1978 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

14x+4x2=01-\frac4x+\frac4{x^2}=0,则 2x\frac2x 等于

If 14x+4x2=0,1-\frac4x+\frac4{x^2}=0, then 2x\frac2x equals

1-1

11

22

1-122

1-1 or 22

1-12-2

1-1 or 2-2

知识点:二次方程换元法配方法
难度评级:1240
小提示:

u=2xu=\frac2x

Let u=2xu=\frac2x

大提示:

所得二次式是一个完全平方

The resulting quadratic is a perfect square

解答:

u=2xu=\frac{2}{x},原方程化为 12u+u2=01-2u+u^2=0,即 (u1)2=0(u-1)^2=0。因此 2x=u=1\frac{2}{x}=u=1

因此,正确答案是 B

With u=2x,u=\frac{2}{x}, the equation becomes 12u+u2=0,1-2u+u^2=0, or (u1)2=0.(u-1)^2=0. Therefore 2x=u=1.\frac{2}{x}=u=1.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

2.

若某圆周长倒数的四倍等于该圆的直径,则这个圆的面积为

If four times the reciprocal of the circumference of a circle equals the diameter of the circle, then the area of the circle is

1π2\frac1{\pi^2}

1π\frac1\pi

11

π\pi

π2\pi^2

知识点:圆周长面积
难度评级:1280
小提示:

用半径 rr 表示周长和直径

Write the circumference and diameter in terms of the radius rr

大提示:

题设条件可以直接确定乘积 πr2\pi r^2

The condition directly determines the product πr2\pi r^2

解答:

题设条件为 4(12πr)=2r 4\left(\frac1{2\pi r}\right)=2r\text{。} 两边乘以 πr\pi r,得到 2=2πr22=2\pi r^2,所以面积 πr2\pi r^2 等于 11

因此,正确答案是 C

The condition is 4(12πr)=2r. 4\left(\frac1{2\pi r}\right)=2r. Multiplying by πr\pi r gives 2=2πr2,2=2\pi r^2, so the area πr2\pi r^2 equals 1.1.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

3.

对于所有满足 x=1yx=\frac{1}{y} 的非零数 xxyy(x1x)(y+1y) \left(x-\frac1x\right)\left(y+\frac1y\right) 等于

For all nonzero numbers xx and yy such that x=1y,x=\frac{1}{y}, (x1x)(y+1y) \left(x-\frac1x\right)\left(y+\frac1y\right) equals

2x22x^2

2y22y^2

x2+y2x^2+y^2

x2y2x^2-y^2

y2x2y^2-x^2

知识点:换元法平方差
难度评级:1210
小提示:

利用倒数关系替换 1x\frac{1}{x}1y\frac{1}{y}

Use the reciprocal relation to replace 1x\frac{1}{x} and 1y\frac{1}{y}

大提示:

两个因式分别化为 xyx-yx+yx+y

The two factors become xyx-y and x+yx+y

解答:

由于 x=1yx=\frac{1}{y},也有 y=1xy=\frac{1}{x}。因此该乘积为 (xy)(y+x)=x2y2 (x-y)(y+x)=x^2-y^2\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Since x=1y,x=\frac{1}{y}, we also have y=1x.y=\frac{1}{x}. Thus the product is (xy)(y+x)=x2y2. (x-y)(y+x)=x^2-y^2.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

4.

a=1a=1b=10b=10c=100c=100d=1000d=1000,则 (a+b+cd)+(a+bc+d)+(ab+c+d)+(a+b+c+d) \begin{aligned} &(a+b+c-d)+(a+b-c+d)\\ &\quad+(a-b+c+d)\\ &\quad+(-a+b+c+d) \end{aligned} 等于

If a=1,a=1, b=10,b=10, c=100c=100 and d=1000,d=1000, then (a+b+cd)+(a+bc+d)+(ab+c+d)+(a+b+c+d) \begin{aligned} &(a+b+c-d)+(a+b-c+d)\\ &\quad+(a-b+c+d)\\ &\quad+(-a+b+c+d) \end{aligned} is equal to

11111111

22222222

33333333

12121212

42424242

难度评级:960
小提示:

数一数每个变量分别以正号和负号出现了多少次

Count how many times each variable appears with each sign

大提示:

整个和式可化简为 a+b+c+da+b+c+d 的两倍

The entire sum simplifies to twice a+b+c+da+b+c+d

解答:

每个变量以正号出现三次、以负号出现一次,所以该式为 2(a+b+c+d)=2a+2b+2c+2d=2+20+200+2000=2222 \begin{gathered} 2(a+b+c+d)\\ =2a+2b+2c+2d\\ =2+20+200+2000\\ =2222\text{。} \end{gathered}

因此,正确答案是 B

Each variable appears positively three times and negatively once, so the expression is 2(a+b+c+d)=2a+2b+2c+2d=2+20+200+2000=2222. \begin{gathered} 2(a+b+c+d)\\ =2a+2b+2c+2d\\ =2+20+200+2000\\ =2222. \end{gathered}

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

5.

四个男孩以 $60\$60 买了一艘船。第一个男孩支付的金额是其余三人付款总额的一半;第二个男孩支付的是其余三人付款总额的三分之一;第三个男孩支付的是其余三人付款总额的四分之一。第四个男孩支付了多少钱?

Four boys bought a boat for $60.\$60. The first boy paid one half of the sum of the amounts paid by the other boys; the second boy paid one third of the sum of the amounts paid by the other boys; and the third boy paid one fourth of the sum of the amounts paid by the other boys. How much did the fourth boy pay?

$10\$10

$12\$12

$13\$13

$14\$14

$15\$15

难度评级:1280
小提示:

将每处“其余男孩的付款总额”改写为 6060 减去该男孩的付款额

Replace each “sum paid by the other boys” by 6060 minus that boy’s payment

大提示:

分别求出前三人的付款额,再用 6060 减去它们的和

Solve separately for the first three payments, then subtract their sum from 6060

解答:

设前三人的付款额分别为 wwxxyy。则 w=12(60w),x=13(60x),y=14(60y) \begin{aligned} w&=\frac12(60-w),\\ x&=\frac13(60-x),\\ y&=\frac14(60-y)\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此 w=20w=20x=15x=15y=12y=12。第四个男孩支付了 60201512=1360-20-15-12=13 美元。

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the first three payments be w,w, x,x, and y.y. Then w=12(60w),x=13(60x),y=14(60y). \begin{aligned} w&=\frac12(60-w),\\ x&=\frac13(60-x),\\ y&=\frac14(60-y). \end{aligned} Hence w=20,w=20, x=15,x=15, y=12.y=12. The fourth payment is 60201512=1360-20-15-12=13 dollars.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

6.

