6},\{1,3,6\}, {1,4,6},\{1,4,6\}, and {2,4,6},\{2,4,6\}, a total of 4.4. The three distinct courses can be placed into any such set in 3!=63! = 6 orders, giving 46=244 \cdot 6 = 24 schedules.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

4.

Alice、Bob 和 Charlie 在徒步时想知道最近的城镇有多远。Alice 说:“我们离城镇至少 66 英里。”Bob 回答:“我们至多离城镇 55 英里。”Charlie 接着说:“其实最近的城镇至多在 44 英里外。”结果三个人的话都不正确。设 dd 为到最近城镇的距离,单位为英里。下列哪个区间是 dd 的所有可能取值的集合?

Alice, Bob, and Charlie were on a hike and were wondering how far away the nearest town was. When Alice said, “We are at least 66 miles away,” Bob replied, “We are at most 55 miles away.” Charlie then remarked, “Actually the nearest town is at most 44 miles away.” It turned out that none of the three statements was true. Let dd be the distance in miles to the nearest town. Which of the following intervals is the set of all possible values of d?d?

(0,4)(0, 4)

(4,5)(4, 5)

(4,6)(4, 6)

(5,6)(5, 6)

(5,)(5, \infty)

答案:D
难度评级:1200
小提示:

每句话都是假的,所以把每句话都换成它的否定

Each statement is false, so replace each with its negation

大提示:

“至少 66” 为假表示 d<6d \lt 6;“至多 55” 为假表示 d>5d \gt 5;“至多 44” 为假表示 d>4d \gt 4

“At least 66” false means d<6;d \lt 6; “at most 55” false means d>5;d \gt 5; “at most 44” false means d>4d \gt 4

解答:

否定这三句假话,得到 d<6d \lt 6d>5d \gt 5,和 d>4d \gt 4。这些条件的交集是 5<d<65 \lt d \lt 6,也就是区间 (5,6)(5, 6)

所以正确答案是 D

Negating the three false statements gives d<6,d \lt 6, d>5,d \gt 5, and d>4.d \gt 4. The intersection of these conditions is 5<d<6,5 \lt d \lt 6, that is, the interval (5,6).(5, 6).

Thus, the correct answer is D.

5.

若多项式 x23x+2x^2 - 3x + 2x25x+kx^2 - 5x + k 有一个公共根,kk 的所有可能值之和是多少?

What is the sum of all possible values of kk for which the polynomials x23x+2x^2 - 3x + 2 and x25x+kx^2 - 5x + k have a root in common?

33

44

55

66

1010

答案:E
难度评级:1270
小提示:

分解 x23x+2x^2 - 3x + 2,找出它的两个根

Factor x23x+2x^2 - 3x + 2 to find its two roots

大提示:

公共根必须是 1122;把它们分别代入 x25x+kx^2 - 5x + k 并解出 kk

A common root must be 11 or 2;2; substitute each into x25x+kx^2 - 5x + k and solve for kk

解答:

因为 x23x+2=(x1)(x2)x^2 - 3x + 2 = (x-1)(x-2),它的根是 1122。如果 11 是公共根,则 15+k=01 - 5 + k = 0,所以 k=4k = 4。如果 22 是公共根,则 410+k=04 - 10 + k = 0,所以 k=6k = 6。可能值之和为 4+6=104 + 6 = 10

所以正确答案是 E

Since x23x+2=(x1)(x2),x^2 - 3x + 2 = (x-1)(x-2), its roots are 11 and 2.2. If 11 is a shared root then 15+k=0,1 - 5 + k = 0, so k=4.k = 4. If 22 is a shared root then 410+k=0,4 - 10 + k = 0, so k=6.k = 6. The sum of possible values is 4+6=10.4 + 6 = 10.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

6.

正整数 mmnn 满足 m+10<n+1m + 10 \lt n + 1,并且集合 {m,m+4,m+10\{m, m + 4, m + 10n+1n + 1n+2n + 22n}2n\} 的平均数和中位数都等于 nnm+nm + n 是多少?

For positive integers mm and nn such that m+10<n+1,m + 10 \lt n + 1, both the mean and the median of the set {m,m+4,m+10,\{m, m + 4, m + 10, n+1,n + 1, n+2,n + 2, 2n}2n\} are equal to n.n. What is m+n?m + n?

2020

2121

2222

2323

2424

答案:B
难度评级:1350
小提示:

条件 m+10<n+1m + 10 \lt n + 1 迫使这六个数已经按递增顺序列出

The condition m+10<n+1m + 10 \lt n + 1 forces the six values to be listed in increasing order

大提示:

令中位数 (m+10)+(n+1)2=n\frac{(m+10)+(n+1)}{2} = n,再令平均数等于 nn,然后解这两个方程

Set the median (m+10)+(n+1)2=n\frac{(m+10)+(n+1)}{2} = n and set the mean equal to n,n, then solve the two equations

解答:

因为 m+10<n+1m + 10 \lt n + 1,这六个数已经按递增顺序排列,所以中位数是中间两个数的平均:(m+10)+(n+1)2=n\frac{(m+10)+(n+1)}{2} = n,得到 m=n11m = n - 11。平均数条件为 (n11)+(n7)+(n1)+(n+1)+(n+2)+2n6=n \tiny \frac{(n-11)+(n-7)+(n-1)+(n+1)+(n+2)+2n}{6} = n\text{,} 因此 7n16=6n7n - 16 = 6n,得 n=16n = 16。于是 m=5m = 5,所以 m+n=21m + n = 21

所以正确答案是 B

Because m+10<n+1,m + 10 \lt n + 1, the six numbers are already increasing, so the median is the average of the middle two: (m+10)+(n+1)2=n,\frac{(m+10)+(n+1)}{2} = n, giving m=n11.m = n - 11. The mean condition is (n11)+(n7)+(n1)+(n+1)+(n+2)+2n6=n, \tiny \frac{(n-11)+(n-7)+(n-1)+(n+1)+(n+2)+2n}{6} = n, so 7n16=6n7n - 16 = 6n and n=16.n = 16. Then m=5,m = 5, and m+n=21.m + n = 21.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

对多少个整数 nn(不一定为正), 4000(25)n 4000 \cdot \left(\tfrac{2}{5}\right)^n 的值是整数?

For how many (not necessarily positive) integer values of nn is the value of 4000(25)n 4000 \cdot \left(\tfrac{2}{5}\right)^n an integer?

33

44

66

88

99

答案:E
难度评级:1380
小提示:

写成 4000=25534000 = 2^5 \cdot 5^3,所以表达式为 25+n53n2^{5+n} \cdot 5^{3-n}

Write 4000=2553,4000 = 2^5 \cdot 5^3, so the expression is 25+n53n2^{5+n} \cdot 5^{3-n}

大提示:

它恰好在两个指数 5+n5 + n3n3 - n 都非负时是整数

This is an integer exactly when both exponents 5+n5 + n and 3n3 - n are nonnegative

解答:

因为 4000=25534000 = 2^5 \cdot 5^3,原式等于 25+n53n2^{5+n} \cdot 5^{3-n}。它是整数当且仅当 5+n05 + n \ge 03n03 - n \ge 0,也就是 5n3-5 \le n \le 3。这样的整数有 3(5)+1=93 - (-5) + 1 = 9 个。

所以正确答案是 E

Since 4000=2553,4000 = 2^5 \cdot 5^3, the expression equals 25+n53n.2^{5+n} \cdot 5^{3-n}. This is an integer exactly when both 5+n05 + n \ge 0 and 3n0,3 - n \ge 0, that is, 5n3.-5 \le n \le 3. There are 3(5)+1=93 - (-5) + 1 = 9 such integers.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

8.

下图中所有三角形都与等腰三角形 ABCABC 相似,其中 AB=ACAB = AC。这 77 个最小三角形中的每一个面积都是 11,且 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积是 4040。梯形 DBCEDBCE 的面积是多少?

All of the triangles in the diagram below are similar to isosceles triangle ABC,ABC, in which AB=AC.AB = AC. Each of the 77 smallest triangles has area 1,1, and ABC\triangle ABC has area 40.40. What is the area of trapezoid DBCE?DBCE?

