1991 AMC 12 第 30 题

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30.

对任意集合 SS,用 S|S| 表示 SS 的元素个数,用 n(S)n(S) 表示 SS 的子集个数,其中包括空集和 SS 本身。若集合 AABBCC 满足 n(A)+n(B)+n(C)=n(ABC),A=B=100 \begin{gathered} n(A)+n(B)+n(C)\\ {}=n(A\cup B\cup C),\\ |A|=|B|=100 \end{gathered}\text{,}ABC|A\cap B\cap C| 的最小可能值是多少?

For any set S,S, let S|S| denote the number of elements in S,S, and let n(S)n(S) be the number of subsets of S,S, including the empty set and the set SS itself. If A,A, B,B, and CC are sets for which n(A)+n(B)+n(C)=n(ABC),A=B=100, \begin{gathered} n(A)+n(B)+n(C)\\ {}=n(A\cup B\cup C),\\ |A|=|B|=100, \end{gathered} then what is the minimum possible value of ABC?|A\cap B\cap C|?

9696

9797

9898

9999

100100

答案:B
知识点:set cardinality子集powers of twoextremal counting
难度评级:2430
小提示:

使用 n(S)=2Sn(S)=2^{|S|},并求出 C|C|ABC|A\cup B\cup C|

Use n(S)=2Sn(S)=2^{|S|} and determine C|C| and ABC|A\cup B\cup C|

大提示:

在并集中,数一数 AABBCC 各自可以缺少多少个元素

Within the union, count how many elements each of A,A, B,B, and CC can omit

解答:

c=Cc=|C|u=ABCu=|A\cup B\cup C|。由于 n(S)=2Sn(S)=2^{|S|},方程变为 2101+2c=2u2^{101}+2^c=2^u。两个加数必须相等,所以 c=101c=101u=102u=102。在并集中,AABBCC 分别缺少 222211 个元素。因此,三重交集中最多缺少五个不同的元素,从而 ABC97|A\cap B\cap C|\ge97。令这些缺少的元素彼此不同即可取到等号。

因此正确答案为 B

Let c=Cc=|C| and u=ABC.u=|A\cup B\cup C|. Since n(S)=2S,n(S)=2^{|S|}, the equation becomes 2101+2c=2u.2^{101}+2^c=2^u. The two summands must be equal, so c=101c=101 and u=102.u=102. Within the union, A,A, B,B, and CC omit 2,2, 2,2, and 11 elements. Thus at most five distinct elements are absent from the triple intersection, giving ABC97.|A\cap B\cap C|\ge97. Equality is attained by making those omissions distinct.

Thus the correct answer is B.

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