2017 AMC 12B 第 11 题

先试着解答 2017 AMC 12B 第 11 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2017 AMC 12B 解答,或核对答案。

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

11.

若一个正整数是一位数,或者从左到右读它的数字时,其数字构成严格递增或严格递减的序列,就称它为单调数。例如,33、2357823578 和 987620987620 是单调数,但 8888、74347434 和 2355723557 不是。共有多少个单调正整数?
Call a positive integer monotonous if it is a one-digit number or its digits, when read from left to right, form either a strictly increasing or a strictly decreasing sequence. For example, 3,3, 23578,23578, and 987620987620 are monotonous, but 88,88, 7434,7434, and 2355723557 are not. How many monotonous positive integers are there?
10241024
15241524
15331533
15361536
20482048
答案:B
知识点:子集双射容斥原理
小提示:
{1,2,…,9}\{1, 2, \ldots, 9\} 的每个非空子集都唯一对应一个严格递增数
Each nonempty subset of {1,2,…,9}\{1, 2, \ldots, 9\} gives exactly one strictly increasing number
大提示:
递减数对应 {0,1,…,9}\{0, 1, \ldots, 9\} 的子集,但排除 ∅\varnothing 和 {0}\{0\};一位数被重复计算
Decreasing numbers correspond to subsets of {0,1,…,9}\{0, 1, \ldots, 9\} except ∅\varnothing and {0};\{0\}; single digits are counted twice
解答:
严格递增的单调数对应 {1,…,9}\{1, \ldots, 9\} 的非空子集,得到 29−1=5112^9 - 1 = 511。严格递减的数对应 {0,1,…,9}\{0, 1, \ldots, 9\} 的子集,但要排除 ∅\varnothing 和 {0}\{0\}(不允许前导 00),得到 210−2=10222^{10} - 2 = 1022。九个一位数在两类中被重复计算,所以总数为 511+1022−9=1524511 + 1022 - 9 = 1524。
所以正确答案是 B。
Strictly increasing monotonous numbers correspond to nonempty subsets of {1,…,9},\{1, \ldots, 9\}, giving 29−1=511.2^9 - 1 = 511. Strictly decreasing ones correspond to subsets of {0,1,…,9}\{0, 1, \ldots, 9\} other than ∅\varnothing and {0}\{0\} (a leading 00 is not allowed), giving 210−2=1022.2^{10} - 2 = 1022. The nine single-digit numbers are counted in both, so the total is 511+1022−9=1524.511 + 1022 - 9 = 1524.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
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