同时满足下列两个方程的不同实数对 (x,y)(x,y) 的个数 x=x2+y2,y=2xy \begin{aligned} x&=x^2+y^2,\\ y&=2xy\text{。} \end{aligned}

The number of distinct pairs (x,y)(x,y) of real numbers satisfying both of the following equations: x=x2+y2,y=2xy. \begin{aligned} x&=x^2+y^2,\\ y&=2xy. \end{aligned} is

00

11

22

33

44

难度评级:1590
小提示:

将第二个方程因式分解为 y(12x)=0y(1-2x)=0

Factor the second equation as y(12x)=0y(1-2x)=0

大提示:

分别讨论 y=0y=0x=12x=\frac12 两种情况

Handle y=0y=0 and x=12x=\frac12 as separate cases

解答:

y=0y=0,第一个方程给出 x=x2x=x^2,所以 (x,y)=(0,0)(x,y)=(0,0)(1,0)(1,0)。若 y0y\ne0,第二个方程给出 x=12x=\frac{1}{2}。代入第一个方程得到 y2=14y^2=\frac{1}{4},从而还有 (12,12)(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2})(12,12)(\frac{1}{2},-\frac{1}{2})。共有四个数对。

因此,正确答案是 E

If y=0,y=0, the first equation gives x=x2,x=x^2, so (x,y)=(0,0)(x,y)=(0,0) or (1,0).(1,0). If y0,y\ne0, the second equation gives x=12.x=\frac{1}{2}. The first then gives y2=14,y^2=\frac{1}{4}, producing (12,12)(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}) and (12,12).(\frac{1}{2},-\frac{1}{2}). There are four pairs.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

7.

一个正六边形的两条相对边之间相距 1212 英寸。它的边长(单位:英寸)为

Opposite sides of a regular hexagon are 1212 inches apart. The length of each side, in inches, is

7.57.5

626\sqrt2

525\sqrt2

923\frac92\sqrt3

434\sqrt3

难度评级:1440
小提示:

两条相对边之间的距离等于边心距的两倍

The distance between opposite sides is twice the apothem

大提示:

边长为 ss 的正六边形,其边心距为 32s\frac{\sqrt3}{2}s

A regular hexagon of side ss has apothem 32s\frac{\sqrt3}{2}s

解答:

两条相对边之间的距离是边心距的两倍,因此为 s3s\sqrt3。于是 s3=12s\sqrt3=12,所以 s=123=43s=\frac{12}{\sqrt3}=4\sqrt3

因此,正确答案是 E

The distance between opposite sides is twice the apothem, hence s3.s\sqrt3. Therefore s3=12,s\sqrt3=12, so s=123=43.s=\frac{12}{\sqrt3}=4\sqrt3.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

8.

xyx\ne y,且数列 xxa1a_1a2a_2yy 与数列 xxb1b_1b2b_2b3b_3yy 都是等差数列,则 a2a1b2b1\frac{a_2-a_1}{b_2-b_1} 等于

If xyx\ne y and the sequences x,x, a1,a_1, a2,a_2, yy and x,x, b1,b_1, b2,b_2, b3,b_3, yy each are in arithmetic progression, then a2a1b2b1\frac{a_2-a_1}{b_2-b_1} equals

23\frac23

34\frac34

11

43\frac43

32\frac32

难度评级:1330
小提示:

数一数每个数列从 xxyy 分成了多少个相等的步长

Count the equal steps from xx to yy in each sequence

大提示:

两个公差分别为 yx3\frac{y-x}{3}yx4\frac{y-x}{4}

The two common differences are yx3\frac{y-x}{3} and yx4\frac{y-x}{4}

解答:

第一个公差是 yx3\frac{y-x}{3},第二个公差是 yx4\frac{y-x}{4}。由于 xyx\ne y,它们的比为 yx3yx4=43 \frac{\frac{y-x}{3}}{\frac{y-x}{4}}=\frac43\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

The first common difference is yx3,\frac{y-x}{3}, and the second is yx4.\frac{y-x}{4}. Since xy,x\ne y, their ratio is yx3yx4=43. \frac{\frac{y-x}{3}}{\frac{y-x}{4}}=\frac43.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

9.

x<0x\lt0,则 x(x1)2\left|x-\sqrt{(x-1)^2}\right| 等于

If x<0,x\lt0, then x(x1)2\left|x-\sqrt{(x-1)^2}\right| equals

11

12x1-2x

2x1-2x-1

1+2x1+2x

2x12x-1

难度评级:1360
小提示:

利用 u2=u\sqrt{u^2}=|u|

Use u2=u\sqrt{u^2}=|u|

大提示:

x<0x\lt0 时,判断 x1x-12x12x-1 的符号

When x<0,x\lt0, determine the signs of x1x-1 and 2x12x-1

解答:

由于 x1<0x-1\lt0,所以 (x1)2=x1=1x\sqrt{(x-1)^2}=|x-1|=1-x。因此 x(1x)=2x1=12x \begin{aligned} \left|x-(1-x)\right|&=|2x-1|\\ &=1-2x\text{,} \end{aligned} 因为 2x1<02x-1\lt0

因此,正确答案是 B

Because x1<0,x-1\lt0, (x1)2=x1=1x.\sqrt{(x-1)^2}=|x-1|=1-x. Therefore x(1x)=2x1=12x, \begin{aligned} \left|x-(1-x)\right|&=|2x-1|\\ &=1-2x, \end{aligned} since 2x1<0.2x-1\lt0.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

10.

BB 是以 PP 为圆心的圆 CC 上一点,则在圆 CC 所在平面内,所有满足“AABB 的距离不大于 AA 到圆 CC 上任意其他点的距离”的点 AA 构成

If BB is a point on circle CC with center P,P, then the set of all points AA in the plane of circle CC such that the distance between AA and BB is less than or equal to the distance between AA and any other point on circle CC is

PPBB 的线段

the line segment from PP to BB

PP 为端点并经过 BB 的射线

the ray beginning at PP and passing through BB

一条以 BB 为端点的射线

a ray beginning at BB

一个以 PP 为圆心的圆

a circle whose center is PP

一个以 BB 为圆心的圆

a circle whose center is BB

知识点:极端原理
难度评级:1510
小提示:

APA\ne P 时,圆上离它最近的点位于从 PP 经过 AA 的射线上

For AP,A\ne P, the nearest point of the circle lies on the ray from PP through AA

大提示:

要使这个径向最近点恰为给定的点 BB

Require that this radial nearest point be the fixed point BB

解答:

对于任意 APA\ne P,圆上离 AA 最近的点是从 PP 经过 AA 的射线与圆的交点。仅当 AA 位于从 PP 经过 BB 的射线上时,该交点才是 BB。圆心 PP 也符合条件,因为它到圆上各点的距离相等。因此所求轨迹就是这条射线。

