1991 AMC 12 真题

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1.

若对任意三个互不相同的数 aabbcc,定义 a,b,c=c+acb \boxed{a,b,c}=\frac{c+a}{c-b}\text{,}1,2,3=\boxed{1,-2,-3}=

If for any three distinct numbers a,a, b,b, and cc we define a,b,c=c+acb, \boxed{a,b,c}=\frac{c+a}{c-b}, then 1,2,3=\boxed{1,-2,-3}=

2-2

25-\frac25

14-\frac14

25\frac25

22

答案:E
知识点:defined operation换元法
难度评级:840
小提示:

a=1a=1b=2b=-2c=3c=-3 代入定义

Substitute a=1,a=1, b=2,b=-2, and c=3c=-3 into the definition

大提示:

注意分母中的两个负号

Be careful with the two negative signs in the denominator

解答:

直接代入可得 1,2,3=3+13(2)=21=2 \begin{aligned} \boxed{1,-2,-3} &=\frac{-3+1}{-3-(-2)}\\ &=\frac{-2}{-1}=2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此正确答案为 E

Direct substitution gives 1,2,3=3+13(2)=21=2. \begin{aligned} \boxed{1,-2,-3} &=\frac{-3+1}{-3-(-2)}\\ &=\frac{-2}{-1}=2. \end{aligned}

Thus the correct answer is E.

2.

3π=|3-\pi|=

17\frac17

0.140.14

3π3-\pi

3+π3+\pi

π3\pi-3

答案:E
难度评级:770
小提示:

注意 π>3\pi\gt3

Recall that π>3\pi\gt3

大提示:

负数的绝对值等于它的相反数

The absolute value of a negative number is its opposite

解答:

由于 π>3\pi\gt33π3-\pi 为负数。因此 3π=(3π)=π3|3-\pi|=-(3-\pi)=\pi-3

因此正确答案为 E

Since π>3,\pi\gt3, the quantity 3π3-\pi is negative. Therefore 3π=(3π)=π3.|3-\pi|=-(3-\pi)=\pi-3.

Thus the correct answer is E.

3.

(4131)1=\left(4^{-1}-3^{-1}\right)^{-1}=

12-12

1-1

112\frac1{12}

11

1212

答案:A
难度评级:840
小提示:

把负一次幂改写为倒数

Rewrite the negative first powers as reciprocals

大提示:

先化简 1413\frac14-\frac13,再求其倒数

First simplify 1413\frac14-\frac13, then take its reciprocal

解答:

4131=1413=1124^{-1}-3^{-1}=\frac14-\frac13=-\frac1{12}。再取 1-1 次幂就是求倒数,得到 12-12

因此正确答案为 A

We have 4131=1413=112.4^{-1}-3^{-1}=\frac14-\frac13=-\frac1{12}. Raising this result to the power 1-1 takes its reciprocal, giving 12.-12.

Thus the correct answer is A.

4.

下列哪一种三角形不可能存在?

Which of the following triangles cannot exist?

锐角等腰三角形

An acute isosceles triangle

等腰直角三角形

An isosceles right triangle

钝角直角三角形

An obtuse right triangle

不等边直角三角形

A scalene right triangle

不等边钝角三角形

A scalene obtuse triangle

答案:C
难度评级:800
小提示:

直角三角形已经有一个 9090^\circ

A right triangle already contains an angle of 9090^\circ

大提示:

钝角三角形必须有一个大于 9090^\circ 的角

An obtuse triangle must contain an angle greater than 9090^\circ

解答:

直角三角形有一个 9090^\circ 角,另外两个正角之和只有 9090^\circ。所以另外两个角都不可能是钝角,三角形不可能既是直角三角形又是钝角三角形。

因此正确答案为 C

A right triangle has one 9090^\circ angle, leaving only 9090^\circ for its other two positive angles together. Neither remaining angle can therefore be obtuse. Hence a triangle cannot be both right and obtuse.

Thus the correct answer is C.

5.

在图示的箭头形多边形中,顶点 AACCDDEEFF 处的角均为直角,BC=FG=5BC=FG=5CD=FE=20CD=FE=20DE=10DE=10,且 AB=AGAB=AG。该多边形的面积最接近下列哪个数?