1616

1818

2020

2222

2424

答案:E
难度评级:1440
小提示:

三角形 ADEADE 的底边 DEDE 跨过 44 个小三角形的底边

The base DEDE of triangle ADEADE spans 44 small-triangle bases

大提示:

面积按长度的平方缩放,所以 [ADE]=421[ADE] = 4^2 \cdot 1;再从 [ABC]=40[ABC] = 40 中减去它

Area scales as the square of length, so [ADE]=421;[ADE] = 4^2 \cdot 1; subtract this from [ABC]=40[ABC] = 40

解答:

底边 DEDE 所属的 ADE\triangle ADE 与最小三角形相似,且底边是其 44 倍,所以根据相似图形面积的平方缩放,[ADE]=421=16[ADE] = 4^2 \cdot 1 = 16。梯形 DBCEDBCEABC\triangle ABC 中剩下的部分,所以它的面积是 4016=2440 - 16 = 24

所以正确答案是 E

The base DEDE of ADE\triangle ADE is 44 times the base of a smallest triangle, so by the square scaling of similar areas, [ADE]=421=16.[ADE] = 4^2 \cdot 1 = 16. The trapezoid DBCEDBCE is what remains of ABC,\triangle ABC, so its area is 4016=24.40 - 16 = 24.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

9.

下列哪一项描述了闭区间 [0,π][0, \pi] 内满足下面条件的 yy 的最大取值集合: sin(x+y)sin(x)+sin(y) \sin(x + y) \le \sin(x) + \sin(y) 对每个介于 00π\pi 之间(含端点)的 xx 都成立?

Which of the following describes the largest subset of values of yy within the closed interval [0,π][0, \pi] for which sin(x+y)sin(x)+sin(y) \sin(x + y) \le \sin(x) + \sin(y) for every xx between 00 and π,\pi, inclusive?

y=0y = 0

0yπ40 \le y \le \tfrac{\pi}{4}

0yπ20 \le y \le \tfrac{\pi}{2}

0y3π40 \le y \le \tfrac{3\pi}{4}

0yπ0 \le y \le \pi

答案:E
难度评级:1500
小提示:

展开 sin(x+y)\sin(x+y) =sinxcosy+cosxsiny= \sin x \cos y + \cos x \sin y

Expand sin(x+y)\sin(x+y) =sinxcosy+cosxsiny= \sin x \cos y + \cos x \sin y

大提示:

对于 x,y[0,π]x, y \in [0, \pi]sinx,siny0\sin x, \sin y \ge 0cosx,cosy1\cos x, \cos y \le 1;逐项比较

For x,y[0,π]x, y \in [0, \pi] both sinx,siny0\sin x, \sin y \ge 0 and cosx,cosy1;\cos x, \cos y \le 1; compare term by term

解答:

对于 0xπ0 \le x \le \pi0yπ0 \le y \le \pi,有 sinx0\sin x \ge 0siny0\sin y \ge 0cosx1\cos x \le 1cosy1\cos y \le 1。因此 sin(x+y)=sinxcosy+cosxsinysinx+siny \begin{aligned} \sin(x+y) &= \sin x \cos y \\ &\quad {}+ \cos x \sin y \\ &\le \sin x + \sin y\text{。} \end{aligned} 所以这个不等式对每个满足 0yπ0 \le y \le \piyy 都成立。

所以正确答案是 E

For 0xπ0 \le x \le \pi and 0yπ0 \le y \le \pi we have sinx0,\sin x \ge 0, siny0,\sin y \ge 0, cosx1,\cos x \le 1, and cosy1.\cos y \le 1. Hence sin(x+y)=sinxcosy+cosxsinysinx+siny. \begin{aligned} \sin(x+y) &= \sin x \cos y \\ &\quad {}+ \cos x \sin y \\ &\le \sin x + \sin y. \end{aligned} The inequality therefore holds for every yy with 0yπ.0 \le y \le \pi.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

10.

有多少个实数有序对 (x,y)(x, y) 满足下面的方程组?

x+3y=3 x + 3y = 3 xy=1 \big|\,|x| - |y|\,\big| = 1

How many ordered pairs of real numbers (x,y)(x, y) satisfy the following system of equations?

x+3y=3 x + 3y = 3 xy=1 \big|\,|x| - |y|\,\big| = 1

11

22

33

44

88

答案:C
难度评级:1560
小提示:

方程 xy=1\big|\,|x| - |y|\,\big| = 1 表示 xy=±1|x| - |y| = \pm 1,可展开为 x=±y±1x = \pm y \pm 1

The equation xy=1\big|\,|x| - |y|\,\big| = 1 means xy=±1,|x| - |y| = \pm 1, which unfolds into x=±y±1x = \pm y \pm 1

大提示:

分别将 x+3y=3x + 3y = 3x=y+1x = y + 1x=y1x = y - 1x=y+1x = -y + 1x=y1x = -y - 1,联立求解,再去掉重复解

Solve x+3y=3x + 3y = 3 together with each of x=y+1,x = y + 1, x=y1,x = y - 1, x=y+1,x = -y + 1, x=y1,x = -y - 1, then discard repeats

解答:

第二个方程给出 xy=±1|x| - |y| = \pm 1,等价于 x=±y±1x = \pm y \pm 1。代入 x+3y=3x + 3y = 3

x=y+1x = y + 1(x,y)=(32,12)(x, y) = \left(\tfrac32, \tfrac12\right)。若 x=y1x = y - 1(x,y)=(0,1)(x, y) = (0, 1)。若 x=y+1x = -y + 1,又得到 (x,y)=(0,1)(x, y) = (0, 1)。若 x=y1x = -y - 1(x,y)=(3,2)(x, y) = (-3, 2)

不同的解是 (3,2)(-3, 2)(0,1)(0, 1),和 (32,12)\left(\tfrac32, \tfrac12\right),它们都满足原方程,所以共有 33 个。

所以正确答案是 C

The second equation gives xy=±1,|x| - |y| = \pm 1, equivalently x=±y±1.x = \pm y \pm 1. Substituting into x+3y=3:x + 3y = 3:

If x=y+1,x = y + 1, then (x,y)=(32,12).(x, y) = \left(\tfrac32, \tfrac12\right). If x=y1,x = y - 1, then (x,y)=(0,1).(x, y) = (0, 1). If x=y+1,x = -y + 1, then again (x,y)=(0,1).(x, y) = (0, 1). If x=y1,x = -y - 1, then (x,y)=(3,2).(x, y) = (-3, 2).

The distinct solutions are (3,2),(-3, 2), (0,1),(0, 1), and (32,12),\left(\tfrac32, \tfrac12\right), all of which check, so there are 3.3.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

11.

如图,一张边长分别为 3344,和 55 英寸的纸三角形被折叠,使点 AA 落到点 BB。折痕的长度是多少英寸?

A paper triangle with sides of lengths 3,3, 4,4, and 55 inches, as shown, is folded so that point AA falls on point B.B. What is the length in inches of the crease?

1+1221 + \tfrac12 \sqrt{2}

3\sqrt{3}

74\tfrac{7}{4}

158\tfrac{15}{8}

22

答案:D
难度评级:1570
小提示:

AA 折到 BB 时,折痕在 ABAB 的垂直平分线上;因为 AC>BCAC \gt BC,它与 ACAC 相交。

Folding AA onto BB creases along the perpendicular bisector of AB;AB; since AC>BCAC \gt BC it meets ACAC

大提示:

DDABAB 的中点,EEACAC 上,则三角形 ADEADE \sim 三角形 ACBACB,所以 DE=ADCBACDE = AD \cdot \tfrac{CB}{AC}

With DD the midpoint of ABAB and EE on AC,AC, triangle ADEADE \sim triangle ACB,ACB, so DE=ADCBACDE = AD \cdot \tfrac{CB}{AC}

解答:

折痕位于 ABAB 的垂直平分线上,并且由于 AC>BCAC \gt BC,它在 EE 处与 ACAC 相交。设 DDABAB 的中点,则 AD=52AD = \tfrac52,且 ADE\triangle ADEDD 处为直角。因为 ADEACB\triangle ADE \sim \triangle ACB,有 DEAD=CBAC=34\tfrac{DE}{AD} = \tfrac{CB}{AC} = \tfrac34,所以 DE=5234=158 DE = \frac52 \cdot \frac34 = \frac{15}{8}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

The crease lies along the perpendicular bisector of AB,AB, meeting ACAC at EE because AC>BC.AC \gt BC. Let DD be the midpoint of AB,AB, so AD=52AD = \tfrac52 and ADE\triangle ADE is right-angled at D.D. Since ADEACB,\triangle ADE \sim \triangle ACB, we have DEAD=CBAC=34,\tfrac{DE}{AD} = \tfrac{CB}{AC} = \tfrac34, so DE=5234=158. DE = \frac52 \cdot \frac34 = \frac{15}{8}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

12.