因此,正确答案是 B

For any AP,A\ne P, the closest point of the circle to AA is where the ray from PP through AA meets the circle. This point is BB exactly when AA lies on the ray from PP through B.B. The center PP also qualifies because every point on the circle is equally distant from it. Thus the locus is that ray.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

11.

rr 为正数,且直线 x+y=rx+y=r 与圆 x2+y2=rx^2+y^2=r 相切,则 rr 等于

If rr is positive and the line whose equation is x+y=rx+y=r is tangent to the circle whose equation is x2+y2=r,x^2+y^2=r, then rr equals

12\frac12

11

22

2\sqrt2

222\sqrt2

难度评级:1590
小提示:

该圆的圆心在原点,半径为 r\sqrt r

The circle has center at the origin and radius r\sqrt r

大提示:

令原点到直线的距离等于圆的半径

Set the distance from the origin to the line equal to the circle’s radius

解答:

原点到直线 x+yr=0x+y-r=0 的距离为 r2\frac{r}{\sqrt2}。相切要求该距离等于半径 r\sqrt r,所以 r2=r \frac r{\sqrt2}=\sqrt r\text{。} 由于 r>0r\gt0,两边平方再除以 rr,得到 r=2r=2

因此,正确答案是 C

The distance from the origin to x+yr=0x+y-r=0 is r2.\frac{r}{\sqrt2}. Tangency requires this to equal the radius r,\sqrt r, so r2=r. \frac r{\sqrt2}=\sqrt r. Since r>0,r\gt0, squaring and dividing by rr gives r=2.r=2.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

12.

ADE\triangle ADE 中,ADE=140\angle ADE=140^\circ,点 BBCC 分别位于边 ADADAEAE 上,且点 AABBCCDDEE 互不相同。若 ABABBCBCCDCDDEDE 的长度都相等,则 EAD\angle EAD 的度数为

In ADE,\triangle ADE, ADE=140,\angle ADE=140^\circ, points BB and CC lie on sides ADAD and AE,AE, respectively, and points A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, EE are distinct. If lengths AB,AB, BC,BC, CD,CD, and DEDE are all equal, then the measure of EAD\angle EAD is

55^\circ

66^\circ

7.57.5^\circ

88^\circ

1010^\circ

难度评级:2040
小提示:

BAC=BCA=x\angle BAC=\angle BCA=x,并依次利用各个等腰三角形

Name BAC=BCA=x\angle BAC=\angle BCA=x and use the successive isosceles triangles

大提示:

xx 表示其余底角,再利用 ADE\triangle ADE 的内角和

Express the other base angles in terms of x,x, then use the angle sum in ADE\triangle ADE

解答:

x=BAC=BCAx=\angle BAC=\angle BCAy=CBD=CDBy=\angle CBD=\angle CDBz=DCE=DECz=\angle DCE=\angle DEC。依次应用外角定理可得 y=2x,z=x+y=3x y=2x,\qquad z=x+y=3x\text{。} ADE\triangle ADE 的三个角依次为 xx140140^\circzz,所以 x+140+3x=180x+140^\circ+3x=180^\circ。故 x=10x=10^\circ

因此,正确答案是 E

Let x=BAC=BCA,x=\angle BAC=\angle BCA, y=CBD=CDB,y=\angle CBD=\angle CDB, and z=DCE=DEC.z=\angle DCE=\angle DEC. The exterior-angle theorem applied successively gives y=2x,z=x+y=3x. y=2x,\qquad z=x+y=3x. The angles of ADE\triangle ADE are x,x, 140,140^\circ, and z,z, so x+140+3x=180.x+140^\circ+3x=180^\circ. Hence x=10.x=10^\circ.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

13.

aabbccdd 均为非零数,ccdd 是方程 x2+ax+b=0x^2+ax+b=0 的根,而 aabb 是方程 x2+cx+d=0x^2+cx+d=0 的根,则 a+b+c+da+b+c+d 等于

If a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are nonzero numbers such that cc and dd are the solutions of x2+ax+b=0x^2+ax+b=0 and aa and bb are the solutions of x2+cx+d=0,x^2+cx+d=0, then a+b+c+da+b+c+d equals

00

2-2

22

44

1+52\frac{-1+\sqrt5}{2}

难度评级:2040
小提示:

对两个二次方程分别应用韦达定理

Apply Vieta’s formulas to both quadratics

大提示:

两个关于根的和的方程可推出 b=db=d;再利用关于根的积的方程和非零条件

The two sum equations imply b=db=d; then use the product equations and nonzero condition

解答:

由韦达定理, c+d=a,cd=b,a+b=c,ab=d \begin{aligned} c+d&=-a,& cd&=b,\\ a+b&=-c,& ab&=d\text{。} \end{aligned} 两个关于根的和的方程推出 b=db=d。由于 b=d0b=d\ne0,两个关于根的积的方程给出 a=c=1a=c=1。再由 a+b=ca+b=-cb=d=2b=d=-2,因此 a+b+c+d=2a+b+c+d=-2

因此,正确答案是 B

Vieta’s formulas give c+d=a,cd=b,a+b=c,ab=d. \begin{aligned} c+d&=-a,& cd&=b,\\ a+b&=-c,& ab&=d. \end{aligned} The two sum equations imply b=d.b=d. Since b=d0,b=d\ne0, the product equations give a=c=1.a=c=1. Then a+b=ca+b=-c gives b=d=2,b=d=-2, and therefore a+b+c+d=2.a+b+c+d=-2.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

14.

若大于 88 的整数 nn 是方程 x2ax+b=0x^2-ax+b=0 的一个根,且 aann 进制中的表示为 1818,则 bbnn 进制中的表示为

If an integer n,n, greater than 8,8, is a solution of the equation x2ax+b=0x^2-ax+b=0 and the representation of aa in the base nn numeration system is 18,18, then the base nn representation of bb is

1818

2020

8080

8181

280280

难度评级:1780
小提示:

nn 进制数 1818 转换为 n+8n+8

Translate the base-nn numeral 1818 into n+8n+8

大提示:

利用两根的和与积

Use the sum and product of the two roots

解答:

用通常的记法,a=(18)n=n+8a=(18)_n=n+8。由于一个根是 nn,另一个根必为 88。两根之积为 b=8nb=8n,它在 nn 进制中的表示为 8080

因此,正确答案是 C

In ordinary notation, a=(18)n=n+8.a=(18)_n=n+8. Since one root is n,n, the other root must be 8.8. Their product is b=8n,b=8n, whose base-nn representation is 80.80.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

15.