In the arrow-shaped polygon shown, the angles at vertices A,A, C,C, D,D, E,E, and FF are right angles, BC=FG=5,BC=FG=5, CD=FE=20,CD=FE=20, DE=10,DE=10, and AB=AG.AB=AG. The area of the polygon is closest to

288288

291291

294294

297297

300300

答案:E
难度评级:1360
小提示:

把箭头尖端与矩形箭杆分开计算

Separate the arrowhead from the rectangular shaft

大提示:

利用 AB=AGAB=AG 以及 CCFF 处的两个直角确定箭头尖端

Use AB=AGAB=AG and the two right angles at CC and FF to determine the arrowhead

解答:

箭杆 CDEFCDEF 是一个 2020×1010 的矩形,所以面积为 200200。另外,BG=BC+CF+FGBG=BC+CF+FG =5+10+5=20=5+10+5=20。由于 BAG=90\angle BAG=90^\circAB=AGAB=AG,三角形 ABGABG 是斜边长为 2020 的等腰直角三角形。两条直角边长均为 10210\sqrt2,所以其面积为 12(102)2=100\frac12(10\sqrt2)^2=100。总面积为 200+100=300200+100=300

因此正确答案为 E

The shaft CDEFCDEF is a 2020-by-1010 rectangle, so its area is 200.200. Also BG=BC+CF+FGBG=BC+CF+FG =5+10+5=20.=5+10+5=20. Because BAG=90\angle BAG=90^\circ and AB=AG,AB=AG, triangle ABGABG is an isosceles right triangle with hypotenuse 20.20. Its legs are 102,10\sqrt2, so its area is 12(102)2=100.\frac12(10\sqrt2)^2=100. The total area is 200+100=300.200+100=300.

Thus the correct answer is E.

6.

x0x\ge0,则 xxx=\sqrt{x\sqrt{x\sqrt{x}}}=

If x0,x\ge0, then xxx=\sqrt{x\sqrt{x\sqrt{x}}}=

xxx\sqrt{x}

xx4x\sqrt[4]{x}

x8\sqrt[8]{x}

x38\sqrt[8]{x^3}

x78\sqrt[8]{x^7}

答案:E
难度评级:1260
小提示:

从最内层的平方根开始向外化简

Work from the innermost square root outward

大提示:

把每个平方根改写为 12\frac{1}{2} 次幂

Rewrite each square root as a power of 12\frac{1}{2}

解答:

从内向外使用分数指数,得到 xxx=xx34=x78=x78 \begin{aligned} \sqrt{x\sqrt{x\sqrt{x}}} &=\sqrt{x\cdot x^{\frac{3}{4}}}\\ &=x^{\frac{7}{8}} =\sqrt[8]{x^7} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此正确答案为 E

Starting inside and using fractional exponents, xxx=xx34=x78=x78. \begin{aligned} \sqrt{x\sqrt{x\sqrt{x}}} &=\sqrt{x\cdot x^{\frac{3}{4}}}\\ &=x^{\frac{7}{8}} =\sqrt[8]{x^7}. \end{aligned}

Thus the correct answer is E.

7.

x=abx=\frac{a}{b}aba\ne bb0b\ne0,则 a+bab=\dfrac{a+b}{a-b}=

If x=ab,x=\frac{a}{b}, ab,a\ne b, and b0,b\ne0, then a+bab=\dfrac{a+b}{a-b}=

xx+1\frac{x}{x+1}

x+1x1\frac{x+1}{x-1}

11

x1xx-\frac1x

x+1xx+\frac1x

答案:B
难度评级:1030
小提示:

分子和分母同时除以 bb

Divide the numerator and denominator by bb

大提示:

把每个 ab\frac{a}{b} 换成 xx

Replace each occurrence of ab\frac{a}{b} by xx

解答:

分子和分母同时除以非零数 bb,可得 a+bab=ab+1ab1=x+1x1 \frac{a+b}{a-b}=\frac{\frac{a}{b}+1}{\frac{a}{b}-1}=\frac{x+1}{x-1}\text{。}

因此正确答案为 B

Dividing both numerator and denominator by the nonzero number bb gives a+bab=ab+1ab1=x+1x1. \frac{a+b}{a-b}=\frac{\frac{a}{b}+1}{\frac{a}{b}-1}=\frac{x+1}{x-1}.