SS 是从 {1,2,,12}\{1, 2, \ldots, 12\} 中选出的 66 个整数的集合,且满足:若 aabbSS 的元素且 a<ba \lt b,则 bb 不是 aa 的倍数。SS 中元素的最小可能值是多少?

Let SS be a set of 66 integers taken from {1,2,,12}\{1, 2, \ldots, 12\} with the property that if aa and bb are elements of SS with a<b,a \lt b, then bb is not a multiple of a.a. What is the least possible value of an element of S?S?

22

33

44

55

77

答案:C
难度评级:1630
小提示:

{1,,12}\{1, \ldots, 12\} 分成若干链,每条链中前一个数整除后一个数:{1,2,4,8}\{1,2,4,8\}{3,6,12}\{3,6,12\}{5,10}\{5,10\}{7}\{7\}{9}\{9\}{11}\{11\}

Group {1,,12}\{1, \ldots, 12\} into chains where each number divides the next: {1,2,4,8},\{1,2,4,8\}, {3,6,12},\{3,6,12\}, {5,10},\{5,10\}, {7},\{7\}, {9},\{9\}, {11}\{11\}

大提示:

每条链至多取一个元素;共有 66 条链,SS 必须每条链正好取一个元素,迫使 7,9,11S7, 9, 11 \in S

At most one element comes from each chain; with 66 chains, SS must use exactly one from each, forcing 7,9,11S7, 9, 11 \in S

解答:

{1,,12}\{1, \ldots, 12\} 分成六条整除链 {1,2,4,8}\{1,2,4,8\}{3,6,12}\{3,6,12\}{5,10}\{5,10\}{7}\{7\}{9}\{9\}{11}\{11\}。因为 SS 中不能有一个元素整除另一个元素,所以每条链至多贡献一个元素;需要 66 个元素就迫使每条链正好取一个,因此 7,9,11S7, 9, 11 \in S

因为 9S9 \in S,所以 3S3 \notin S,第二条链贡献 661212,于是第一条链中既不能选 11 也不能选 22(它们会整除 661212)。从第一条链取 44 可以做到:S={4,5,6,7,9,11}S = \{4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11\} 满足条件。因此最小可能元素是 44

所以正确答案是 C

Partition {1,,12}\{1, \ldots, 12\} into the six divisibility chains {1,2,4,8},\{1,2,4,8\}, {3,6,12},\{3,6,12\}, {5,10},\{5,10\}, {7},\{7\}, {9},\{9\}, {11}.\{11\}. Since no element of SS may divide another, at most one comes from each chain; needing 66 elements forces exactly one from each, so 7,9,11S.7, 9, 11 \in S.

Because 9S,9 \in S, 3S,3 \notin S, so the second chain contributes 66 or 12,12, and then neither 11 nor 22 can be chosen from the first chain (they divide 66 and 1212). Taking 44 from the first chain works: S={4,5,6,7,9,11}S = \{4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11\} has the property. Hence the least possible element is 4.4.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

13.

有多少个非负整数可以写成下面的形式:

a737+a636+a535+a434+a333+a232+a131+a030 \begin{aligned} &a_7 \cdot 3^7 + a_6 \cdot 3^6 + a_5 \cdot 3^5 \\ &\quad {}+ a_4 \cdot 3^4 + a_3 \cdot 3^3 + a_2 \cdot 3^2 \\ &\quad {}+ a_1 \cdot 3^1 + a_0 \cdot 3^0 \end{aligned}\text{,}

其中对 0i70 \le i \le 7ai{1,0,1}a_i \in \{-1, 0, 1\}

How many nonnegative integers can be written in the form

a737+a636+a535+a434+a333+a232+a131+a030, \begin{aligned} &a_7 \cdot 3^7 + a_6 \cdot 3^6 + a_5 \cdot 3^5 \\ &\quad {}+ a_4 \cdot 3^4 + a_3 \cdot 3^3 + a_2 \cdot 3^2 \\ &\quad {}+ a_1 \cdot 3^1 + a_0 \cdot 3^0, \end{aligned}

where ai{1,0,1}a_i \in \{-1, 0, 1\} for 0i7?0 \le i \le 7?

512512

729729

10941094

32813281

59,04859{,}048

答案:D
难度评级:1660
小提示:

把每个 aia_i{1,0,1}\{-1, 0, 1\} 平移到 {0,1,2}\{0, 1, 2\},就得到普通的 33 进制数码

Shifting each aia_i from {1,0,1}\{-1, 0, 1\} to {0,1,2}\{0, 1, 2\} makes an ordinary base-33 numeral

大提示:

383^8 个可表示整数关于 00 对称;把 00 和其余数值的一半一起计数。

The 383^8 representable integers are symmetric about 0;0; count 00 together with half of the remaining values

解答:

给每个 aia_i 都加 11,可在这些表达式与从 003813^8 - 133 进制数之间建立双射,所以恰有 38=65613^8 = 6561 个不同整数出现。它们关于 00 对称(把所有 aia_i 取相反数会使数值取相反数),所以除了 00 本身外,一半为正。非负整数的个数为 1+12(65611)=3281 1 + \tfrac12(6561 - 1) = 3281 即从 0032803280 的所有整数。

所以正确答案是 D

Adding 11 to every aia_i gives a bijection between these expressions and the base-33 numerals for 00 through 381,3^8 - 1, so exactly 38=65613^8 = 6561 distinct integers occur. They are symmetric about 00 (negating all aia_i negates the value), so besides 00 itself, half are positive: 1+12(65611)=3281 1 + \tfrac12(6561 - 1) = 3281 nonnegative integers, namely 00 through 3280.3280.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

方程 log3x4=log2x8\log_{3x} 4 = \log_{2x} 8 的解中,xx 是正实数且不等于 13\tfrac1312\tfrac12,该解可写成 pq\tfrac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。p+qp + q 是多少?

The solution to the equation log3x4=log2x8,\log_{3x} 4 = \log_{2x} 8, where xx is a positive real number other than 13\tfrac13 or 12,\tfrac12, can be written as pq,\tfrac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. What is p+q?p + q?

55

1313

1717

3131

3535

答案:D
知识点:对数
难度评级:1730
小提示:

用共同底数改写两边:log3x4=log4log3x\log_{3x} 4 = \tfrac{\log 4}{\log 3x}log2x8\log_{2x} 8 同理

Rewrite both sides with a common base: log3x4=log4log3x,\log_{3x} 4 = \tfrac{\log 4}{\log 3x}, and similarly for log2x8\log_{2x} 8

大提示:

交叉相乘后方程化为 (2x)2=(3x)3(2x)^2 = (3x)^3;解出 xx 并写成既约分数

Cross-multiplying reduces the equation to (2x)2=(3x)3;(2x)^2 = (3x)^3; solve for xx as a reduced fraction

解答:

把两个对数都写成以 22 为底:2log23x=3log22x\tfrac{2}{\log_2 3x} = \tfrac{3}{\log_2 2x},所以 2log22x=3log23x2 \log_2 2x = 3 \log_2 3x,即 (2x)2=(3x)3(2x)^2 = (3x)^3。于是 4x2=27x34x^2 = 27x^3,得 x=427x = \tfrac{4}{27}。因为 gcd(4,27)=1\gcd(4, 27) = 1,所以 p+q=4+27=31p + q = 4 + 27 = 31

所以正确答案是 D

Writing both logarithms in base 2:2: 2log23x=3log22x,\tfrac{2}{\log_2 3x} = \tfrac{3}{\log_2 2x}, so 2log22x=3log23x,2 \log_2 2x = 3 \log_2 3x, i.e. (2x)2=(3x)3.(2x)^2 = (3x)^3. Then 4x2=27x3,4x^2 = 27x^3, giving x=427.x = \tfrac{4}{27}. Since gcd(4,27)=1,\gcd(4, 27) = 1, we get p+q=4+27=31.p + q = 4 + 27 = 31.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

一个扫描码由 7×77 \times 7 的方格组成,其中一些小方格涂成黑色,其余涂成白色。在这个 4949 个小方格的网格中,必须至少有一个小方格为每种颜色。如果把整个正方形绕中心逆时针旋转 9090^\circ 的倍数,或沿连接相对顶点的直线、连接相对边中点的直线反射后,外观都不改变,则称这个扫描码是 对称 的。可能的对称扫描码总数是多少?