sinx+cosx=15\sin x+\cos x=\frac15,且 0x<π0\le x\lt\pi,则 tanx\tan x

If sinx+cosx=15\sin x+\cos x=\frac15 and 0x<π,0\le x\lt\pi, then tanx\tan x is

43-\frac43

34-\frac34

34\frac34

43\frac43

由已知信息无法完全确定

not completely determined by the given information

难度评级:1650
小提示:

将已知方程两边平方,以求出 sinxcosx\sin x\cos x

Square the given equation to determine sinxcosx\sin x\cos x

大提示:

sinx\sin xcosx\cos x 视为一个二次方程的两根,再利用 0x<π0\le x\lt\pi

Treat sinx\sin x and cosx\cos x as roots of a quadratic, then use 0x<π0\le x\lt\pi

解答:

两边平方得到 1+2sinxcosx=1251+2\sin x\cos x=\frac{1}{25},所以 sinxcosx=1225\sin x\cos x=-\frac{12}{25}。因此 sinx\sin xcosx\cos x 是下面这个方程的两根: t215t1225=0 t^2-\frac15t-\frac{12}{25}=0\text{,} 45\frac{4}{5}35-\frac{3}{5}。在给定区间内 sinx0\sin x\ge0,故 sinx=45\sin x=\frac{4}{5}cosx=35\cos x=-\frac{3}{5}。于是 tanx=43\tan x=-\frac{4}{3}

因此,正确答案是 A

Squaring gives 1+2sinxcosx=125,1+2\sin x\cos x=\frac{1}{25}, so sinxcosx=1225.\sin x\cos x=-\frac{12}{25}. Thus sinx\sin x and cosx\cos x are the roots of t215t1225=0, t^2-\frac15t-\frac{12}{25}=0, namely 45\frac{4}{5} and 35.-\frac{3}{5}. Because sinx0\sin x\ge0 on the given interval, sinx=45\sin x=\frac{4}{5} and cosx=35.\cos x=-\frac{3}{5}. Hence tanx=43.\tan x=-\frac{4}{3}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

16.

一个房间里有 NN 个人,其中 N>3N\gt3,且至少有一人没有与房间里的所有其他人握过手。房间里可能与所有其他人都握过手的人数最多是多少?

In a room containing NN people, N>3,N\gt3, at least one person has not shaken hands with everyone else in the room. What is the maximum number of people in the room that could have shaken hands with everyone else?

00

11

N1N-1

NN

以上都不是

none of these

知识点:图论极端原理
难度评级:1780
小提示:

一次未发生的握手总会涉及两个人

A missed handshake always involves two people

大提示:

先求出上界,再用仅少一次握手的情形实现这个上界

Find an upper bound, then realize it by omitting just one handshake

解答:

若一人少握了一次手,那么这次未握手所涉及的另一人也没有与所有人握过手。因此,至多有 N2N-2 人与所有其他人都握过手。让恰好两个人彼此不握手,而其余握手全部发生,就能达到这个上界。由于选项中没有 N2N-2,答案是“以上都不是”。

因此,正确答案是 E

If one person has missed a handshake, the other person in that missed pair also has not shaken hands with everyone. Thus at most N2N-2 people can have shaken hands with everyone. This is attainable when exactly two people fail to shake hands with each other and every other handshake occurs. Since N2N-2 is not listed, the answer is “none of these.”

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

17.

kk 为正数,且函数 ff 满足:对于每个正数 xx[f(x2+1)]x=k \left[f(x^2+1)\right]^{\sqrt x}=k\text{,} 那么对于每个正数 yy[f(9+y2y2)]12y \left[f\left(\frac{9+y^2}{y^2}\right)\right]^{\sqrt{\frac{12}{y}}} 等于

If kk is a positive number and ff is a function such that, for every positive number x,x, [f(x2+1)]x=k, \left[f(x^2+1)\right]^{\sqrt x}=k, then, for every positive number y,y, [f(9+y2y2)]12y \left[f\left(\frac{9+y^2}{y^2}\right)\right]^{\sqrt{\frac{12}{y}}} is equal to

k\sqrt k

2k2k

kkk\sqrt k

k2k^2

yky\sqrt k

难度评级:2040
小提示:

选取 xx,使 x2+1=9+y2y2x^2+1=\frac{9+y^2}{y^2}

Choose xx so that x2+1=9+y2y2x^2+1=\frac{9+y^2}{y^2}

大提示:

代入后比较 12y\sqrt{\frac{12}{y}}x\sqrt x

Compare 12y\sqrt{\frac{12}{y}} with x\sqrt x after making the substitution

解答:

x=3yx=\frac{3}{y},它是正数。于是 x2+1=9+y2y2,12y=2x \begin{aligned} x^2+1&=\frac{9+y^2}{y^2},\\ \sqrt{\frac{12}{y}}&=2\sqrt x\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此所求表达式为 ([f(x2+1)]x)2=k2 \left(\left[f(x^2+1)\right]^{\sqrt x}\right)^2=k^2\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Set x=3y,x=\frac{3}{y}, which is positive. Then x2+1=9+y2y2,12y=2x. \begin{aligned} x^2+1&=\frac{9+y^2}{y^2},\\ \sqrt{\frac{12}{y}}&=2\sqrt x. \end{aligned} Therefore the requested expression is ([f(x2+1)]x)2=k2. \left(\left[f(x^2+1)\right]^{\sqrt x}\right)^2=k^2.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

18.

使 nn1<0.01\sqrt n-\sqrt{n-1}\lt0.01 成立的最小正整数 nn 是多少?

What is the smallest positive integer nn such that nn1<0.01?\sqrt n-\sqrt{n-1}\lt0.01?

24992499

25002500

25012501

10,00010{,}000

不存在这样的整数。

There is no such integer.

难度评级:1860
小提示:

nn1\sqrt n-\sqrt{n-1} 有理化

Rationalize nn1\sqrt n-\sqrt{n-1}

大提示:

n=2500n=2500 附近,将所得分母与 100100 比较

Compare the resulting denominator with 100100 near n=2500n=2500

解答:

有理化可得 nn1=1n+n1 \sqrt n-\sqrt{n-1} =\frac1{\sqrt n+\sqrt{n-1}}\text{。} n=2500n=2500 时,分母为 50+2499<10050+\sqrt{2499}\lt100,所以该差大于 0.010.01。当 n=2501n=2501 时,分母为 2501+50>100\sqrt{2501}+50\gt100,所以该差小于 0.010.01。分母随 nn 增大而增大,因此 25012501 是满足条件的最小整数。

因此,正确答案是 C

Rationalizing gives nn1=1n+n1. \sqrt n-\sqrt{n-1} =\frac1{\sqrt n+\sqrt{n-1}}. For n=2500,n=2500, the denominator is 50+2499<100,50+\sqrt{2499}\lt100, so the difference exceeds 0.01.0.01. For n=2501,n=2501, the denominator is 2501+50>100,\sqrt{2501}+50\gt100, so the difference is less than 0.01.0.01. The denominator increases with n,n, making 25012501 the least such integer.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

19.