Thus the correct answer is B.

8.

液体 XX 不与水混合。在没有阻碍时,它会在水面上铺展成厚度为 0.10.1 厘米的圆形薄膜。一个长、宽、高分别为 66 厘米、33 厘米和 1212 厘米的长方体容器装满液体 XX。把其中的液体倒在一大片水面上,所得圆形薄膜的半径是多少厘米?

Liquid XX does not mix with water. Unless obstructed, it spreads out on the surface of water to form a circular film 0.10.1 cm thick. A rectangular box measuring 66 cm by 33 cm by 1212 cm is filled with liquid X.X. Its contents are poured onto a large body of water. What will be the radius, in centimeters, of the resulting circular film?

216π\frac{\sqrt{216}}{\pi}

216π\sqrt{\frac{216}{\pi}}

2160π\sqrt{\frac{2160}{\pi}}

216π\frac{216}{\pi}

2160π\frac{2160}{\pi}

答案:C
难度评级:1260
小提示:

令容器中液体的体积等于圆形薄膜的体积

Equate the volume in the box to the volume of the thin circular film

大提示:

薄膜的体积为 πr2(0.1)\pi r^2(0.1)

The film volume is πr2(0.1)\pi r^2(0.1)

解答:

液体的体积为 6312=2166\cdot3\cdot12=216 立方厘米。因此 0.1πr2=216 0.1\pi r^2=216\text{,}所以 r2=2160πr^2=\frac{2160}{\pi},并且 r=2160πr=\sqrt{\frac{2160}{\pi}}

因此正确答案为 C

The liquid volume is 6312=2166\cdot3\cdot12=216 cubic centimeters. Thus 0.1πr2=216, 0.1\pi r^2=216, so r2=2160πr^2=\frac{2160}{\pi} and r=2160π.r=\sqrt{\frac{2160}{\pi}}.

Thus the correct answer is C.

9.

从时刻 t=0t=0t=1t=1,某种群增长了 i%i\%;从时刻 t=1t=1t=2t=2,该种群又增长了 j%j\%。因此,从时刻 t=0t=0t=2t=2,该种群增长了

From time t=0t=0 to time t=1t=1 a population increased by i%,i\%, and from time t=1t=1 to time t=2t=2 the population increased by j%.j\%. Therefore, from time t=0t=0 to time t=2t=2 the population increased by

(i+j)%(i+j)\%

ij%ij\%

(i+ij)%(i+ij)\%

(i+j+ij100)%\left(i+j+\frac{ij}{100}\right)\%

(i+j+i+j100)%\left(i+j+\frac{i+j}{100}\right)\%

答案:D
难度评级:1310
小提示:

用乘法因子表示两次增长

Represent the two increases by multiplication factors

大提示:

展开 (1+i100)(1+j100)\left(1+\frac{i}{100}\right)\left(1+\frac{j}{100}\right)

Expand (1+i100)(1+j100)\left(1+\frac{i}{100}\right)\left(1+\frac{j}{100}\right)

解答:

总增长因子为 (1+i100)(1+j100)=1+i+j100+ij10000 \begin{aligned} &\left(1+\frac{i}{100}\right) \left(1+\frac{j}{100}\right)\\ &\qquad=1+\frac{i+j}{100} +\frac{ij}{10000} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此,增长的百分数为 i+j+ij100i+j+\frac{ij}{100}

因此正确答案为 D

The combined growth factor is (1+i100)(1+j100)=1+i+j100+ij10000. \begin{aligned} &\left(1+\frac{i}{100}\right) \left(1+\frac{j}{100}\right)\\ &\qquad=1+\frac{i+j}{100} +\frac{ij}{10000}. \end{aligned} Hence the percent increase is i+j+ij100.i+j+\frac{ij}{100}.

Thus the correct answer is D.

10.

PP 到某圆圆心的距离为 99,该圆的半径为 1515。经过 PP 且长度为整数的不同弦共有多少条?

Point PP is 99 units from the center of a circle of radius 15.15. How many different chords of the circle contain PP and have integer lengths?

