1991 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
若对任意三个互不相同的数 、 和 ,定义 则
If for any three distinct numbers and we define then
小提示:
把 、 和 代入定义
Substitute and into the definition
大提示:
注意分母中的两个负号
Be careful with the two negative signs in the denominator
解答:
直接代入可得
因此正确答案为 E。
Direct substitution gives
Thus the correct answer is E.
2.
小提示:
注意
Recall that
大提示:
负数的绝对值等于它的相反数
The absolute value of a negative number is its opposite
解答:
由于 , 为负数。因此 。
因此正确答案为 E。
Since the quantity is negative. Therefore
Thus the correct answer is E.
3.
小提示:
把负一次幂改写为倒数
Rewrite the negative first powers as reciprocals
大提示:
先化简 ,再求其倒数
First simplify , then take its reciprocal
解答:
有 。再取 次幂就是求倒数,得到 。
因此正确答案为 A。
We have Raising this result to the power takes its reciprocal, giving
Thus the correct answer is A.
4.
下列哪一种三角形不可能存在?
Which of the following triangles cannot exist?
锐角等腰三角形
An acute isosceles triangle
等腰直角三角形
An isosceles right triangle
钝角直角三角形
An obtuse right triangle
不等边直角三角形
A scalene right triangle
不等边钝角三角形
A scalene obtuse triangle
小提示:
直角三角形已经有一个 角
A right triangle already contains an angle of
大提示:
钝角三角形必须有一个大于 的角
An obtuse triangle must contain an angle greater than
解答:
直角三角形有一个 角,另外两个正角之和只有 。所以另外两个角都不可能是钝角,三角形不可能既是直角三角形又是钝角三角形。
因此正确答案为 C。
A right triangle has one angle, leaving only for its other two positive angles together. Neither remaining angle can therefore be obtuse. Hence a triangle cannot be both right and obtuse.
Thus the correct answer is C.
5.
在图示的箭头形多边形中,顶点 、、、 和 处的角均为直角,、、,且 。该多边形的面积最接近下列哪个数?
In the arrow-shaped polygon shown, the angles at vertices and are right angles, and The area of the polygon is closest to
小提示:
把箭头尖端与矩形箭杆分开计算
Separate the arrowhead from the rectangular shaft
大提示:
利用 以及 和 处的两个直角确定箭头尖端
Use and the two right angles at and to determine the arrowhead
解答:
箭杆 是一个 × 的矩形,所以面积为 。另外, 。由于 且 ,三角形 是斜边长为 的等腰直角三角形。两条直角边长均为 ,所以其面积为 。总面积为 。
因此正确答案为 E。
The shaft is a -by- rectangle, so its area is Also Because and triangle is an isosceles right triangle with hypotenuse Its legs are so its area is The total area is
Thus the correct answer is E.
6.
若 ,则
If then
小提示:
从最内层的平方根开始向外化简
Work from the innermost square root outward
大提示:
把每个平方根改写为 次幂
Rewrite each square root as a power of
解答:
从内向外使用分数指数,得到
因此正确答案为 E。
Starting inside and using fractional exponents,
Thus the correct answer is E.
7.
若 、 且 ,则
If and then
小提示:
分子和分母同时除以
Divide the numerator and denominator by
大提示:
把每个 换成
Replace each occurrence of by
解答:
分子和分母同时除以非零数 ,可得
因此正确答案为 B。
Dividing both numerator and denominator by the nonzero number gives
Thus the correct answer is B.
8.
液体 不与水混合。在没有阻碍时,它会在水面上铺展成厚度为 厘米的圆形薄膜。一个长、宽、高分别为 厘米、 厘米和 厘米的长方体容器装满液体 。把其中的液体倒在一大片水面上,所得圆形薄膜的半径是多少厘米?
Liquid does not mix with water. Unless obstructed, it spreads out on the surface of water to form a circular film cm thick. A rectangular box measuring cm by cm by cm is filled with liquid Its contents are poured onto a large body of water. What will be the radius, in centimeters, of the resulting circular film?