A scanning code consists of a 7×77 \times 7 grid of squares, with some of its squares colored black and the rest colored white. There must be at least one square of each color in this grid of 4949 squares. A scanning code is called symmetric if its look does not change when the entire square is rotated by a multiple of 9090^\circ counterclockwise around its center, nor when it is reflected across a line joining opposite corners or a line joining midpoints of opposite sides. What is the total number of possible symmetric scanning codes?

510510

10221022

81908190

81928192

65,53465{,}534

答案:B
难度评级:1800
小提示:

所要求的对称性迫使同一旋转-反射轨道中的每个小方格颜色相同

The required symmetries force every square in one rotation-reflection orbit to share a color

大提示:

1010 个独立轨道,每个都可自由选黑或白;排除全黑和全白的扫描码

There are 1010 independent orbits, each freely black or white; exclude the all-black and all-white codes

解答:

在正方形的对称群作用下,4949 个方格分成若干轨道,同一轨道中的每个方格必须颜色相同。以中心为原点,给方格坐标 (i,j)(i,j),其中 3i,j3-3\le i,j\le3。旋转和翻折可以改变坐标符号并交换两个坐标,所以每个轨道都有唯一代表满足 0ij30\le i\le j\le3。这样的数对共有 1+2+3+4=101+2+3+4=10 个。每个轨道可选黑色或白色,得到 2102^{10} 种着色,但要排除全黑和全白的网格。因此共有 2102=10222^{10} - 2 = 1022 个对称扫描码。

因此,正确答案是 B

Under the symmetry group of the square, the 4949 cells break into orbits, and every cell in an orbit must have the same color. Give a cell coordinates (i,j)(i,j) relative to the center, where 3i,j3.-3\le i,j\le3. Rotations and reflections can change signs and interchange the coordinates, so each orbit has one representative with 0ij3.0\le i\le j\le3. There are 1+2+3+4=101+2+3+4=10 such pairs. Each orbit is black or white, giving 2102^{10} colorings, but the all-black and all-white grids are excluded. So there are 2102=10222^{10} - 2 = 1022 symmetric scanning codes.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

16.

下列哪一项描述了实 xyxy-平面中曲线 x2+y2=a2x^2 + y^2 = a^2y=x2ay = x^2 - a 恰好有 33 个交点时 aa 的取值集合?

Which of the following describes the set of values of aa for which the curves x2+y2=a2x^2 + y^2 = a^2 and y=x2ay = x^2 - a in the real xyxy-plane intersect at exactly 33 points?

a=14a = \tfrac14

14<a<12\tfrac14 \lt a \lt \tfrac12

a>14a \gt \tfrac14

a=12a = \tfrac12

a>12a \gt \tfrac12

答案:E
难度评级:1840
小提示:

y=x2ay = x^2 - ax2=y+ax^2 = y + a 代入圆的方程,得到关于 yy 的二次方程

From y=x2ay = x^2 - a substitute x2=y+ax^2 = y + a into the circle equation to get a quadratic in yy

大提示:

一个交点是 x=0x = 0 处的顶点相切;还要两个交点,则需要 x2=2a1x^2 = 2a - 1 有非零实数解。

One intersection is the vertex tangency at x=0;x = 0; two more require x2=2a1x^2 = 2a - 1 to have real nonzero solutions

解答:

x2=y+ax^2 = y + a 代入 x2+y2=a2x^2 + y^2 = a^2,得 y2+y+(aa2)=0y^2 + y + (a - a^2) = 0,可分解为 (y+1a)(y+a)=0(y + 1 - a)(y + a) = 0,所以 y=a1y = a - 1y=ay = -a。它们分别对应 x2=2a1x^2 = 2a - 1x2=0x^2 = 0

方程 x2=0x^2 = 0 总是给出单个点 (0,a)(0, -a),即抛物线的顶点。方程 x2=2a1x^2 = 2a - 1 恰好在 2a1>02a - 1 \gt 0,即 a>12a \gt \tfrac12 时给出另外两个点。因此恰好有 33 个交点当且仅当 a>12a \gt \tfrac12

所以正确答案是 E

Substituting x2=y+ax^2 = y + a into x2+y2=a2x^2 + y^2 = a^2 gives y2+y+(aa2)=0,y^2 + y + (a - a^2) = 0, which factors as (y+1a)(y+a)=0,(y + 1 - a)(y + a) = 0, so y=a1y = a - 1 or y=a.y = -a. These correspond to x2=2a1x^2 = 2a - 1 and x2=0.x^2 = 0.

The equation x2=0x^2 = 0 always gives the single point (0,a),(0, -a), the vertex of the parabola. The equation x2=2a1x^2 = 2a - 1 gives two more points exactly when 2a1>0,2a - 1 \gt 0, i.e. a>12.a \gt \tfrac12. So there are 33 intersection points precisely when a>12.a \gt \tfrac12.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

17.

Farmer Pythagoras 有一块直角三角形田地。这个直角三角形的两条直角边长分别为 3344 个单位。在两边相交的直角角落里,他留下一小块未种植的正方形 SS,使得从空中看像直角标记。田地其余部分都已种植。SS 到斜边的最短距离是 22 个单位。田地中已种植的部分占多少比例?

Farmer Pythagoras has a field in the shape of a right triangle. The right triangle’s legs have lengths of 33 and 44 units. In the corner where those sides meet at a right angle, he leaves a small unplanted square SS so that from the air it looks like the right angle symbol. The rest of the field is planted. The shortest distance from SS to the hypotenuse is 22 units. What fraction of the field is planted?

2527\tfrac{25}{27}

2627\tfrac{26}{27}

7375\tfrac{73}{75}

145147\tfrac{145}{147}

7475\tfrac{74}{75}

答案:D
难度评级:1910
小提示:

把直角放在原点,使斜边为直线 3x+4y=123x + 4y = 12

Put the right angle at the origin so the hypotenuse is the line 3x+4y=123x + 4y = 12

大提示:

正方形远角 (s,s)(s, s) 到该直线的距离为 22;解 3s+4s125=2\tfrac{|3s + 4s - 12|}{5} = 2 并保留有效根

The far corner (s,s)(s, s) of the square is distance 22 from that line; solve 3s+4s125=2\tfrac{|3s + 4s - 12|}{5} = 2 and keep the valid root

解答:

将直角放在原点,两条直角边沿坐标轴,则顶点为 (4,0)(4, 0)(0,3)(0, 3)(0,0)(0, 0),正方形 SS[0,s]×[0,s][0, s] \times [0, s]。斜边是 3x+4y12=03x + 4y - 12 = 0,它到正方形最近的角 (s,s)(s, s) 的距离满足 3s+4s1232+42=7s125=2 \frac{|3s + 4s - 12|}{\sqrt{3^2 + 4^2}} = \frac{|7s - 12|}{5} = 2\text{。} 这给出 s=227s = \tfrac{22}{7}s=27s = \tfrac27;只有 s=27s = \tfrac27 能使正方形留在三角形内部。

田地面积为 1234=6\tfrac12 \cdot 3 \cdot 4 = 6,未种植正方形面积为 (27)2=449\left(\tfrac27\right)^2 = \tfrac{4}{49}。 已种植比例为 14496=12147=145147 1 - \frac{\frac{4}{49}}{6} = 1 - \frac{2}{147} = \frac{145}{147}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Place the right angle at the origin with legs on the axes, so the vertices are (4,0),(4, 0), (0,3),(0, 3), (0,0),(0, 0), and the square SS is [0,s]×[0,s].[0, s] \times [0, s]. The hypotenuse is 3x+4y12=0,3x + 4y - 12 = 0, and the distance from its nearest corner (s,s)(s, s) is 3s+4s1232+42=7s125=2. \frac{|3s + 4s - 12|}{\sqrt{3^2 + 4^2}} = \frac{|7s - 12|}{5} = 2. This gives s=227s = \tfrac{22}{7} or s=27;s = \tfrac27; only s=27s = \tfrac27 keeps the square inside the triangle.

