1978 AMC 12 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
2.
若某圆周长倒数的四倍等于该圆的直径,则这个圆的面积为
If four times the reciprocal of the circumference of a circle equals the diameter of the circle, then the area of the circle is
3.
4.
若 、、 且 ,则 等于
If and then is equal to
小提示:
数一数每个变量分别以正号和负号出现了多少次
Count how many times each variable appears with each sign
大提示:
整个和式可化简为 的两倍
The entire sum simplifies to twice
解答:
每个变量以正号出现三次、以负号出现一次,所以该式为
因此,正确答案是 B。
Each variable appears positively three times and negatively once, so the expression is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
5.
四个男孩以 买了一艘船。第一个男孩支付的金额是其余三人付款总额的一半;第二个男孩支付的是其余三人付款总额的三分之一;第三个男孩支付的是其余三人付款总额的四分之一。第四个男孩支付了多少钱?
Four boys bought a boat for The first boy paid one half of the sum of the amounts paid by the other boys; the second boy paid one third of the sum of the amounts paid by the other boys; and the third boy paid one fourth of the sum of the amounts paid by the other boys. How much did the fourth boy pay?
小提示:
将每处“其余男孩的付款总额”改写为 减去该男孩的付款额
Replace each “sum paid by the other boys” by minus that boy’s payment
大提示:
分别求出前三人的付款额,再用 减去它们的和
Solve separately for the first three payments, then subtract their sum from
解答:
设前三人的付款额分别为 、 和 。则 因此 、、。第四个男孩支付了 美元。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let the first three payments be and Then Hence The fourth payment is dollars.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
6.
同时满足下列两个方程的不同实数对 的个数 为
The number of distinct pairs of real numbers satisfying both of the following equations: is
小提示:
将第二个方程因式分解为
Factor the second equation as
大提示:
分别讨论 和 两种情况
Handle and as separate cases
解答:
若 ,第一个方程给出 ,所以 或 。若 ,第二个方程给出 。代入第一个方程得到 ,从而还有 和 。共有四个数对。
因此,正确答案是 E。
If the first equation gives so or If the second equation gives The first then gives producing and There are four pairs.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
7.
一个正六边形的两条相对边之间相距 英寸。它的边长(单位:英寸)为
Opposite sides of a regular hexagon are inches apart. The length of each side, in inches, is
小提示:
两条相对边之间的距离等于边心距的两倍
The distance between opposite sides is twice the apothem
大提示:
边长为 的正六边形,其边心距为
A regular hexagon of side has apothem
解答:
两条相对边之间的距离是边心距的两倍,因此为 。于是 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The distance between opposite sides is twice the apothem, hence Therefore so
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
8.
若 ,且数列 、、、 与数列 、、、、 都是等差数列,则 等于
If and the sequences and each are in arithmetic progression, then equals
9.
10.
若 是以 为圆心的圆 上一点,则在圆 所在平面内,所有满足“ 到 的距离不大于 到圆 上任意其他点的距离”的点 构成
If is a point on circle with center then the set of all points in the plane of circle such that the distance between and is less than or equal to the distance between and any other point on circle is
从 到 的线段
the line segment from to
以 为端点并经过 的射线
the ray beginning at and passing through
一条以 为端点的射线
a ray beginning at
一个以 为圆心的圆
a circle whose center is
一个以 为圆心的圆
a circle whose center is
小提示:
当 时,圆上离它最近的点位于从 经过 的射线上
For the nearest point of the circle lies on the ray from through
大提示:
要使这个径向最近点恰为给定的点
Require that this radial nearest point be the fixed point
解答:
对于任意 ,圆上离 最近的点是从 经过 的射线与圆的交点。仅当 位于从 经过 的射线上时,该交点才是 。圆心 也符合条件,因为它到圆上各点的距离相等。因此所求轨迹就是这条射线。
因此,正确答案是 B。
For any the closest point of the circle to is where the ray from through meets the circle. This point is exactly when lies on the ray from through The center also qualifies because every point on the circle is equally distant from it. Thus the locus is that ray.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
11.