按如下方式选取一个不超过 100100 的正整数 nn:若 n50n\le50,选中 nn 的概率为 pp;若 n>50n\gt50,选中 nn 的概率为 3p3p。选中完全平方数的概率为

A positive integer nn not exceeding 100100 is chosen in such a way that if n50,n\le50, then the probability of choosing nn is p,p, and if n>50,n\gt50, then the probability of choosing nn is 3p.3p. The probability that a perfect square is chosen is

0.050.05

0.0650.065

0.080.08

0.090.09

0.10.1

难度评级:1650
小提示:

先利用总概率求出 pp

First use the total probability to determine pp

大提示:

分别数出不超过 5050 的完全平方数,以及从 5151100100 的完全平方数

Count the perfect squares at most 5050 and those from 5151 through 100100 separately

解答:

总概率为 50p+50(3p)=200p=150p+50(3p)=200p=1,所以 p=0.005p=0.005。不超过 5050 的完全平方数有七个,大于 5050 的还有三个:64648181100100。因此所求概率为 7p+3(3p)=16p=0.08 7p+3(3p)=16p=0.08\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The total probability is 50p+50(3p)=200p=1,50p+50(3p)=200p=1, so p=0.005.p=0.005. There are seven perfect squares at most 5050 and three more, 64,64, 81,81, 100,100, above 50.50. Hence the desired probability is 7p+3(3p)=16p=0.08. 7p+3(3p)=16p=0.08.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

20.

aabbcc 是非零实数,满足 a+bcc=ab+cb=a+b+ca \begin{aligned} \frac{a+b-c}{c} &=\frac{a-b+c}{b}\\ &=\frac{-a+b+c}{a}\text{,} \end{aligned} x=(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)abc x=\frac{(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}{abc}\text{,} 并且 x<0x\lt0,则 xx 等于

If a,a, b,b, cc are nonzero real numbers such that a+bcc=ab+cb=a+b+ca, \begin{aligned} \frac{a+b-c}{c} &=\frac{a-b+c}{b}\\ &=\frac{-a+b+c}{a}, \end{aligned} and x=(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)abc, x=\frac{(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}{abc}, and x<0,x\lt0, then xx equals

1-1

2-2

4-4

6-6

8-8

难度评级:2100
小提示:

令三个相等的分式都等于 tt,再两两比较所得方程

Set the three equal fractions to tt and compare pairs of the resulting equations

大提示:

比较可推出 a=b=ca=b=ca+b+c=0a+b+c=0;再利用 xx 的符号

The comparison forces either a=b=ca=b=c or a+b+c=0a+b+c=0; use the sign of xx

解答:

令它们的公共值为 tt。由前两个方程可得 (bc)(t+2)=0 (b-c)(t+2)=0\text{,} 循环比较可得另外两个类似关系。因此要么 a=b=ca=b=c,此时 x=8x=8;要么 t=2t=-2。在后一种情形下,a+b=ca+b=-cb+c=ab+c=-ac+a=bc+a=-b,所以 x=(c)(a)(b)abc=1 x=\frac{(-c)(-a)(-b)}{abc}=-1\text{。} 条件 x<0x\lt0 选出后一数值。

因此,正确答案是 A

Let the common value be t.t. The first two resulting equations imply (bc)(t+2)=0, (b-c)(t+2)=0, and cyclic comparisons give the analogous relations. Thus either a=b=c,a=b=c, which gives x=8,x=8, or t=2.t=-2. In the latter case a+b=c,a+b=-c, b+c=a,b+c=-a, and c+a=b,c+a=-b, so x=(c)(a)(b)abc=1. x=\frac{(-c)(-a)(-b)}{abc}=-1. The condition x<0x\lt0 selects the latter value.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

21.

对于所有不等于 11 的正数 xx1log3x+1log4x+1log5x \frac1{\log_3x}+\frac1{\log_4x}+\frac1{\log_5x} 等于

For all positive numbers xx distinct from 1,1, 1log3x+1log4x+1log5x \frac1{\log_3x}+\frac1{\log_4x}+\frac1{\log_5x} equals

1log60x\frac1{\log_{60}x}

1logx60\frac1{\log_x60}

1(log3x)(log4x)(log5x)\frac1{(\log_3x)(\log_4x)(\log_5x)}

12(log3x)+(log4x)+(log5x)\frac{12}{(\log_3x)+(\log_4x)+(\log_5x)}

log2x(log3x)(log5x)\frac{\log_2x}{(\log_3x)(\log_5x)}
+log3x(log2x)(log5x){}+\frac{\log_3x}{(\log_2x)(\log_5x)}
+log5x(log2x)(log3x){}+\frac{\log_5x}{(\log_2x)(\log_3x)}

知识点:对数代数变形
难度评级:1780
小提示:

利用倒数恒等式 1logbx=logxb\frac{1}{\log_bx}=\log_xb

Use the reciprocal identity 1logbx=logxb\frac{1}{\log_bx}=\log_xb

大提示:

利用对数的乘积法则合并所得和式

Combine the resulting sum with the product rule for logarithms

解答:

SS 表示题给和式。换底并合并对数可得 S=1log3x+1log4x+1log5x=logx(345)=logx60=1log60x \begin{aligned} S&=\frac1{\log_3x}+\frac1{\log_4x}\\ &\quad+\frac1{\log_5x}\\ &=\log_x(3\cdot4\cdot5)\\ &=\log_x60\\ &=\frac1{\log_{60}x}\text{。} \end{aligned}

因此,正确答案是 A

Let SS denote the given sum. Changing bases and combining logarithms gives S=1log3x+1log4x+1log5x=logx(345)=logx60=1log60x. \begin{aligned} S&=\frac1{\log_3x}+\frac1{\log_4x}\\ &\quad+\frac1{\log_5x}\\ &=\log_x(3\cdot4\cdot5)\\ &=\log_x60\\ &=\frac1{\log_{60}x}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

22.

一张卡片上恰好写着以下四句话:

这张卡片上恰有一句话是假话。
这张卡片上恰有两句话是假话。
这张卡片上恰有三句话是假话。
这张卡片上恰有四句话是假话。

(假设卡片上的每句话非真即假。)其中假话的数量恰为

The following four statements, and only these, are found on a card:

On this card exactly one statement is false.
On this card exactly two statements are false.
On this card exactly three statements are false.
On this card exactly four statements are false.