The field has area 1234=6\tfrac12 \cdot 3 \cdot 4 = 6 and the unplanted square has area (27)2=449.\left(\tfrac27\right)^2 = \tfrac{4}{49}. The planted fraction is 14496=12147=145147. 1 - \frac{\frac{4}{49}}{6} = 1 - \frac{2}{147} = \frac{145}{147}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=50AB = 50AC=10AC = 10,面积为 120120。设 DDAB\overline{AB} 的中点,EEAC\overline{AC} 的中点。BAC\angle BAC 的角平分线分别在 FFGG 处与 DE\overline{DE}BC\overline{BC} 相交。四边形 FDBGFDBG 的面积是多少?

Triangle ABCABC with AB=50AB = 50 and AC=10AC = 10 has area 120.120. Let DD be the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, and let EE be the midpoint of AC.\overline{AC}. The angle bisector of BAC\angle BAC intersects DE\overline{DE} and BC\overline{BC} at FF and G,G, respectively. What is the area of quadrilateral FDBG?FDBG?

6060

6565

7070

7575

8080

答案:D
难度评级:1990
小提示:

因为 D,ED, E 是中点,[ADE]=14[ABC][ADE] = \tfrac14 [ABC],所以梯形 EDBCEDBC 是剩下的 34\tfrac34

Since D,ED, E are midpoints, [ADE]=14[ABC],[ADE] = \tfrac14 [ABC], so trapezoid EDBCEDBC is the remaining 34\tfrac34

大提示:

由角平分线定理,角平分线按 AB:AC=5:1AB : AC = 5 : 1 的比例截 DEDEBCBC,使 FDBGFDBG 等于 EDBCEDBC56\tfrac56

By the Angle Bisector Theorem the bisector cuts DEDE and BCBC in ratio AB:AC=5:1,AB : AC = 5 : 1, making FDBGFDBG equal to 56\tfrac56 of EDBCEDBC

解答:

因为 DDEE 是中点,ADE\triangle ADE 的面积是 ABC\triangle ABC 面积的 14\tfrac143030,所以梯形 EDBCEDBC 的面积为 12030=90120 - 30 = 90

由角平分线定理,GGBCBC 分成 BG=ABAB+ACBC=56BCBG = \tfrac{AB}{AB + AC} \cdot BC = \tfrac56 BC,同样 FFDEDE 分成 DF=56DEDF = \tfrac56 DE。因为 FDBGFDBGEDBCEDBC 高相同,FDBGFDBG 的面积是 EDBCEDBC 面积的 56\tfrac56,即 5690=75\tfrac56 \cdot 90 = 75

所以正确答案是 D

Since DD and EE are midpoints, ADE\triangle ADE has 14\tfrac14 the area of ABC,\triangle ABC, namely 30,30, so trapezoid EDBCEDBC has area 12030=90.120 - 30 = 90.

By the Angle Bisector Theorem, GG divides BCBC with BG=ABAB+ACBC=56BC,BG = \tfrac{AB}{AB + AC} \cdot BC = \tfrac56 BC, and likewise FF divides DEDE so that DF=56DE.DF = \tfrac56 DE. Because FDBGFDBG and EDBCEDBC share the same height, the area of FDBGFDBG is 56\tfrac56 of the area of EDBC:EDBC: 5690=75.\tfrac56 \cdot 90 = 75.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

19.

AA 为质因数只有 223355 的正整数集合。所有 AA 中元素倒数的无穷和 11+12+13+14+15+16+18+19+110+112+115+116+118+120+ \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{1} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{9} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{10} + \frac{1}{12} + \frac{1}{15} + \frac{1}{16} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{18} + \frac{1}{20} + \cdots \end{aligned} 可表示为 mn\tfrac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。m+nm + n 是多少?

Let AA be the set of positive integers that have no prime factors other than 2,2, 3,3, or 5.5. The infinite sum 11+12+13+14+15+16+18+19+110+112+115+116+118+120+ \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{1} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{9} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{10} + \frac{1}{12} + \frac{1}{15} + \frac{1}{16} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{18} + \frac{1}{20} + \cdots \end{aligned} of the reciprocals of all the elements of AA can be expressed as mn,\tfrac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m + n?

1616

1717

1919

2323

3636

答案:C
难度评级:1930
小提示:

每个元素都是 2i3j5k2^i 3^j 5^k,所以这个和可分解为三个独立等比级数的乘积

Every element is 2i3j5k,2^i 3^j 5^k, so the sum factors as a product of three separate geometric series

大提示:

计算 111211131115\dfrac{1}{1 - \frac12} \cdot \dfrac{1}{1 - \frac13} \cdot \dfrac{1}{1 - \frac15} 并化简

Evaluate 111211131115\dfrac{1}{1 - \frac12} \cdot \dfrac{1}{1 - \frac13} \cdot \dfrac{1}{1 - \frac15} and reduce the result

解答:

AA 中每个元素都可唯一写成 2i3j5k2^i 3^j 5^k,其中 i,j,k0i, j, k \ge 0,所以所有倒数的和可分解为 (i012i)(j013j)(k015k)=111211131115 \begin{aligned} &\left(\sum_{i \ge 0} \tfrac{1}{2^i}\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\sum_{j \ge 0} \tfrac{1}{3^j}\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\sum_{k \ge 0} \tfrac{1}{5^k}\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{1 - \frac12} \cdot \frac{1}{1 - \frac13} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{1 - \frac15}\text{。} \end{aligned} 这等于 23254=1542 \cdot \tfrac32 \cdot \tfrac54 = \tfrac{15}{4}。因为 gcd(15,4)=1\gcd(15, 4) = 1,所以 m+n=15+4=19m + n = 15 + 4 = 19

所以正确答案是 C

Each element of AA is uniquely 2i3j5k2^i 3^j 5^k with i,j,k0,i, j, k \ge 0, so summing all reciprocals factors as (i012i)(j013j)(k015k)=111211131115. \begin{aligned} &\left(\sum_{i \ge 0} \tfrac{1}{2^i}\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\sum_{j \ge 0} \tfrac{1}{3^j}\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\sum_{k \ge 0} \tfrac{1}{5^k}\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{1 - \frac12} \cdot \frac{1}{1 - \frac13} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{1 - \frac15}. \end{aligned} This equals 23254=154.2 \cdot \tfrac32 \cdot \tfrac54 = \tfrac{15}{4}. With gcd(15,4)=1,\gcd(15, 4) = 1, m+n=15+4=19.m + n = 15 + 4 = 19.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

三角形 ABCABC 是等腰直角三角形,且 AB=AC=3AB = AC = 3。设 MM 为斜边 BC\overline{BC} 的中点。点 IIEE 分别在边 AC\overline{AC}AB\overline{AB} 上,使得 AI>AEAI \gt AE,并且 AIMEAIME 是圆内接四边形。已知三角形 EMIEMI 的面积为 22,则长度 CICI 可写成 abc\tfrac{a - \sqrt{b}}{c},其中 aabbcc 是正整数,且 bb 不被任何质数的平方整除。a+b+ca + b + c 的值是多少?