1111

1212

1313

1414

2929

答案:B
难度评级:1610
小提示:

求经过 PP 的最短弦和最长弦

Find the shortest and longest chord through PP

大提示:

除两个极值长度外,每个可取的弦长都对应两个方向

Except at the extreme lengths, each attainable chord length occurs in two directions

解答:

经过 PP 的最长弦是长为 3030 的直径。最短弦垂直于经过 PP 的半径,其长度为 215292=24 2\sqrt{15^2-9^2}=24\text{。}当弦在这两个位置之间转动时,其长度连续地从 2424 变到 3030。两个端点长度各出现一次,而中间的五个整数长度 25,26,27,28,2925,26,27,28,29 各出现两次。因此总数为 1+2(5)+1=121+2(5)+1=12

因此正确答案为 B

The longest chord through PP is a diameter of length 30.30. The shortest is perpendicular to the radius through P,P, and has length 215292=24. 2\sqrt{15^2-9^2}=24. As the chord rotates between these positions, its length varies continuously from 2424 to 30.30. The endpoint lengths each occur once, while each of the five interior integer lengths 25,26,27,28,2925,26,27,28,29 occurs twice. Thus the count is 1+2(5)+1=12.1+2(5)+1=12.

Thus the correct answer is B.

11.

杰克和吉尔跑一个 1010 千米的往返路程。他们从同一点出发,上坡跑 55 千米,再沿原路返回起点。杰克提前 1010 分钟出发,上坡速度为 1515 千米/小时,下坡速度为 2020 千米/小时。吉尔的上坡速度为 1616 千米/小时,下坡速度为 2222 千米/小时。当他们迎面相遇时,距离山顶还有多远?

Jack and Jill run 1010 kilometers. They start at the same point, run 55 kilometers up a hill, and return to the starting point by the same route. Jack has a 1010-minute head start and runs at the rate of 1515 km/hr uphill and 2020 km/hr downhill. Jill runs 1616 km/hr uphill and 2222 km/hr downhill. How far from the top of the hill are they when they pass going in opposite directions?

54\frac54 千米

54\frac54 km

3527\frac{35}{27} 千米

3527\frac{35}{27} km

2720\frac{27}{20} 千米

2720\frac{27}{20} km

73\frac73 千米

73\frac73 km

289\frac{28}{9} 千米

289\frac{28}{9} km

答案:B
难度评级:1680
小提示:

先确定杰克到达山顶时吉尔的位置

Determine Jill’s position when Jack reaches the top

大提示:

杰克掉头后,使用两人的相对接近速度

After Jack turns around, use their combined closing speed

解答:

杰克在 515=13\frac{5}{15}=\frac{1}{3} 小时后到达山顶。此时吉尔已经跑了 1316=16\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{6}=\frac{1}{6} 小时,上坡跑了 166=83\frac{16}{6}=\frac{8}{3} 千米,所以两人相距 583=735-\frac{8}{3}=\frac{7}{3} 千米。他们的相对接近速度为 20+16=3620+16=36 千米/小时,因此经过 7336=7108\frac{\frac{7}{3}}{36}=\frac{7}{108} 小时相遇。杰克下坡的路程为 20(7108)=3527 20\left(\frac7{108}\right)=\frac{35}{27} 千米。

因此正确答案为 B

Jack reaches the top in 515=13\frac{5}{15}=\frac{1}{3} hour. Jill has then run for 1316=16\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{6}=\frac{1}{6} hour and is 166=83\frac{16}{6}=\frac{8}{3} km uphill, so they are 583=735-\frac{8}{3}=\frac{7}{3} km apart. Their closing speed is 20+16=3620+16=36 km/hr, so they meet after 7336=7108\frac{\frac{7}{3}}{36}=\frac{7}{108} hour. Jack descends 20(7108)=3527 20\left(\frac7{108}\right)=\frac{35}{27} kilometers.

Thus the correct answer is B.

12.