(Assume each statement on the card is either true or false.) Among them the number of false statements is exactly

00

11

22

33

44

难度评级:1860
小提示:

设假话的实际数量为 mm

Assume the actual number of false statements is mm

大提示:

对每个可能的 mm,数一数上面四句话中有几句会为真

For each possible m,m, count how many of the four displayed statements would then be true

解答:

若假话的实际数量 mm11223344 中的一个,则上面的四句话中恰有一句为真,也就是声称假话数量为 mm 的那一句。因此恰有三句话是假话,从而必须有 m=3m=3。这确实自洽:第三句话为真,其余三句为假。

因此,正确答案是 D

If the actual number mm of false statements is one of 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, exactly one displayed statement—the one naming mm—is true. Therefore exactly three statements are false, forcing m=3.m=3. This is consistent: the third statement is true and the other three are false.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

23.

等边三角形 ABEABE 的顶点 EE 位于正方形 ABCDABCD 内部,FF 是对角线 BDBD 与线段 AEAE 的交点。若 ABAB 的长度为 1+3\sqrt{1+\sqrt3},则 ABF\triangle ABF 的面积为

Vertex EE of equilateral triangle ABEABE is in the interior of square ABCD,ABCD, and FF is the point of intersection of diagonal BDBD and line segment AE.AE. If length ABAB is 1+3,\sqrt{1+\sqrt3}, then the area of ABF\triangle ABF is

11

22\frac{\sqrt2}{2}

32\frac{\sqrt3}{2}

4234-2\sqrt3

12+34\frac12+\frac{\sqrt3}{4}

难度评级:2040
小提示:

A=(0,0)A=(0,0)B=(s,0)B=(s,0),其中 s=ABs=AB

Place A=(0,0)A=(0,0) and B=(s,0),B=(s,0), where s=ABs=AB

大提示:

求直线 AE: y=3xAE:\ y=\sqrt3xBD: y=sxBD:\ y=s-x 的交点

Find the intersection of AE: y=3xAE:\ y=\sqrt3x and BD: y=sxBD:\ y=s-x

解答:

A=(0,0)A=(0,0)B=(s,0)B=(s,0)D=(0,s)D=(0,s),其中 s=1+3s=\sqrt{1+\sqrt3}。经过 FF 的两条直线的方程为 AE:y=3x,BD:y=sx \begin{aligned} AE:\quad y&=\sqrt3x,\\ BD:\quad y&=s-x\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此 FFABAB 的高为 s31+3\frac{s\sqrt3}{1+\sqrt3}。于是 [ABF]=s232(1+3)=32 [\triangle ABF] =\frac{s^2\sqrt3}{2(1+\sqrt3)} =\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Let A=(0,0),A=(0,0), B=(s,0),B=(s,0), and D=(0,s),D=(0,s), where s=1+3.s=\sqrt{1+\sqrt3}. The two lines containing FF have equations AE:y=3x,BD:y=sx. \begin{aligned} AE:\quad y&=\sqrt3x,\\ BD:\quad y&=s-x. \end{aligned} Hence the altitude of FF above ABAB is s31+3.\frac{s\sqrt3}{1+\sqrt3}. Therefore [ABF]=s232(1+3)=32. [\triangle ABF] =\frac{s^2\sqrt3}{2(1+\sqrt3)} =\frac{\sqrt3}{2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

24.

若互不相同的非零数 x(yz)x(y-z)y(zx)y(z-x)z(xy)z(x-y) 构成公比为 rr 的等比数列,则 rr 满足方程

If the distinct nonzero numbers x(yz),x(y-z), y(zx),y(z-x), z(xy)z(x-y) form a geometric progression with common ratio r,r, then rr satisfies the equation

r2+r+1=0r^2+r+1=0

r2r+1=0r^2-r+1=0

r4+r21=0r^4+r^2-1=0

(r+1)4+r=0(r+1)^4+r=0

(r1)4+r=0(r-1)^4+r=0

难度评级:2040
小提示:

将题给的三个表达式相加

Add the three given expressions

大提示:

将三个非零项写成 uuururur2ur^2

Write the three nonzero terms as u,u, ur,ur, ur2ur^2

解答:

三个表达式之和为 x(yz)+y(zx)+z(xy)=0 \begin{aligned} &x(y-z)+y(z-x)\\ &\qquad+z(x-y)=0\text{。} \end{aligned} 将这个非零等比数列写成 uuururur2ur^2,可得 u(1+r+r2)=0u(1+r+r^2)=0。由于 u0u\ne0,所以 r2+r+1=0r^2+r+1=0

因此,正确答案是 A

The three expressions have sum x(yz)+y(zx)+z(xy)=0. \begin{aligned} &x(y-z)+y(z-x)\\ &\qquad+z(x-y)=0. \end{aligned} Writing the nonzero geometric progression as u,u, ur,ur, ur2ur^2 gives u(1+r+r2)=0.u(1+r+r^2)=0. Since u0,u\ne0, r2+r+1=0.r^2+r+1=0.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

25.

aa 为正数。令集合 SS 由所有直角坐标 (x,y)(x,y) 满足下列全部条件的点组成: (i) a2x2a(ii) a2y2a(iii) x+ya(iv) x+ay(v) y+ax \begin{aligned} &\text{(i) }\frac a2\le x\le2a\\ &\text{(ii) }\frac a2\le y\le2a\\ &\text{(iii) }x+y\ge a\\ &\text{(iv) }x+a\ge y\\ &\text{(v) }y+a\ge x\text{。} \end{aligned} 集合 SS 的边界是一个有

Let aa be a positive number. Consider the set SS of all points whose rectangular coordinates (x,y)(x,y) satisfy all of the following conditions: (i) a2x2a(ii) a2y2a(iii) x+ya(iv) x+ay(v) y+ax. \begin{aligned} &\text{(i) }\frac a2\le x\le2a\\ &\text{(ii) }\frac a2\le y\le2a\\ &\text{(iii) }x+y\ge a\\ &\text{(iv) }x+a\ge y\\ &\text{(v) }y+a\ge x. \end{aligned} The boundary of set SS is a polygon with

33 条边的多边形

33 sides

44 条边的多边形

44 sides

55 条边的多边形

55 sides

66 条边的多边形

66 sides

77 条边的多边形

77 sides

难度评级:2100
小提示:

从条件 (i)\text{(i)}(ii)\text{(ii)} 所描述的正方形开始

Begin with the square described by conditions (i)\text{(i)} and (ii)\text{(ii)}

大提示:

判断哪个条件是多余的,以及哪两个条件切去了相对的两个角

Determine which condition is redundant and which two cut off opposite corners

解答:

前两个条件构成正方形 [a2,2a]×[a2,2a][\frac{a}{2},2a]\times[\frac{a}{2},2a]。在这个正方形内,x+yax+y\ge a 自动成立。最后两个条件等价于 xya|x-y|\le a;它们的边界直线切去顶点 (2a,a2)(2a,\frac{a}{2})(a2,2a)(\frac{a}{2},2a)。从正方形切去相对的两个角会得到六边形,所以边界有六条边。