小提示:
令容器中液体的体积等于圆形薄膜的体积
Equate the volume in the box to the volume of the thin circular film
大提示:
薄膜的体积为
The film volume is
解答:
液体的体积为 立方厘米。因此 所以 ,并且 。
因此正确答案为 C。
The liquid volume is cubic centimeters. Thus so and
Thus the correct answer is C.
9.
从时刻 到 ,某种群增长了 ;从时刻 到 ,该种群又增长了 。因此,从时刻 到 ,该种群增长了
From time to time a population increased by and from time to time the population increased by Therefore, from time to time the population increased by
小提示:
用乘法因子表示两次增长
Represent the two increases by multiplication factors
大提示:
展开
Expand
解答:
总增长因子为 因此,增长的百分数为 。
因此正确答案为 D。
The combined growth factor is Hence the percent increase is
Thus the correct answer is D.
10.
点 到某圆圆心的距离为 ,该圆的半径为 。经过 且长度为整数的不同弦共有多少条?
Point is units from the center of a circle of radius How many different chords of the circle contain and have integer lengths?
小提示:
求经过 的最短弦和最长弦
Find the shortest and longest chord through
大提示:
除两个极值长度外,每个可取的弦长都对应两个方向
Except at the extreme lengths, each attainable chord length occurs in two directions
解答:
经过 的最长弦是长为 的直径。最短弦垂直于经过 的半径,其长度为 当弦在这两个位置之间转动时,其长度连续地从 变到 。两个端点长度各出现一次,而中间的五个整数长度 各出现两次。因此总数为 。
因此正确答案为 B。
The longest chord through is a diameter of length The shortest is perpendicular to the radius through and has length As the chord rotates between these positions, its length varies continuously from to The endpoint lengths each occur once, while each of the five interior integer lengths occurs twice. Thus the count is
Thus the correct answer is B.
11.
杰克和吉尔跑一个 千米的往返路程。他们从同一点出发,上坡跑 千米,再沿原路返回起点。杰克提前 分钟出发,上坡速度为 千米/小时,下坡速度为 千米/小时。吉尔的上坡速度为 千米/小时,下坡速度为 千米/小时。当他们迎面相遇时,距离山顶还有多远?
Jack and Jill run kilometers. They start at the same point, run kilometers up a hill, and return to the starting point by the same route. Jack has a -minute head start and runs at the rate of km/hr uphill and km/hr downhill. Jill runs km/hr uphill and km/hr downhill. How far from the top of the hill are they when they pass going in opposite directions?
千米
km
千米
km
千米
km
千米
km
千米
km
小提示:
先确定杰克到达山顶时吉尔的位置
Determine Jill’s position when Jack reaches the top
大提示:
杰克掉头后,使用两人的相对接近速度
After Jack turns around, use their combined closing speed
解答:
杰克在 小时后到达山顶。此时吉尔已经跑了 小时,上坡跑了 千米,所以两人相距 千米。他们的相对接近速度为 千米/小时,因此经过 小时相遇。杰克下坡的路程为 千米。
因此正确答案为 B。
Jack reaches the top in hour. Jill has then run for hour and is km uphill, so they are km apart. Their closing speed is km/hr, so they meet after hour. Jack descends kilometers.
Thus the correct answer is B.
12.
一个凸六边形的内角度数构成一个由正整数组成的等差数列。设其最大内角的度数为 。 的最大可能值为
The measures (in degrees) of the interior angles of a convex hexagon form an arithmetic sequence of positive integers. Let be the measure of the largest interior angle of the hexagon. The largest possible value of is
小提示:
把各角写成 ,并利用它们的和
Write the angles as and use their sum
大提示:
所得方程迫使 为偶数,而凸性要求最大角小于
The equation forces to be even, and convexity bounds the largest angle below
解答:
内角和为 ,所以 因此 为偶数。最大角为 ,且必须小于 。所以 ,允许的最大偶数为 。此时 ,且 。
因此正确答案为 D。
The angle sum is so Hence is even. The largest angle is which must be less than Thus and the largest allowable even value is It gives and
Thus the correct answer is D.
