1978 AMC 12 第 28 题

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28.

A1A2A3\triangle A_1A_2A_3 是等边三角形,且对所有正整数 nnAn+3A_{n+3} 都是线段 AnAn+1A_nA_{n+1} 的中点,则 A44A45A43\angle A_{44}A_{45}A_{43} 的度数等于

If A1A2A3\triangle A_1A_2A_3 is equilateral and An+3A_{n+3} is the midpoint of line segment AnAn+1A_nA_{n+1} for all positive integers n,n, then the measure of A44A45A43\angle A_{44}A_{45}A_{43} equals

3030^\circ

4545^\circ

6060^\circ

9090^\circ

120120^\circ

答案:E
知识点:中点递推向量
难度评级:2200
小提示:

dn=AnAn+1\mathbf d_n=\overrightarrow{A_nA_{n+1}},并推导这些向量的递推关系

Let dn=AnAn+1\mathbf d_n=\overrightarrow{A_nA_{n+1}} and derive a recurrence for these vectors

大提示:

证明 dn+4=14dn\mathbf d_{n+4}=-\frac14\mathbf d_n,从而把所求角化归到前几个点构成的角

Show that dn+4=14dn,\mathbf d_{n+4}=-\frac14\mathbf d_n, reducing the requested angle to one among the first few points

解答:

dn=AnAn+1\mathbf d_n=\overrightarrow{A_nA_{n+1}}。由中点关系可得 dn+3=12(dn+dn+1)\mathbf d_{n+3}=\frac12(\mathbf d_n+\mathbf d_{n+1}),并且 dn+dn+1+dn+2=12dn\mathbf d_n+\mathbf d_{n+1}+\mathbf d_{n+2}=\frac12\mathbf d_n。因此, dn+4=12(dn+1+dn+2)=14dn \begin{aligned} \mathbf d_{n+4} &=\frac12(\mathbf d_{n+1}+\mathbf d_{n+2})\\ &=-\frac14\mathbf d_n\text{。} \end{aligned} 所以 d43\mathbf d_{43}d44\mathbf d_{44} 分别是 d3\mathbf d_3d4\mathbf d_4 的同一正数倍,故 A44A45A43=A4A5A3\angle A_{44}A_{45}A_{43}=\angle A_4A_5A_3。由于 A4A_4A5A_5 分别是 A1A2A_1A_2A2A3A_2A_3 的中点,所以 A4A5A1A3A_4A_5\parallel A_1A_3。再利用等边三角形的角,可得 A4A5A3=120\angle A_4A_5A_3=120^\circ

因此,正确答案是 E

Let dn=AnAn+1.\mathbf d_n=\overrightarrow{A_nA_{n+1}}. The midpoint rule gives dn+3=12(dn+dn+1)\mathbf d_{n+3}=\frac12(\mathbf d_n+\mathbf d_{n+1}) and also dn+dn+1+dn+2=12dn.\mathbf d_n+\mathbf d_{n+1}+\mathbf d_{n+2}=\frac12\mathbf d_n. Consequently, dn+4=12(dn+1+dn+2)=14dn. \begin{aligned} \mathbf d_{n+4} &=\frac12(\mathbf d_{n+1}+\mathbf d_{n+2})\\ &=-\frac14\mathbf d_n. \end{aligned} Thus d43\mathbf d_{43} and d44\mathbf d_{44} are the same positive scalar multiple of d3\mathbf d_3 and d4,\mathbf d_4, respectively, so A44A45A43=A4A5A3.\angle A_{44}A_{45}A_{43}=\angle A_4A_5A_3. Since A4A_4 and A5A_5 are the midpoints of A1A2A_1A_2 and A2A3,A_2A_3, A4A5A1A3.A_4A_5\parallel A_1A_3. The equilateral-triangle angles then give A4A5A3=120.\angle A_4A_5A_3=120^\circ.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

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