一个凸六边形的内角度数构成一个由正整数组成的等差数列。设其最大内角的度数为 mm^\circmm^\circ 的最大可能值为

The measures (in degrees) of the interior angles of a convex hexagon form an arithmetic sequence of positive integers. Let mm^\circ be the measure of the largest interior angle of the hexagon. The largest possible value of mm^\circ is

165165^\circ

167167^\circ

170170^\circ

175175^\circ

179179^\circ

答案:D
难度评级:1630
小提示:

把各角写成 a,a+d,,a+5da,a+d,\ldots,a+5d,并利用它们的和

Write the angles as a,a+d,,a+5da,a+d,\ldots,a+5d and use their sum

大提示:

所得方程迫使 dd 为偶数,而凸性要求最大角小于 180180^\circ

The equation forces dd to be even, and convexity bounds the largest angle below 180180^\circ

解答:

内角和为 720720^\circ,所以 6a+15d=720,2a+5d=240 \begin{aligned} 6a+15d&=720,\\ 2a+5d&=240 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 dd 为偶数。最大角为 a+5d=120+52da+5d=120+\frac52d,且必须小于 180180。所以 d<24d\lt24,允许的最大偶数为 d=22d=22。此时 a=65a=65,且 m=65+5(22)=175m=65+5(22)=175

因此正确答案为 D

The angle sum is 720,720^\circ, so 6a+15d=720,2a+5d=240. \begin{aligned} 6a+15d&=720,\\ 2a+5d&=240. \end{aligned} Hence dd is even. The largest angle is a+5d=120+52d,a+5d=120+\frac52d, which must be less than 180.180. Thus d<24,d\lt24, and the largest allowable even value is d=22.d=22. It gives a=65a=65 and m=65+5(22)=175.m=65+5(22)=175.

Thus the correct answer is D.

13.

XXYYZZ 参加一场不会出现平局的三马赛跑。若 XX 获胜的反向赔率为 3311,而 YY 获胜的反向赔率为 2233,那么 ZZ 获胜的反向赔率是多少?(“HH 获胜的反向赔率为 ppqq”是指 HH 获胜的概率为 qp+q\frac{q}{p+q}。)

Horses X,X, Y,Y, and ZZ are entered in a three-horse race in which ties are not possible. If the odds against XX winning are 33-to-11 and the odds against YY winning are 22-to-3,3, what are the odds against ZZ winning? (By “odds against HH winning are pp-to-qq” we mean that the probability of HH winning the race is qp+q.\frac{q}{p+q}.)

332020

33-to-2020

5566

55-to-66

8855

88-to-55

171733

1717-to-33

202033

2020-to-33

答案:D
难度评级:1520
小提示:

把每组赔率换算为概率

Convert each set of odds to a probability

大提示:

三匹马的获胜概率之和为 11

The three winning probabilities sum to 11

解答:

已知概率为 P(X)=14P(X)=\frac14P(Y)=35P(Y)=\frac35。因此 P(Z)=11435=320 P(Z)=1-\frac14-\frac35=\frac3{20}\text{。}ZZ 失败的概率为 1720\frac{17}{20},所以 ZZ 获胜的反向赔率为 171733

因此正确答案为 D

The given probabilities are P(X)=14P(X)=\frac14 and P(Y)=35.P(Y)=\frac35. Therefore P(Z)=11435=320. P(Z)=1-\frac14-\frac35=\frac3{20}. The probability that ZZ loses is 1720,\frac{17}{20}, so the odds against ZZ are 1717-to-3.3.

Thus the correct answer is D.

14.

xx 是某个正整数的立方,且 ddxx 的正因数个数,则 dd 可能等于

If xx is the cube of a positive integer and dd is the number of positive integers that are divisors of x,x, then dd could be

200200

201201

202202

203203

204204

答案:C
难度评级:1750
小提示:

立方数的质因数分解中,每个指数都能被 33 整除

In the prime factorization of a cube, every exponent is divisible by 33

大提示:

尝试只含一个质因数的立方数

Try a cube having only one prime factor

解答:

对任意质数 pp,取 x=p201=(p67)3x=p^{201}=(p^{67})^3。这是一个立方数,它的正因数为 1,p,p2,,p2011,p,p^2,\ldots,p^{201},共有 202202 个。因此 202202 可以出现。

因此正确答案为 C

For any prime p,p, take x=p201=(p67)3.x=p^{201}=(p^{67})^3. This is a cube, and its positive divisors are 1,p,p2,,p201,1,p,p^2,\ldots,p^{201}, a total of 202.202. Thus 202202 can occur.

Thus the correct answer is C.

15.