13.
马 、 和 参加一场不会出现平局的三马赛跑。若 获胜的反向赔率为 比 ,而 获胜的反向赔率为 比 ,那么 获胜的反向赔率是多少?(“ 获胜的反向赔率为 比 ”是指 获胜的概率为 。)
Horses and are entered in a three-horse race in which ties are not possible. If the odds against winning are -to- and the odds against winning are -to- what are the odds against winning? (By “odds against winning are -to-” we mean that the probability of winning the race is )
比
-to-
比
-to-
比
-to-
比
-to-
比
-to-
小提示:
把每组赔率换算为概率
Convert each set of odds to a probability
大提示:
三匹马的获胜概率之和为
The three winning probabilities sum to
解答:
已知概率为 和 。因此 失败的概率为 ,所以 获胜的反向赔率为 比 。
因此正确答案为 D。
The given probabilities are and Therefore The probability that loses is so the odds against are -to-
Thus the correct answer is D.
14.
若 是某个正整数的立方,且 是 的正因数个数,则 可能等于
If is the cube of a positive integer and is the number of positive integers that are divisors of then could be
小提示:
立方数的质因数分解中,每个指数都能被 整除
In the prime factorization of a cube, every exponent is divisible by
大提示:
尝试只含一个质因数的立方数
Try a cube having only one prime factor
解答:
对任意质数 ,取 。这是一个立方数,它的正因数为 ,共有 个。因此 可以出现。
因此正确答案为 C。
For any prime take This is a cube, and its positive divisors are a total of Thus can occur.
Thus the correct answer is C.
15.
一张圆桌周围恰有 把椅子。桌边已经坐了 个人,使得下一位入座者无论坐哪一把空椅子,都必须挨着某个人。 的最小可能值为
A circular table has exactly chairs around it. There are people seated at this table in such a way that the next person to be seated must sit next to someone. The smallest possible value of is
小提示:
任何空椅子的两把相邻椅子不能同时为空
No empty chair can have both neighboring chairs empty
大提示:
相邻的两把已占椅子之间至多有两把空椅子
Between consecutive occupied chairs there can be at most two empty chairs
解答:
条件说明每把空椅子都与一把已占椅子相邻,所以不可能有三把连续的椅子都空着。因此,每把已占椅子至多可以对应它自己以及其后的两把空椅子,从而 ,即 。沿圆桌重复“已占、空、空”的排列即可达到 。
因此正确答案为 B。
The condition says that every empty chair has an occupied neighbor, so no three consecutive chairs may all be empty. Therefore each occupied chair can account for at most itself and the two empty chairs following it, giving and Repeating the pattern occupied-empty-empty around the table attains
Thus the correct answer is B.
16.
去年,世纪高中有一百名学生参加 AHSME,他们的平均分为 。参加 AHSME 的非毕业班学生人数比毕业班学生人数多 ,而毕业班学生的平均分比非毕业班学生高 。毕业班学生的平均分是多少?
One hundred students at Century High School participated in the AHSME last year, and their mean score was The number of non-seniors taking the AHSME was more than the number of seniors, and the mean score of the seniors was higher than that of the non-seniors. What was the mean score of the seniors?
小提示:
先求毕业班学生和非毕业班学生的人数
First determine the numbers of seniors and non-seniors
大提示:
设非毕业班学生的平均分为 ,列出加权平均方程
Let the non-senior mean be and form a weighted-average equation
解答:
若有 名毕业班学生,则有 名非毕业班学生,所以 ,从而 。设非毕业班学生的平均分为 ,则毕业班学生的平均分为 。总分方程为 所以 ,毕业班学生的平均分为 。
因此正确答案为 D。
If there are seniors, then there are non-seniors, so and Let the non-senior mean be the senior mean is The total score equation is so and the senior mean is
Thus the correct answer is D.
17.