若 为正数,且直线 与圆 相切,则 等于
If is positive and the line whose equation is is tangent to the circle whose equation is then equals
小提示:
该圆的圆心在原点,半径为
The circle has center at the origin and radius
大提示:
令原点到直线的距离等于圆的半径
Set the distance from the origin to the line equal to the circle’s radius
解答:
原点到直线 的距离为 。相切要求该距离等于半径 ,所以 由于 ,两边平方再除以 ,得到 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The distance from the origin to is Tangency requires this to equal the radius so Since squaring and dividing by gives
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
12.
在 中,,点 和 分别位于边 和 上,且点 、、、、 互不相同。若 、、 和 的长度都相等,则 的度数为
In points and lie on sides and respectively, and points are distinct. If lengths and are all equal, then the measure of is
小提示:
令 ,并依次利用各个等腰三角形
Name and use the successive isosceles triangles
大提示:
用 表示其余底角,再利用 的内角和
Express the other base angles in terms of then use the angle sum in
解答:
令 、、。依次应用外角定理可得 的三个角依次为 、 和 ,所以 。故 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Let and The exterior-angle theorem applied successively gives The angles of are and so Hence
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
13.
若 、、、 均为非零数, 和 是方程 的根,而 和 是方程 的根,则 等于
If and are nonzero numbers such that and are the solutions of and and are the solutions of then equals
小提示:
对两个二次方程分别应用韦达定理
Apply Vieta’s formulas to both quadratics
大提示:
两个关于根的和的方程可推出 ;再利用关于根的积的方程和非零条件
The two sum equations imply ; then use the product equations and nonzero condition
解答:
由韦达定理, 两个关于根的和的方程推出 。由于 ,两个关于根的积的方程给出 。再由 得 ,因此 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Vieta’s formulas give The two sum equations imply Since the product equations give Then gives and therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
14.
若大于 的整数 是方程 的一个根,且 在 进制中的表示为 ,则 在 进制中的表示为
If an integer greater than is a solution of the equation and the representation of in the base numeration system is then the base representation of is
小提示:
将 进制数 转换为
Translate the base- numeral into
大提示:
利用两根的和与积
Use the sum and product of the two roots
解答:
用通常的记法,。由于一个根是 ,另一个根必为 。两根之积为 ,它在 进制中的表示为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
In ordinary notation, Since one root is the other root must be Their product is whose base- representation is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
15.
若 ,且 ,则 为
If and then is
由已知信息无法完全确定
not completely determined by the given information
小提示:
将已知方程两边平方,以求出
Square the given equation to determine
大提示:
将 和 视为一个二次方程的两根,再利用
Treat and as roots of a quadratic, then use
解答:
两边平方得到 ,所以 。因此 和 是下面这个方程的两根: 即 和 。在给定区间内 ,故 ,。于是 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Squaring gives so Thus and are the roots of namely and Because on the given interval, and Hence
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
16.
一个房间里有 个人,其中 ,且至少有一人没有与房间里的所有其他人握过手。房间里可能与所有其他人都握过手的人数最多是多少?
In a room containing people, at least one person has not shaken hands with everyone else in the room. What is the maximum number of people in the room that could have shaken hands with everyone else?
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
一次未发生的握手总会涉及两个人
A missed handshake always involves two people
大提示:
先求出上界,再用仅少一次握手的情形实现这个上界
Find an upper bound, then realize it by omitting just one handshake
解答:
若一人少握了一次手,那么这次未握手所涉及的另一人也没有与所有人握过手。因此,至多有 人与所有其他人都握过手。让恰好两个人彼此不握手,而其余握手全部发生,就能达到这个上界。由于选项中没有 ,答案是“以上都不是”。
因此,正确答案是 E。
If one person has missed a handshake, the other person in that missed pair also has not shaken hands with everyone. Thus at most people can have shaken hands with everyone. This is attainable when exactly two people fail to shake hands with each other and every other handshake occurs. Since is not listed, the answer is “none of these.”
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
17.
若 为正数,且函数 满足:对于每个正数 , 那么对于每个正数 , 等于
If is a positive number and is a function such that, for every positive number then, for every positive number is equal to
18.
使 成立的最小正整数 是多少?
What is the smallest positive integer such that
不存在这样的整数。
There is no such integer.
小提示:
将 有理化
Rationalize
大提示:
在 附近,将所得分母与 比较
Compare the resulting denominator with near
解答:
有理化可得 当 时,分母为 ,所以该差大于 。当 时,分母为 ,所以该差小于 。分母随 增大而增大,因此 是满足条件的最小整数。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Rationalizing gives For the denominator is so the difference exceeds For the denominator is so the difference is less than The denominator increases with making the least such integer.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
19.