因此,正确答案是 D

The first two conditions form the square [a2,2a]×[a2,2a].[\frac{a}{2},2a]\times[\frac{a}{2},2a]. Within this square, x+yax+y\ge a is automatic. The last two conditions are equivalent to xya;|x-y|\le a; their boundary lines cut off the corners (2a,a2)(2a,\frac{a}{2}) and (a2,2a).(\frac{a}{2},2a). Cutting two opposite corners from a square produces a hexagon, so the boundary has six sides.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

26.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=10AB=10AC=8AC=8BC=6BC=6。圆 PP 是所有经过 CC 且与 ABAB 相切的圆中半径最小的一个。设圆 PP 与边 ACACBCBCCC 外的交点分别为 QQRR。线段 QRQR 的长度为

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=10,AB=10, AC=8,AC=8, and BC=6.BC=6. Circle PP is the circle with smallest radius which passes through CC and is tangent to AB.AB. Let QQ and RR be the points of intersection, distinct from C,C, of circle PP with sides ACAC and BC,BC, respectively. The length of segment QRQR is

4.754.75

4.84.8

55

424\sqrt2

333\sqrt3

难度评级:2100
小提示:

66-88-1010 三角形在 CC 处为直角;设 HH 为从 CCABAB 所作垂线的垂足

The 66-88-1010 triangle is right at CC; let HH be the foot from CC to ABAB

大提示:

最小的圆以 CHCH 为直径,并且 QCR=90\angle QCR=90^\circ

The smallest circle has CHCH as a diameter, and QCR=90\angle QCR=90^\circ

解答:

HH 为从 CCABAB 所作高的垂足。在所有经过 CC 且与 ABAB 相切的圆中,当切点为 HH 时半径最小,所以 CHCH 是直径。由直角三角形的面积可得 CH=ACBCAB=8610=4.8 CH=\frac{AC\cdot BC}{AB}=\frac{8\cdot6}{10}=4.8\text{。} 此外,QCR=90\angle QCR=90^\circ,所以 QRQR 是圆 PP 的直径。因此 QR=CH=4.8QR=CH=4.8

因此,正确答案是 B

Let HH be the foot of the altitude from CC to AB.AB. Among circles through CC tangent to AB,AB, the least radius occurs when the tangency point is H,H, so CHCH is a diameter. The area of the right triangle gives CH=ACBCAB=8610=4.8. CH=\frac{AC\cdot BC}{AB}=\frac{8\cdot6}{10}=4.8. Also QCR=90,\angle QCR=90^\circ, so QRQR is a diameter of circle P.P. Therefore QR=CH=4.8.QR=CH=4.8.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

27.

大于 11 且满足下列条件的整数不止一个:用任意满足 2k112\le k\le11 的整数 kk 除它,余数都是 11。这样的整数中最小的两个相差多少?

There is more than one integer greater than 11 which, when divided by any integer kk such that 2k11,2\le k\le11, has a remainder of 1.1. What is the difference between the two smallest such integers?

23102310

23112311

27,72027{,}720

27,72127{,}721

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:1780
小提示:

每个所求整数都比从 221111 的所有整数的一个公倍数大 11

Each desired integer is 11 more than a common multiple of every integer from 22 through 1111

大提示:

相邻两个这样的整数之差就是这些除数的最小公倍数

The difference of consecutive such integers is the least common multiple of those divisors

解答:

符合条件的整数对从 221111 的每个整数取模都与 11 同余,因此也可将模数取为 L=lcm(2,,11)=23325711=27720 \begin{aligned} L&=\operatorname{lcm}(2,\ldots,11)\\ &=2^3\cdot3^2\cdot5\cdot7\cdot11\\ &=27720\text{。} \end{aligned} 大于 11 的最小两个符合条件的整数是 L+1L+12L+12L+1,它们的差为 L=27720L=27720

因此,正确答案是 C

A qualifying integer is congruent to 11 modulo every integer from 22 through 11,11, hence modulo L=lcm(2,,11)=23325711=27720. \begin{aligned} L&=\operatorname{lcm}(2,\ldots,11)\\ &=2^3\cdot3^2\cdot5\cdot7\cdot11\\ &=27720. \end{aligned} The two smallest qualifying integers greater than 11 are L+1L+1 and 2L+1,2L+1, whose difference is L=27720.L=27720.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

28.

A1A2A3\triangle A_1A_2A_3 是等边三角形,且对所有正整数 nnAn+3A_{n+3} 都是线段 AnAn+1A_nA_{n+1} 的中点,则 A44A45A43\angle A_{44}A_{45}A_{43} 的度数等于

If A1A2A3\triangle A_1A_2A_3 is equilateral and An+3A_{n+3} is the midpoint of line segment AnAn+1A_nA_{n+1} for all positive integers n,n, then the measure of A44A45A43\angle A_{44}A_{45}A_{43} equals

3030^\circ

4545^\circ

6060^\circ

9090^\circ

120120^\circ

知识点:中点递推向量
难度评级:2200
小提示:

dn=AnAn+1\mathbf d_n=\overrightarrow{A_nA_{n+1}},并推导这些向量的递推关系

Let dn=AnAn+1\mathbf d_n=\overrightarrow{A_nA_{n+1}} and derive a recurrence for these vectors

大提示:

证明 dn+4=14dn\mathbf d_{n+4}=-\frac14\mathbf d_n,从而把所求角化归到前几个点构成的角

Show that dn+4=14dn,\mathbf d_{n+4}=-\frac14\mathbf d_n, reducing the requested angle to one among the first few points

解答:

dn=AnAn+1\mathbf d_n=\overrightarrow{A_nA_{n+1}}。由中点关系可得 dn+3=12(dn+dn+1)\mathbf d_{n+3}=\frac12(\mathbf d_n+\mathbf d_{n+1}),并且 dn+dn+1+dn+2=12dn\mathbf d_n+\mathbf d_{n+1}+\mathbf d_{n+2}=\frac12\mathbf d_n。因此, dn+4=12(dn+1+dn+2)=14dn \begin{aligned} \mathbf d_{n+4} &=\frac12(\mathbf d_{n+1}+\mathbf d_{n+2})\\ &=-\frac14\mathbf d_n\text{。} \end{aligned} 所以 d43\mathbf d_{43}d44\mathbf d_{44} 分别是 d3\mathbf d_3d4\mathbf d_4 的同一正数倍,故 A44A45A43=A4A5A3\angle A_{44}A_{45}A_{43}=\angle A_4A_5A_3。由于 A4A_4A5A_5 分别是 A1A2A_1A_2A2A3A_2A_3 的中点,所以 A4A5A1A3A_4A_5\parallel A_1A_3。再利用等边三角形的角,可得 A4A5A3=120\angle A_4A_5A_3=120^\circ