若把正整数 的数字顺序倒转后所得整数仍等于 ,则称 为回文数。本世纪只有 年同时具有以下两个性质:
(a) 它是回文数。
(b) 它可以分解为一个 位回文质数与一个 位回文质数的乘积。
从 年到 年的这一千年间(包括 年),共有多少个年份具有性质 (a) 和 (b)?
A positive integer is a palindrome if the integer obtained by reversing the sequence of digits of is equal to The year is the only year in the current century with the following two properties:
(a) It is a palindrome.
(b) It factors as a product of a -digit prime palindrome and a -digit prime palindrome.
How many years in the millennium between and (including the year ) have properties (a) and (b)?
小提示:
从 到 的每个四位回文数都形如
Every four-digit palindrome from to has the form
大提示:
把 分解为 ,再检验三位因数何时为质数
Factor as and test when the three-digit factor is prime
解答:
区间内的回文数形如 ,其中 是一个数字。代数上,因此,两位回文质数只能是 ,且 必须是一个三位回文质数。当 时, 给出质数 。所以共有 个年份。
因此正确答案为 D。
The palindromes in the interval are where is a digit. Algebraically, The two-digit prime palindrome must therefore be and must be a three-digit prime palindrome. For the prime values occur for giving Thus there are years.
Thus the correct answer is D.
18.
设 是复平面中点 的集合,其中 为实数,则 是
If is the set of points in the complex plane such that is a real number, then is a
直角三角形
right triangle
圆
circle
双曲线
hyperbola
直线
line
抛物线
parabola
小提示:
令 ,并展开乘积
Write and expand the product
大提示:
令 的虚部等于零
Set the imaginary part of equal to zero
解答:
令 ,则 它恰在 时为实数,而这是一条经过原点的直线的方程。
因此正确答案为 D。
Writing This is real exactly when which is the equation of a line through the origin.
Thus the correct answer is D.
19.
三角形 在 处为直角,且 、。三角形 在 处为直角,且 。点 和 位于 的两侧。过 且平行于 的直线与 的延长线交于 。若 其中 和 是互质的正整数,则
Triangle has a right angle at and Triangle has a right angle at and Points and are on opposite sides of The line through parallel to meets extended at If where and are relatively prime positive integers, then
小提示:
设 、、
Place and
大提示:
求 时,使用一条长度为 且垂直于 的向量
Find by using a length- vector perpendicular to
解答:
设 、、。由于 ,长度为 、垂直于 且背离 的向量为 。因此 。又因 ,有 ,所以 ,。于是 因此 。
因此正确答案为 B。
Place and Since the length- vector perpendicular to and directed away from is Hence Since we have so and Therefore Thus
Thus the correct answer is B.
20.
满足 的所有实数 之和为
The sum of all real such that is
小提示:
令 ,
Set and
大提示:
把 分解为
Factor as
解答:
令 ,。右边为 ,所以 等价于 。三种情形分别给出 、 或 ,对应的实数解分别为 和 。它们的和为 。
因此正确答案为 E。
Let and The right side is so is equivalent to The cases give or whose real solutions are and respectively. Their sum is
Thus the correct answer is E.
21.
若 对所有 都成立,且 ,则
If for all and then
小提示:
选择 ,使得
Choose so that
大提示:
使用
Use
解答:
由于 在定义中取 。于是
因此正确答案为 A。
Since choose in the definition. Then
Thus the correct answer is A.
22.
两个圆外切。直线 和 是公切线,其中 和 在小圆上, 和 在大圆上。若 ,则小圆的面积为
Two circles are externally tangent. Lines and are common tangents with and on the smaller circle and and on the larger circle. If then the area of the smaller circle is
小提示:
两个圆通过以 为中心的位似相互对应
The two circles are related by a dilation centered at
大提示:
利用 、 求位似比,再对小圆应用切线长度关系
Use to find the dilation ratio, then apply the tangent-length relation to the smaller circle
解答:
由于 且 ,有 。因此,以 为中心、把小圆映到大圆的位似比为 。若小圆半径为 ,则 是其圆心到 的距离:两个圆心位于同一条射线上,它们到 的距离之比为 ,且两圆心间的距离为 。对由 、小圆圆心和 构成的直角三角形应用勾股定理,所以 ,从而 ,面积为 。
因此正确答案为 B。
Since and we have The homothety centered at taking the smaller circle to the larger therefore has ratio If the smaller radius is its center is from the centers are on the same ray, their distances from have ratio and their difference is Applying the right triangle formed by the small center, and , Thus so and the area is
Thus the correct answer is B.