按如下方式选取一个不超过 的正整数 :若 ,选中 的概率为 ;若 ,选中 的概率为 。选中完全平方数的概率为
A positive integer not exceeding is chosen in such a way that if then the probability of choosing is and if then the probability of choosing is The probability that a perfect square is chosen is
小提示:
先利用总概率求出
First use the total probability to determine
大提示:
分别数出不超过 的完全平方数,以及从 到 的完全平方数
Count the perfect squares at most and those from through separately
解答:
总概率为 ,所以 。不超过 的完全平方数有七个,大于 的还有三个:、、。因此所求概率为
因此,正确答案是 C。
The total probability is so There are seven perfect squares at most and three more, above Hence the desired probability is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
20.
若 、、 是非零实数,满足 且 并且 ,则 等于
If are nonzero real numbers such that and and then equals
小提示:
令三个相等的分式都等于 ,再两两比较所得方程
Set the three equal fractions to and compare pairs of the resulting equations
大提示:
比较可推出 或 ;再利用 的符号
The comparison forces either or ; use the sign of
解答:
令它们的公共值为 。由前两个方程可得 循环比较可得另外两个类似关系。因此要么 ,此时 ;要么 。在后一种情形下,、、,所以 条件 选出后一数值。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Let the common value be The first two resulting equations imply and cyclic comparisons give the analogous relations. Thus either which gives or In the latter case and so The condition selects the latter value.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
21.
对于所有不等于 的正数 , 等于
For all positive numbers distinct from equals
22.
一张卡片上恰好写着以下四句话:
这张卡片上恰有一句话是假话。
这张卡片上恰有两句话是假话。
这张卡片上恰有三句话是假话。
这张卡片上恰有四句话是假话。
(假设卡片上的每句话非真即假。)其中假话的数量恰为
The following four statements, and only these, are found on a card:
On this card exactly one statement is false.
On this card exactly two statements are false.
On this card exactly three statements are false.
On this card exactly four statements are false.
(Assume each statement on the card is either true or false.) Among them the number of false statements is exactly
小提示:
设假话的实际数量为
Assume the actual number of false statements is
大提示:
对每个可能的 ,数一数上面四句话中有几句会为真
For each possible count how many of the four displayed statements would then be true
解答:
若假话的实际数量 是 、、、 中的一个,则上面的四句话中恰有一句为真,也就是声称假话数量为 的那一句。因此恰有三句话是假话,从而必须有 。这确实自洽:第三句话为真,其余三句为假。
因此,正确答案是 D。
If the actual number of false statements is one of exactly one displayed statement—the one naming —is true. Therefore exactly three statements are false, forcing This is consistent: the third statement is true and the other three are false.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
23.
等边三角形 的顶点 位于正方形 内部, 是对角线 与线段 的交点。若 的长度为 ,则 的面积为
Vertex of equilateral triangle is in the interior of square and is the point of intersection of diagonal and line segment If length is then the area of is
24.
若互不相同的非零数 、、 构成公比为 的等比数列,则 满足方程
If the distinct nonzero numbers form a geometric progression with common ratio then satisfies the equation
25.
设 为正数。令集合 由所有直角坐标 满足下列全部条件的点组成: 集合 的边界是一个有
Let be a positive number. Consider the set of all points whose rectangular coordinates satisfy all of the following conditions: The boundary of set is a polygon with
条边的多边形
sides
条边的多边形
sides
条边的多边形
sides
条边的多边形
sides
条边的多边形
sides
小提示:
从条件 和 所描述的正方形开始
Begin with the square described by conditions and
大提示:
判断哪个条件是多余的,以及哪两个条件切去了相对的两个角
Determine which condition is redundant and which two cut off opposite corners
解答:
前两个条件构成正方形 。在这个正方形内, 自动成立。最后两个条件等价于 ;它们的边界直线切去顶点 和 。从正方形切去相对的两个角会得到六边形,所以边界有六条边。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The first two conditions form the square Within this square, is automatic. The last two conditions are equivalent to their boundary lines cut off the corners and Cutting two opposite corners from a square produces a hexagon, so the boundary has six sides.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
26.