Triangle ABCABC is an isosceles right triangle with AB=AC=3.AB = AC = 3. Let MM be the midpoint of hypotenuse BC.\overline{BC}. Points II and EE lie on sides AC\overline{AC} and AB,\overline{AB}, respectively, so that AI>AEAI \gt AE and AIMEAIME is a cyclic quadrilateral. Given that triangle EMIEMI has area 2,2, the length CICI can be written as abc,\tfrac{a - \sqrt{b}}{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers and bb is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is the value of a+b+c?a + b + c?

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

答案:D
难度评级:2110
小提示:

因为 AIMEAIME 是圆内接四边形且 A=90\angle A = 90^\circ,对角 IME=90\angle IME = 90^\circ 也成立

Because AIMEAIME is cyclic and A=90,\angle A = 90^\circ, the opposite angle IME=90\angle IME = 90^\circ as well

大提示:

x=CIx = CIy=BEy = BE,对 IM,MEIM, ME 使用余弦定理(底角为 4545^\circ),再用面积 12IMME=2\tfrac12 IM \cdot ME = 2,和关系 x+y=3x + y = 3

With x=CI,x = CI, y=BE,y = BE, use the Law of Cosines for IM,MEIM, ME (base angles 4545^\circ), the area 12IMME=2,\tfrac12 IM \cdot ME = 2, and the relation x+y=3x + y = 3

解答:

因为 ABC\triangle ABC 是等腰直角三角形,CM=BM=322CM = BM = \tfrac32 \sqrt2,且 B,CB, C 处的底角为 4545^\circ。由于 AIMEAIME 是圆内接四边形且 AA 处是直角,角 IME=90\angle IME = 90^\circ。令 x=CIx = CIy=BEy = BE。在 MCI\triangle MCI 中由余弦定理, IM2=x2+922x322cos45=x23x+92 \begin{aligned} IM^2 &= x^2 + \tfrac92 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot x \cdot \tfrac32\sqrt2 \cdot \cos 45^\circ \\ &= x^2 - 3x + \tfrac92\text{,} \end{aligned} 同理,ME2=y23y+92ME^2 = y^2 - 3y + \tfrac92

对直角三角形 EMIEMIIAEIAE 使用勾股定理,得到 IM2+ME2IM^2 + ME^2 =(3x)2= (3-x)^2 +(3y)2+ (3-y)^2,化简为 x+y=3x + y = 3。面积条件 12IMME=2\tfrac12 IM \cdot ME = 2 表示 IM2ME2=16IM^2 \cdot ME^2 = 16。代入 y=3xy = 3 - x 后,ME2=x23x+92=IM2ME^2 = x^2 - 3x + \tfrac92 = IM^2,所以 (x23x+92)2=16\left(x^2 - 3x + \tfrac92\right)^2 = 16,因而 x23x+92=4x^2 - 3x + \tfrac92 = 4,即 x23x+12=0x^2 - 3x + \tfrac12 = 0

因为 AI>AEAI \gt AE 迫使 y>xy \gt x, 所以取较小根 x=372x = \tfrac{3 - \sqrt{7}}{2}。 于是 a+b+c=3+7+2=12a + b + c = 3 + 7 + 2 = 12

所以正确答案是 D

Since ABC\triangle ABC is an isosceles right triangle, CM=BM=322CM = BM = \tfrac32 \sqrt2 and the base angles at B,CB, C are 45.45^\circ. As AIMEAIME is cyclic with right angle at A,A, angle IME=90.\angle IME = 90^\circ. Let x=CIx = CI and y=BE.y = BE. By the Law of Cosines in MCI,\triangle MCI, IM2=x2+922x322cos45=x23x+92, \begin{aligned} IM^2 &= x^2 + \tfrac92 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot x \cdot \tfrac32\sqrt2 \cdot \cos 45^\circ \\ &= x^2 - 3x + \tfrac92, \end{aligned} and similarly ME2=y23y+92.ME^2 = y^2 - 3y + \tfrac92.

The Pythagorean Theorem in right triangles EMIEMI and IAEIAE gives IM2+ME2IM^2 + ME^2 =(3x)2= (3-x)^2 +(3y)2,+ (3-y)^2, which simplifies to x+y=3.x + y = 3. The area condition 12IMME=2\tfrac12 IM \cdot ME = 2 means IM2ME2=16.IM^2 \cdot ME^2 = 16. Substituting y=3xy = 3 - x makes ME2=x23x+92=IM2,ME^2 = x^2 - 3x + \tfrac92 = IM^2, so (x23x+92)2=16,\left(x^2 - 3x + \tfrac92\right)^2 = 16, hence x23x+92=4,x^2 - 3x + \tfrac92 = 4, i.e. x23x+12=0.x^2 - 3x + \tfrac12 = 0.

Since AI>AEAI \gt AE forces y>x,y \gt x, we take the smaller root x=372.x = \tfrac{3 - \sqrt{7}}{2}. Then a+b+c=3+7+2=12.a + b + c = 3 + 7 + 2 = 12.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

21.

下列哪个多项式有最大的实根?

Which of the following polynomials has the greatest real root?

x19+2018x11+1x^{19} + 2018x^{11} + 1

x17+2018x11+1x^{17} + 2018x^{11} + 1

x19+2018x13+1x^{19} + 2018x^{13} + 1

x17+2018x13+1x^{17} + 2018x^{13} + 1

2019x+20182019x + 2018

答案:B
难度评级:2210
小提示:

由笛卡尔符号法则,每个多项式恰有一个实根,且它位于 (1,0)(-1, 0)

By Descartes’ Rule of Signs each polynomial has exactly one real root, and it lies in (1,0)(-1, 0)

大提示:

(1,0)(-1, 0) 上,取值较大的多项式有较小的根;注意那里 x19>x17x^{19} \gt x^{17}x13>x11x^{13} \gt x^{11}

On (1,0)(-1, 0) a polynomial with larger values has a smaller root; note x19>x17x^{19} \gt x^{17} and x13>x11x^{13} \gt x^{11} there

解答:

选项 A-D 中每个多项式都没有正根,且恰有一个负根,位于 (1,0)(-1, 0)(在 00 处为正,在 1-1 处为负),并且在该区间递增。在区间 (1,0)(-1, 0) 上,x19>x17x^{19} \gt x^{17}x13>x11x^{13} \gt x^{11}。因此在这个区间的每一点上,A、C、D 的取值都大于 B,于是它们与 00 的交点都比 B 更靠左。所以在 A 到 D 中,B 的根最大。

一次的选项 E 的根为 e=20182019e=-\tfrac{2018}{2019}。因为 20182019>910\tfrac{2018}{2019}\gt\tfrac9{10},所以 e17+2018e11+1e^{17}+2018e^{11}+1 <2018(910)11+1\lt-2018\left(\tfrac9{10}\right)^{11}+1 <0\lt0。由于选项 B 的多项式单调递增,且在 ee 处取负值,它的根在 E 的根的右侧。因此 B 的实根最大。

所以正确答案是 B

Each polynomial in choices A–D has no positive root and exactly one negative root, which lies in (1,0)(-1, 0) (it is positive at 00 and negative at 1-1) and is increasing there. On the interval (1,0),(-1, 0), x19>x17x^{19} \gt x^{17} and x13>x11.x^{13} \gt x^{11}. Thus each of A, C, and D has a larger value than B at every point of this interval, so each crosses 00 to the left of B. Therefore B has the greatest root among A–D.

The linear choice E has root e=20182019.e=-\tfrac{2018}{2019}. Since 20182019>910,\tfrac{2018}{2019}\gt\tfrac9{10}, we have e17+2018e11+1e^{17}+2018e^{11}+1 <2018(910)11+1\lt-2018\left(\tfrac9{10}\right)^{11}+1 <0.\lt0. Because B is increasing and is negative at e,e, its root lies to the right of E’s. Hence B has the greatest real root.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

22.

方程 z2=4+415iz^2 = 4 + 4\sqrt{15}\,iz2=2+23iz^2 = 2 + 2\sqrt{3}\,i 的解(其中 i=1i = \sqrt{-1})在复平面中构成一个平行四边形的顶点。这个平行四边形的面积可写成 pqrsp\sqrt{q} - r\sqrt{s},其中 ppqqrrss 是正整数,且 qqss 都不被任何质数的平方整除。p+q+r+sp + q + r + s 是多少?