23.
若 是一个 正方形, 是 的中点, 是 的中点, 与 交于 , 与 交于 ,则四边形 的面积为
If is a square, is the midpoint of is the midpoint of and intersect at and and intersect at then the area of quadrilateral is
小提示:
为正方形建立坐标,并写出 、 和 的方程
Assign coordinates to the square and write equations for and
大提示:
求出 和 ,再对 使用鞋带公式
Find and then use the shoelace formula on
解答:
设 、、、。则 、,且直线交点为 鞋带公式给出
因此正确答案为 C。
Set and Then and the line intersections are The shoelace formula gives
Thus the correct answer is C.
24.
图像 的方程为 。将它绕原点逆时针旋转 ,得到新图像 。下列哪一个是 的方程?
The graph, of is rotated counter-clockwise about the origin to obtain a new graph Which of the following is an equation for
小提示:
逆时针旋转 把 映到
A counter-clockwise rotation sends to
大提示:
重新命名旋转后的坐标,并由对数关系解出新的
Rename the rotated coordinates and solve the logarithmic relation for the new
解答:
点 旋转后变为 因此 ,所以 ,且 。
因此正确答案为 D。
A point rotates to Hence so and
Thus the correct answer is D.
25.
若 ,并且对 、、、,定义 则 最接近下列哪个数?
If and for then is closest to which of the following numbers?
小提示:
分解 ,并化简每个因子
Factor and simplify each factor
大提示:
把每个因子写成 ,然后连乘消去
Write each factor as and telescope
解答:
由于 且 ,连乘后大量因子相消:当 时,该值略小于 ,最接近 。
因此正确答案为 D。
Since and The product telescopes: For this is just under and is closest to
Thus the correct answer is D.
26.
若一个 位正整数的 个数字是集合 的一种排列,并且其前 位组成的整数能被 整除,其中 、、、,则称它为可爱数。例如, 是一个 位可爱数,因为 整除 、 整除 ,且 整除 。共有多少个 位可爱数?
An -digit positive integer is cute if its digits are an arrangement of the set and its first digits form an integer that is divisible by for For example, is a cute -digit integer because divides divides and divides How many cute -digit integers are there?
小提示:
第二位必须为偶数,前三位的数字和必须能被 整除,前四位必须能被 整除
The second digit must be even, the third-prefix digit sum must be divisible by and the fourth prefix must be divisible by
大提示:
第五位必须为 ,整个数必须为偶数且能被 整除
The fifth digit must be and the full number must be even and divisible by
解答:
能被 整除迫使第五位为 。能被 和 整除迫使第二位和第六位为偶数。接着依次应用整除规则:前三位的数字和必须能被 整除,由第三位和第四位组成的两位数必须能被 整除。检查集合 中余下数字的排列,只剩 和 。直接检验可知,这两个数都满足全部六个前缀整除条件,所以共有 个。
因此正确答案为 C。
Divisibility by forces the fifth digit to be Divisibility by and forces the second and sixth digits to be even. Now apply the divisibility tests successively: the first three digits must have sum divisible by and the two-digit number formed by the third and fourth digits must be divisible by Checking the remaining choices from leaves and Each number directly satisfies all six prefix divisibility conditions, so there are
Thus the correct answer is C.
27.
若 则
If then
小提示:
有理化
Rationalize
大提示:
所求式的后两项互为共轭式
The last two terms of the requested expression are conjugates
解答:
因为 已知方程给出 。其倒数为 ,相加得到 ,所以 。另外,因此所求式为 。
因此正确答案为 C。
Because the given equation implies Its reciprocal is so adding yields and Also Therefore the requested expression is
Thus the correct answer is C.
28.