在 中,、、。圆 是所有经过 且与 相切的圆中半径最小的一个。设圆 与边 、 除 外的交点分别为 、。线段 的长度为
In and Circle is the circle with smallest radius which passes through and is tangent to Let and be the points of intersection, distinct from of circle with sides and respectively. The length of segment is
小提示:
-- 三角形在 处为直角;设 为从 向 所作垂线的垂足
The -- triangle is right at ; let be the foot from to
大提示:
最小的圆以 为直径,并且
The smallest circle has as a diameter, and
解答:
设 为从 向 所作高的垂足。在所有经过 且与 相切的圆中,当切点为 时半径最小,所以 是直径。由直角三角形的面积可得 此外,,所以 是圆 的直径。因此 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let be the foot of the altitude from to Among circles through tangent to the least radius occurs when the tangency point is so is a diameter. The area of the right triangle gives Also so is a diameter of circle Therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
27.
大于 且满足下列条件的整数不止一个:用任意满足 的整数 除它,余数都是 。这样的整数中最小的两个相差多少?
There is more than one integer greater than which, when divided by any integer such that has a remainder of What is the difference between the two smallest such integers?
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
每个所求整数都比从 到 的所有整数的一个公倍数大
Each desired integer is more than a common multiple of every integer from through
大提示:
相邻两个这样的整数之差就是这些除数的最小公倍数
The difference of consecutive such integers is the least common multiple of those divisors
解答:
符合条件的整数对从 到 的每个整数取模都与 同余,因此也可将模数取为 大于 的最小两个符合条件的整数是 和 ,它们的差为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
A qualifying integer is congruent to modulo every integer from through hence modulo The two smallest qualifying integers greater than are and whose difference is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
28.
若 是等边三角形,且对所有正整数 , 都是线段 的中点,则 的度数等于
If is equilateral and is the midpoint of line segment for all positive integers then the measure of equals
小提示:
令 ,并推导这些向量的递推关系
Let and derive a recurrence for these vectors
大提示:
证明 ,从而把所求角化归到前几个点构成的角
Show that reducing the requested angle to one among the first few points
解答:
令 。由中点关系可得 ,并且 。因此, 所以 和 分别是 和 的同一正数倍,故 。由于 和 分别是 和 的中点,所以 。再利用等边三角形的角,可得 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Let The midpoint rule gives and also Consequently, Thus and are the same positive scalar multiple of and respectively, so Since and are the midpoints of and The equilateral-triangle angles then give
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
29.
将凸四边形 的边 、、、 分别越过 、、、 延长到点 、、、。已知 、、、,且 的面积为 。则 的面积为
Sides and respectively, of convex quadrilateral are extended past and to points and Also, and and the area of is The area of is
小提示:
用向量表示,、,另外两个顶点也有类似表示
In vector notation, and similarly for the other two vertices
大提示:
将这些表达式代入多边形的叉积面积公式
Substitute these expressions into the cross-product area formula for a polygon
解答:
利用位置向量,相等的延长线段给出 将这些式子代入有向多边形面积和式,可见对角的叉积项相互抵消: 因此外部四边形的面积是原四边形面积的五倍,即 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Using position vectors, the equal extensions give Substitution into the oriented polygon-area sum shows that the diagonal cross terms cancel: Hence the outer area is five times the original area, or
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
30.
在一项网球锦标赛中,有 名女子和 名男子参赛,每位选手都与其他每位选手恰好比赛一场。若比赛没有平局,且女子获胜场数与男子获胜场数之比为 ,则 等于
In a tennis tournament, women and men play, and each player plays exactly one match with every other player. If there are no ties and the ratio of the number of matches won by women to the number of matches won by men is then equals
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
设 为女子在男女对阵中获胜的场数,并计算女子获胜的总场数
Let be the number of mixed matches won by women and count all wins by women
大提示:
结合 与女子应占全部胜场的
Use together with the required share of all match wins
解答:
比赛总数为 ,所以女子必须赢得 场。若女子在 场男女对阵中赢了 场,则 从而 。由上界 可得 。当 、 时,该公式给出的值不是整数;当 时,得到 ,这是可能的。因此 ,不在列出的数值选项中。
因此,正确答案是 E。
There are matches, so women must win matches. If women win of the mixed matches, then giving The bound forces For this formula is not an integer, while gives which is possible. Thus which is not among the listed numerical choices.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.