The solutions to the equations z2=4+415iz^2 = 4 + 4\sqrt{15}\,i and z2=2+23i,z^2 = 2 + 2\sqrt{3}\,i, where i=1,i = \sqrt{-1}, form the vertices of a parallelogram in the complex plane. The area of this parallelogram can be written in the form pqrs,p\sqrt{q} - r\sqrt{s}, where p,p, q,q, r,r, and ss are positive integers and neither qq nor ss is divisible by the square of any prime number. What is p+q+r+s?p + q + r + s?

2020

2121

2222

2323

2424

答案:A
知识点:复数鞋带公式
难度评级:2270
小提示:

z=a+biz = a + bi,通过比较实部和虚部解 z2=4+415iz^2 = 4 + 4\sqrt{15}\,i;另一个方程也同样处理

Solve z2=4+415iz^2 = 4 + 4\sqrt{15}\,i by writing z=a+biz = a + bi and matching real and imaginary parts; do the same for the other equation

大提示:

四个顶点是 ±z1\pm z_1±z2\pm z_2;对它们的坐标使用鞋带公式

The four vertices are ±z1\pm z_1 and ±z2;\pm z_2; apply the shoelace formula to their coordinates

解答:

z=a+biz = a + bi,由 (a+bi)2=4+415i(a + bi)^2 = 4 + 4\sqrt{15}\,ia2b2=4a^2 - b^2 = 42ab=4152ab = 4\sqrt{15}。因此 a44a260=0a^4 - 4a^2 - 60 = 0,即 (a210)(a2+6)=0(a^2 - 10)(a^2 + 6) = 0,得 a=±10a = \pm\sqrt{10}b=±6b = \pm\sqrt{6}。第一个方程给出的顶点为 ±(10+6i)\pm(\sqrt{10} + \sqrt{6}\,i)。对 z2=2+23iz^2 = 2 + 2\sqrt{3}\,i 用同样方法得到 ±(3+i)\pm(\sqrt{3} + i)

(10,6)(\sqrt{10}, \sqrt{6})(3,1)(\sqrt{3}, 1)(10,6)(-\sqrt{10}, -\sqrt{6})(3,1)(-\sqrt{3}, -1) 使用鞋带公式,面积为 622106\sqrt{2} - 2\sqrt{10}。因此 p+q+r+sp + q + r + s =6+2+2+10= 6 + 2 + 2 + 10 =20= 20

所以正确答案是 A

Writing z=a+biz = a + bi with (a+bi)2=4+415i(a + bi)^2 = 4 + 4\sqrt{15}\,i gives a2b2=4a^2 - b^2 = 4 and 2ab=415.2ab = 4\sqrt{15}. Then a44a260=0,a^4 - 4a^2 - 60 = 0, so (a210)(a2+6)=0,(a^2 - 10)(a^2 + 6) = 0, yielding a=±10,a = \pm\sqrt{10}, b=±6.b = \pm\sqrt{6}. The vertices from the first equation are ±(10+6i).\pm(\sqrt{10} + \sqrt{6}\,i). The same method on z2=2+23iz^2 = 2 + 2\sqrt{3}\,i gives ±(3+i).\pm(\sqrt{3} + i).

Applying the shoelace formula to (10,6),(\sqrt{10}, \sqrt{6}), (3,1),(\sqrt{3}, 1), (10,6),(-\sqrt{10}, -\sqrt{6}), (3,1)(-\sqrt{3}, -1) gives area 62210.6\sqrt{2} - 2\sqrt{10}. Thus p+q+r+sp + q + r + s =6+2+2+10= 6 + 2 + 2 + 10 =20.= 20.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

23.

PAT\triangle PAT 中,P=36\angle P = 36^\circA=56\angle A = 56^\circ,且 PA=10PA = 10。点 UUGG 分别在边 TP\overline{TP}TA\overline{TA} 上,使得 PU=AG=1PU = AG = 1。设 MMNN 分别为线段 PA\overline{PA}UG\overline{UG} 的中点。直线 MNMNPAPA 所成锐角的度数是多少?

In PAT,\triangle PAT, P=36,\angle P = 36^\circ, A=56,\angle A = 56^\circ, and PA=10.PA = 10. Points UU and GG lie on sides TP\overline{TP} and TA,\overline{TA}, respectively, so that PU=AG=1.PU = AG = 1. Let MM and NN be the midpoints of segments PA\overline{PA} and UG,\overline{UG}, respectively. What is the degree measure of the acute angle formed by lines MNMN and PA?PA?

7676

7777

7878

7979

8080

答案:E
难度评级:2370
小提示:

延长 PNPNQQ,使 PN=NQPN = NQ;则 UPGQUPGQ 是平行四边形,所以 GQPTGQ \parallel PTGQ=PU=AGGQ = PU = AG

Extend PNPN to QQ with PN=NQ;PN = NQ; then UPGQUPGQ is a parallelogram, so GQPTGQ \parallel PT and GQ=PU=AGGQ = PU = AG

大提示:

三角形 QGAQGA 是等腰三角形,且 MNMN 是三角形 QPAQPA 的中位线,所以 NMA=QAP\angle NMA = \angle QAP

Triangle QGAQGA is isosceles, and MNMN is a midline of triangle QPA,QPA, so NMA=QAP\angle NMA = \angle QAP

解答:

PNPN 经过 NN 延长到 QQ,使 PN=NQPN = NQ。 因为 NNUGUGPQPQ 的中点,四边形 UPGQUPGQ 是平行四边形,所以 GQPTGQ \parallel PTGQ=PU=1=AGGQ = PU = 1 = AG。 因此 QGA\angle QGA =180T= 180^\circ - \angle T =P+A= \angle P + \angle A =36+56=92= 36^\circ + 56^\circ = 92^\circ, 等腰三角形 QGAQGA 给出 QAG=12(18092)=44\angle QAG = \tfrac12(180^\circ - 92^\circ) = 44^\circ

因为 M,NM, N 是中点,MNMNQPA\triangle QPA 的中位线,所以 MNAQMN \parallel AQ,并且 NMP=QAP=QAG+GAP=44+56=100 \begin{aligned} \angle NMP &= \angle QAP \\ &= \angle QAG + \angle GAP \\ &= 44^\circ + 56^\circ = 100^\circ\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此直线 MNMNPAPA 所成锐角为 180100=80180^\circ - 100^\circ = 80^\circ

所以正确答案是 E

Extend PNPN through NN to QQ with PN=NQ.PN = NQ. Since NN is the midpoint of UGUG and of PQ,PQ, the quadrilateral UPGQUPGQ is a parallelogram, so GQPTGQ \parallel PT and GQ=PU=1=AG.GQ = PU = 1 = AG. Then QGA\angle QGA =180T= 180^\circ - \angle T =P+A= \angle P + \angle A =36+56=92,= 36^\circ + 56^\circ = 92^\circ, and the isosceles triangle QGAQGA gives QAG=12(18092)=44.\angle QAG = \tfrac12(180^\circ - 92^\circ) = 44^\circ.

Because M,NM, N are midpoints, MNMN is a midline of QPA,\triangle QPA, so MNAQMN \parallel AQ and NMP=QAP=QAG+GAP=44+56=100. \begin{aligned} \angle NMP &= \angle QAP \\ &= \angle QAG + \angle GAP \\ &= 44^\circ + 56^\circ = 100^\circ. \end{aligned} The acute angle between line MNMN and PAPA is therefore 180100=80.180^\circ - 100^\circ = 80^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

24.

Alice、Bob 和 Carol 玩一个游戏,每人选择一个介于 0011 之间的实数。游戏获胜者是其数字位于另外两名玩家所选数字之间的人。Alice 宣布她会在 0011 之间的所有数中均匀随机选择一个数,Bob 宣布他会在 12\tfrac1223\tfrac23 之间的所有数中均匀随机选择一个数。在知道这些信息后,Carol 应该选择什么数来最大化她获胜的概率?