因此,正确答案是 E

Let dn=AnAn+1.\mathbf d_n=\overrightarrow{A_nA_{n+1}}. The midpoint rule gives dn+3=12(dn+dn+1)\mathbf d_{n+3}=\frac12(\mathbf d_n+\mathbf d_{n+1}) and also dn+dn+1+dn+2=12dn.\mathbf d_n+\mathbf d_{n+1}+\mathbf d_{n+2}=\frac12\mathbf d_n. Consequently, dn+4=12(dn+1+dn+2)=14dn. \begin{aligned} \mathbf d_{n+4} &=\frac12(\mathbf d_{n+1}+\mathbf d_{n+2})\\ &=-\frac14\mathbf d_n. \end{aligned} Thus d43\mathbf d_{43} and d44\mathbf d_{44} are the same positive scalar multiple of d3\mathbf d_3 and d4,\mathbf d_4, respectively, so A44A45A43=A4A5A3.\angle A_{44}A_{45}A_{43}=\angle A_4A_5A_3. Since A4A_4 and A5A_5 are the midpoints of A1A2A_1A_2 and A2A3,A_2A_3, A4A5A1A3.A_4A_5\parallel A_1A_3. The equilateral-triangle angles then give A4A5A3=120.\angle A_4A_5A_3=120^\circ.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

29.

将凸四边形 ABCDABCD 的边 ABABBCBCCDCDDADA 分别越过 BBCCDDAA 延长到点 BB'CC'DD'AA'。已知 AB=BB=6AB=BB'=6BC=CC=7BC=CC'=7CD=DD=8CD=DD'=8DA=AA=9DA=AA'=9,且 ABCDABCD 的面积为 1010。则 ABCDA'B'C'D' 的面积为

Sides AB,AB, BC,BC, CD,CD, and DA,DA, respectively, of convex quadrilateral ABCDABCD are extended past B,B, C,C, D,D, and AA to points B,B', C,C', D,D', and A.A'. Also, AB=BB=6,AB=BB'=6, BC=CC=7,BC=CC'=7, CD=DD=8,CD=DD'=8, and DA=AA=9;DA=AA'=9; and the area of ABCDABCD is 10.10. The area of ABCDA'B'C'D' is

2020

4040

4545

5050

6060

知识点:向量面积分割
难度评级:2040
小提示:

用向量表示,A=2ADA'=2A-DB=2BAB'=2B-A,另外两个顶点也有类似表示

In vector notation, A=2AD,A'=2A-D, B=2BA,B'=2B-A, and similarly for the other two vertices

大提示:

将这些表达式代入多边形的叉积面积公式

Substitute these expressions into the cross-product area formula for a polygon

解答:

利用位置向量,相等的延长线段给出 A=2AD,B=2BA,C=2CB,D=2DC \begin{aligned} A'&=2A-D,& B'&=2B-A,\\ C'&=2C-B,& D'&=2D-C\text{。} \end{aligned} 将这些式子代入有向多边形面积和式,可见对角的叉积项相互抵消: A×B+B×C+C×D+D×A=5A×B+5B×C+5C×D+5D×A \begin{aligned} &A'\mathbin{\times}B' +B'\mathbin{\times}C'\\ &\quad+C'\mathbin{\times}D' +D'\mathbin{\times}A'\\ &=5A\mathbin{\times}B +5B\mathbin{\times}C\\ &\quad+5C\mathbin{\times}D +5D\mathbin{\times}A\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此外部四边形的面积是原四边形面积的五倍,即 510=505\cdot10=50

因此,正确答案是 D

Using position vectors, the equal extensions give A=2AD,B=2BA,C=2CB,D=2DC. \begin{aligned} A'&=2A-D,& B'&=2B-A,\\ C'&=2C-B,& D'&=2D-C. \end{aligned} Substitution into the oriented polygon-area sum shows that the diagonal cross terms cancel: A×B+B×C+C×D+D×A=5A×B+5B×C+5C×D+5D×A. \begin{aligned} &A'\mathbin{\times}B' +B'\mathbin{\times}C'\\ &\quad+C'\mathbin{\times}D' +D'\mathbin{\times}A'\\ &=5A\mathbin{\times}B +5B\mathbin{\times}C\\ &\quad+5C\mathbin{\times}D +5D\mathbin{\times}A. \end{aligned} Hence the outer area is five times the original area, or 510=50.5\cdot10=50.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

30.

在一项网球锦标赛中,有 nn 名女子和 2n2n 名男子参赛,每位选手都与其他每位选手恰好比赛一场。若比赛没有平局,且女子获胜场数与男子获胜场数之比为 75\frac{7}{5},则 nn 等于

In a tennis tournament, nn women and 2n2n men play, and each player plays exactly one match with every other player. If there are no ties and the ratio of the number of matches won by women to the number of matches won by men is 75,\frac{7}{5}, then nn equals

22

44

66

77

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:2200
小提示:

kk 为女子在男女对阵中获胜的场数,并计算女子获胜的总场数

Let kk be the number of mixed matches won by women and count all wins by women

大提示:

结合 0k2n20\le k\le2n^2 与女子应占全部胜场的 712\frac{7}{12}

Use 0k2n20\le k\le2n^2 together with the required 712\frac{7}{12} share of all match wins

解答:

比赛总数为 3n(3n1)2\frac{3n(3n-1)}{2},所以女子必须赢得 7n(3n1)8\frac{7n(3n-1)}{8} 场。若女子在 2n22n^2 场男女对阵中赢了 kk 场,则 n(n1)2+k=7n(3n1)8 \frac{n(n-1)}2+k=\frac{7n(3n-1)}8\text{,} 从而 k=n(17n3)8k=\frac{n(17n-3)}{8}。由上界 k2n2k\le2n^2 可得 n3n\le3。当 n=1n=122 时,该公式给出的值不是整数;当 n=3n=3 时,得到 k=18k=18,这是可能的。因此 n=3n=3,不在列出的数值选项中。

因此,正确答案是 E

There are 3n(3n1)2\frac{3n(3n-1)}{2} matches, so women must win 7n(3n1)8\frac{7n(3n-1)}{8} matches. If women win kk of the 2n22n^2 mixed matches, then n(n1)2+k=7n(3n1)8, \frac{n(n-1)}2+k=\frac{7n(3n-1)}8, giving k=n(17n3)8.k=\frac{n(17n-3)}{8}. The bound k2n2k\le2n^2 forces n3.n\le3. For n=1,n=1, 2,2, this formula is not an integer, while n=3n=3 gives k=18,k=18, which is possible. Thus n=3,n=3, which is not among the listed numerical choices.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.