一张圆桌周围恰有 6060 把椅子。桌边已经坐了 NN 个人,使得下一位入座者无论坐哪一把空椅子,都必须挨着某个人。NN 的最小可能值为

A circular table has exactly 6060 chairs around it. There are NN people seated at this table in such a way that the next person to be seated must sit next to someone. The smallest possible value of NN is

1515

2020

3030

4040

5858

答案:B
难度评级:1490
小提示:

任何空椅子的两把相邻椅子不能同时为空

No empty chair can have both neighboring chairs empty

大提示:

相邻的两把已占椅子之间至多有两把空椅子

Between consecutive occupied chairs there can be at most two empty chairs

解答:

条件说明每把空椅子都与一把已占椅子相邻,所以不可能有三把连续的椅子都空着。因此,每把已占椅子至多可以对应它自己以及其后的两把空椅子,从而 603N60\le3N,即 N20N\ge20。沿圆桌重复“已占、空、空”的排列即可达到 N=20N=20

因此正确答案为 B

The condition says that every empty chair has an occupied neighbor, so no three consecutive chairs may all be empty. Therefore each occupied chair can account for at most itself and the two empty chairs following it, giving 603N60\le3N and N20.N\ge20. Repeating the pattern occupied-empty-empty around the table attains N=20.N=20.

Thus the correct answer is B.

16.

去年,世纪高中有一百名学生参加 AHSME,他们的平均分为 100100。参加 AHSME 的非毕业班学生人数比毕业班学生人数多 50%50\%,而毕业班学生的平均分比非毕业班学生高 50%50\%。毕业班学生的平均分是多少?

One hundred students at Century High School participated in the AHSME last year, and their mean score was 100.100. The number of non-seniors taking the AHSME was 50%50\% more than the number of seniors, and the mean score of the seniors was 50%50\% higher than that of the non-seniors. What was the mean score of the seniors?

100100

112.5112.5

120120

125125

150150

答案:D
难度评级:1410
小提示:

先求毕业班学生和非毕业班学生的人数

First determine the numbers of seniors and non-seniors

大提示:

设非毕业班学生的平均分为 xx,列出加权平均方程

Let the non-senior mean be xx and form a weighted-average equation

解答:

若有 ss 名毕业班学生,则有 1.5s1.5s 名非毕业班学生,所以 2.5s=1002.5s=100,从而 s=40s=40。设非毕业班学生的平均分为 xx,则毕业班学生的平均分为 1.5x1.5x。总分方程为 60x+40(1.5x)=100(100) 60x+40(1.5x)=100(100)\text{,}所以 120x=10000120x=10000,毕业班学生的平均分为 1.5x=1251.5x=125

因此正确答案为 D

If there are ss seniors, then there are 1.5s1.5s non-seniors, so 2.5s=1002.5s=100 and s=40.s=40. Let the non-senior mean be x;x; the senior mean is 1.5x.1.5x. The total score equation is 60x+40(1.5x)=100(100), 60x+40(1.5x)=100(100), so 120x=10000,120x=10000, and the senior mean is 1.5x=125.1.5x=125.

Thus the correct answer is D.

17.

若把正整数 NN 的数字顺序倒转后所得整数仍等于 NN,则称 NN 为回文数。本世纪只有 19911991 年同时具有以下两个性质:

(a) 它是回文数。

(b) 它可以分解为一个 22 位回文质数与一个 33 位回文质数的乘积。

10001000 年到 20002000 年的这一千年间(包括 19911991 年),共有多少个年份具有性质 (a) 和 (b)?

A positive integer NN is a palindrome if the integer obtained by reversing the sequence of digits of NN is equal to N.N. The year 19911991 is the only year in the current century with the following two properties:

(a) It is a palindrome.

(b) It factors as a product of a 22-digit prime palindrome and a 33-digit prime palindrome.