Alice, Bob, and Carol play a game in which each of them chooses a real number between 00 and 1.1. The winner of the game is the one whose number is between the numbers chosen by the other two players. Alice announces that she will choose her number uniformly at random from all the numbers between 00 and 1,1, and Bob announces that he will choose his number uniformly at random from all the numbers between 12\tfrac12 and 23.\tfrac23. Armed with this information, what number should Carol choose to maximize her chance of winning?

12\tfrac12

1324\tfrac{13}{24}

712\tfrac{7}{12}

58\tfrac58

23\tfrac23

答案:B
难度评级:2520
小提示:

按 Carol 的数 cc 相对于 12\tfrac1223\tfrac23 的位置分类;当 12<c<23\tfrac12 \lt c \lt \tfrac23 时她有两种获胜方式

Split into cases by where Carol’s number cc sits relative to 12\tfrac12 and 23;\tfrac23; for 12<c<23\tfrac12 \lt c \lt \tfrac23 she can win in two ways

大提示:

在中间区间内,她的获胜概率是 12c2+13c3-12c^2 + 13c - 3;在顶点 c=b2ac = \tfrac{-b}{2a} 处最大化这个开口向下的二次式

In that middle range her win probability is 12c2+13c3;-12c^2 + 13c - 3; maximize this downward quadratic at its vertex c=b2ac = \tfrac{-b}{2a}

解答:

c12c \le \tfrac12,Carol 一定小于 Bob,所以她只有在 Alice 小于 cc 时获胜,概率为 c12c \le \tfrac12。若 c23c \ge \tfrac23,她获胜的概率为 1c131 - c \le \tfrac13。这两种情况都不超过 12\tfrac12

对于 12<c<23\tfrac12 \lt c \lt \tfrac23,Bob 的数大于 cc 的概率是 23c2312=46c\frac{\frac{2}{3} - c}{\frac{2}{3} - \frac{1}{2}} = 4 - 6c,所以 Carol 大于 Alice 且小于 Bob 的概率是 c(46c)c(4 - 6c);反向排序的概率是 (1c)(6c3)(1 - c)(6c - 3)。相加得c(46c)+(1c)(6c3)=12c2+13c3 \begin{aligned} &c(4 - 6c) + (1 - c)(6c - 3) \\ &= -12c^2 + 13c - 3 \end{aligned}\text{。} 这个开口向下的抛物线在 c=1324c = \tfrac{13}{24} 处取到最大值,该点位于 (12,23)\left(\tfrac12, \tfrac23\right) 内,且最大值超过 12\tfrac12

所以正确答案是 B

If c12,c \le \tfrac12, Carol beats Bob automatically, so she wins only if Alice is below c,c, probability c12.c \le \tfrac12. If c23,c \ge \tfrac23, she wins with probability 1c13.1 - c \le \tfrac13. Neither case exceeds 12.\tfrac12.

For 12<c<23,\tfrac12 \lt c \lt \tfrac23, the chance Bob’s number exceeds cc is 23c2312=46c,\frac{\frac{2}{3} - c}{\frac{2}{3} - \frac{1}{2}} = 4 - 6c, so the probability Carol is above Alice and below Bob is c(46c);c(4 - 6c); the reverse ordering has probability (1c)(6c3).(1 - c)(6c - 3). Adding, c(46c)+(1c)(6c3)=12c2+13c3. \begin{aligned} &c(4 - 6c) + (1 - c)(6c - 3) \\ &= -12c^2 + 13c - 3. \end{aligned} This downward parabola is maximized at c=1324,c = \tfrac{13}{24}, which lies in (12,23),\left(\tfrac12, \tfrac23\right), and its value exceeds 12.\tfrac12.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

25.

对于正整数 nn 和非零数字 aabbcc,设 AnA_n 为一个 nn 位整数,其每一位都等于 aa;设 BnB_n 为一个 nn 位整数,其每一位都等于 bb;设 CnC_n 为一个 2n2n 位(而不是 nn 位)整数,其每一位都等于 cc。若存在至少两个 nn 的取值使 CnBn=An2C_n - B_n = A_n^2,则 a+b+ca + b + c 的最大可能值是多少?

For a positive integer nn and nonzero digits a,a, b,b, and c,c, let AnA_n be the nn-digit integer each of whose digits is equal to a;a; let BnB_n be the nn-digit integer each of whose digits is equal to b;b; and let CnC_n be the 2n2n-digit (not nn-digit) integer each of whose digits is equal to c.c. What is the greatest possible value of a+b+ca + b + c for which there are at least two values of nn such that CnBn=An2?C_n - B_n = A_n^2?

1212

1414

1616

1818

2020

答案:D
知识点:数字代数变形
难度评级:2650
小提示:

An=a10n19A_n = a \cdot \tfrac{10^n - 1}{9},同样写出 BnB_n,且 Cn=c102n19C_n = c \cdot \tfrac{10^{2n} - 1}{9},再代入 CnBn=An2C_n - B_n = A_n^2

Write An=a10n19,A_n = a \cdot \tfrac{10^n - 1}{9}, and likewise BnB_n and Cn=c102n19,C_n = c \cdot \tfrac{10^{2n} - 1}{9}, then substitute into CnBn=An2C_n - B_n = A_n^2

大提示:

要对两个 nn 的取值成立,迫使 10n10^n 的系数为零:9c=a29c = a^29b9c=a29b - 9c = a^2

Requiring it for two values of nn forces the coefficient of 10n10^n to vanish: 9c=a29c = a^2 and 9b9c=a29b - 9c = a^2

解答:

利用 An=a10n19A_n = a \cdot \tfrac{10^n - 1}{9}Bn=b10n19B_n = b \cdot \tfrac{10^n - 1}{9} 以及 Cn=c102n19C_n = c \cdot \tfrac{10^{2n} - 1}{9},方程 CnBn=An2C_n - B_n = A_n^2 在除以 10n110^n - 1 并清分母后变为 (9ca2)10n=9b9ca2 (9c - a^2) \cdot 10^n = 9b - 9c - a^2\text{。} 若它要对两个不同的 nn 成立,则 10n10^n 的系数必须为零,所以 9c=a29c = a^2,进而 9b9ca2=09b - 9c - a^2 = 0

于是 c=a29c = \tfrac{a^2}{9}b=2cb = 2c。 因此 a{3,6,9}a \in \{3, 6, 9\},对应 c{1,4,9}c \in \{1, 4, 9\}b{2,8,18}b \in \{2, 8, 18\}; 情况 b=18b = 18 不是一个数字。有效三元组为 (a,b,c)=(3,2,1)(a, b, c) = (3, 2, 1)(6,8,4)(6, 8, 4), 而且确实有 444488=4356=6624444 - 88 = 4356 = 66^2。 较大的数字和为 6+8+4=186 + 8 + 4 = 18

所以正确答案是 D

Using An=a10n19,A_n = a \cdot \tfrac{10^n - 1}{9}, Bn=b10n19,B_n = b \cdot \tfrac{10^n - 1}{9}, and Cn=c102n19,C_n = c \cdot \tfrac{10^{2n} - 1}{9}, the equation CnBn=An2C_n - B_n = A_n^2 becomes, after dividing by 10n110^n - 1 and clearing fractions, (9ca2)10n=9b9ca2. (9c - a^2) \cdot 10^n = 9b - 9c - a^2. For this to hold at two different n,n, the coefficient of 10n10^n must be zero, so 9c=a29c = a^2 and hence 9b9ca2=0.9b - 9c - a^2 = 0.

Then c=a29c = \tfrac{a^2}{9} and b=2c.b = 2c. So a{3,6,9}a \in \{3, 6, 9\} with c{1,4,9}c \in \{1, 4, 9\} and b{2,8,18};b \in \{2, 8, 18\}; the case b=18b = 18 is not a digit. The valid triples are (a,b,c)=(3,2,1)(a, b, c) = (3, 2, 1) and (6,8,4),(6, 8, 4), and indeed 444488=4356=662.4444 - 88 = 4356 = 66^2. The greater digit sum is 6+8+4=18.6 + 8 + 4 = 18.

Thus, the correct answer is D.