一个坛子最初装有 颗黑弹珠和 颗白弹珠。反复从坛中取出三颗弹珠,再按照下表用坛外的弹珠替换:
反复执行这一过程后,坛中可能剩下下列哪一组弹珠? 取出的弹珠 放回的弹珠 颗黑弹珠 颗黑弹珠 颗黑弹珠、 颗白弹珠 颗黑弹珠、 颗白弹珠 颗黑弹珠、 颗白弹珠 颗白弹珠 颗白弹珠 颗黑弹珠、 颗白弹珠
Initially an urn contains black marbles and white marbles. Repeatedly, three marbles are removed from the urn and replaced from a pile outside the urn as follows:
Which of the following sets of marbles could be the contents of the urn after repeated applications of this procedure? Marbles removed Replaced with black black black, white black, white black, white white white black, white
颗黑弹珠
black marbles
颗白弹珠
white marbles
颗黑弹珠
black marble
颗黑弹珠和 颗白弹珠
black and white marble
颗白弹珠
white marble
小提示:
白弹珠的数量每次只会改变 或
The number of white marbles always changes by or
大提示:
在某次操作后第一次只剩至多两颗弹珠时,检查最后一次操作的可能输出
When an operation first leaves at most two marbles, inspect the possible outputs of that final operation
解答:
白弹珠数量的奇偶性始终不变,所以含一颗白弹珠的选项不可能出现。此外,最后一次操作从三颗弹珠开始时,可能留下 颗黑弹珠、 颗黑弹珠和 颗白弹珠,或 颗白弹珠,但绝不会留下 颗黑弹珠。留下 颗白弹珠的状态确实可以达到:不断把 颗黑弹珠替换为 颗黑弹珠,直到剩下 颗黑弹珠;再两次使用“ 黑 白”的规则,留下 颗白弹珠;然后交替使用“ 白”规则和“ 黑 白”规则,每两次操作把白弹珠数减少 ,直到剩下 颗。
因此正确答案为 B。
The parity of the number of white marbles never changes, so choices with one white marble are impossible. Also a final operation starting with three marbles can leave black, black and white, or white, but never black. The state with white is attainable: repeatedly replace black by black until black remain; twice use the -black--white rule, leaving white; then alternate the -white rule with the -black--white rule, reducing the number of white marbles by per pair until remain.
Thus the correct answer is B.
29.
等边三角形 经过压折,使顶点 落到点 ,该点位于 上,如图所示。若 且 ,则折痕 的长度为
Equilateral triangle has been creased and folded so that vertex now rests at on as shown. If and then the length of crease is
小提示:
折痕是一个点及其折叠后对应点所连线段的垂直平分线
A fold crease is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining a point to its image
大提示:
设 、、、
Place and
解答:
使用提示中的坐标,点 的垂直平分线条件为 ,化简得 该直线与 相交于 ,与 相交于 。因此
因此正确答案为 B。
With the coordinates in the hint, the perpendicular-bisector condition for is which simplifies to Intersecting this line with gives Intersecting it with gives Hence
Thus the correct answer is B.
30.
对任意集合 ,用 表示 的元素个数,用 表示 的子集个数,其中包括空集和 本身。若集合 、 和 满足 则 的最小可能值是多少?
For any set let denote the number of elements in and let be the number of subsets of including the empty set and the set itself. If and are sets for which then what is the minimum possible value of
小提示:
使用 ,并求出 和
Use and determine and
大提示:
在并集中,数一数 、 和 各自可以缺少多少个元素
Within the union, count how many elements each of and can omit
解答:
令 ,。由于 ,方程变为 。两个加数必须相等,所以 ,。在并集中,、 和 分别缺少 、 和 个元素。因此,三重交集中最多缺少五个不同的元素,从而 。令这些缺少的元素彼此不同即可取到等号。
因此正确答案为 B。
Let and Since the equation becomes The two summands must be equal, so and Within the union, and omit and elements. Thus at most five distinct elements are absent from the triple intersection, giving Equality is attained by making those omissions distinct.
Thus the correct answer is B.