How many years in the millennium between 10001000 and 20002000 (including the year 19911991) have properties (a) and (b)?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:D
难度评级:1880
小提示:

1000100020002000 的每个四位回文数都形如 1dd11dd1

Every four-digit palindrome from 10001000 to 20002000 has the form 1dd11dd1

大提示:

1dd11dd1 分解为 11(91+10d)11(91+10d),再检验三位因数何时为质数

Factor 1dd11dd1 as 11(91+10d)11(91+10d) and test when the three-digit factor is prime

解答:

区间内的回文数形如 1dd11dd1,其中 dd 是一个数字。代数上,1dd1=1001+110d=11(91+10d) \begin{aligned} 1dd1&=1001+110d\\ &=11(91+10d) \end{aligned}\text{。}因此,两位回文质数只能是 1111,且 91+10d91+10d 必须是一个三位回文质数。当 d=0,1,,9d=0,1,\ldots,9 时,d=1,4,6,9d=1,4,6,9 给出质数 101,131,151,181101,131,151,181。所以共有 44 个年份。

因此正确答案为 D

The palindromes in the interval are 1dd1,1dd1, where dd is a digit. Algebraically, 1dd1=1001+110d=11(91+10d). \begin{aligned} 1dd1&=1001+110d\\ &=11(91+10d). \end{aligned} The two-digit prime palindrome must therefore be 11,11, and 91+10d91+10d must be a three-digit prime palindrome. For d=0,1,,9,d=0,1,\ldots,9, the prime values occur for d=1,4,6,9,d=1,4,6,9, giving 101,131,151,181.101,131,151,181. Thus there are 44 years.

Thus the correct answer is D.

18.

SS 是复平面中点 zz 的集合,其中 (3+4i)z(3+4i)z 为实数,则 SS

If SS is the set of points zz in the complex plane such that (3+4i)z(3+4i)z is a real number, then SS is a

直角三角形

right triangle

circle

双曲线

hyperbola

直线

line

抛物线

parabola

答案:D
难度评级:1780
小提示:

z=x+yiz=x+yi,并展开乘积

Write z=x+yiz=x+yi and expand the product

大提示:

(3+4i)(x+yi)(3+4i)(x+yi) 的虚部等于零

Set the imaginary part of (3+4i)(x+yi)(3+4i)(x+yi) equal to zero

解答:

z=x+yiz=x+yi,则 (3+4i)z=(3x4y)+(4x+3y)i \begin{aligned} (3+4i)z &=(3x-4y)\\ &\quad +(4x+3y)i \end{aligned}\text{。}它恰在 4x+3y=04x+3y=0 时为实数,而这是一条经过原点的直线的方程。

因此正确答案为 D

Writing z=x+yi,z=x+yi, (3+4i)z=(3x4y)+(4x+3y)i. \begin{aligned} (3+4i)z &=(3x-4y)\\ &\quad +(4x+3y)i. \end{aligned} This is real exactly when 4x+3y=0,4x+3y=0, which is the equation of a line through the origin.

Thus the correct answer is D.

19.

三角形 ABCABCCC 处为直角,且 AC=3AC=3BC=4BC=4。三角形 ABDABDAA 处为直角,且 AD=12AD=12。点 CCDD 位于 ABAB 的两侧。过 DD 且平行于 ACAC 的直线与 CBCB 的延长线交于 EE。若 DEDB=mn \frac{DE}{DB}=\frac mn\text{,}其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数,则 m+n=m+n=

Triangle ABCABC has a right angle at C,C, AC=3,AC=3, and BC=4.BC=4. Triangle ABDABD has a right angle at AA and AD=12.AD=12. Points CC and DD are on opposite sides of AB.AB. The line through DD parallel to ACAC meets CBCB extended at E.E. If DEDB=mn, \frac{DE}{DB}=\frac mn, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, then m+n=m+n=

2525

128128

153153

243243

256256

答案:B
难度评级:2110
小提示:

C=(0,0)C=(0,0)A=(0,3)A=(0,3)B=(4,0)B=(4,0)

Place C=(0,0),C=(0,0), A=(0,3),A=(0,3), and B=(4,0)B=(4,0)

大提示:

DD 时,使用一条长度为 1212 且垂直于 AB\overrightarrow{AB} 的向量

Find DD by using a length-1212 vector perpendicular to AB\overrightarrow{AB}

解答:

C=(0,0)C=(0,0)A=(0,3)A=(0,3)B=(4,0)B=(4,0)。由于 AB=(4,3)\overrightarrow{AB}=(4,-3),长度为 1212、垂直于 AB\overrightarrow{AB} 且背离 CC 的向量为 (365,485)(\frac{36}{5},\frac{48}{5})。因此 D=(365,635)D=(\frac{36}{5},\frac{63}{5})。又因 DEACDE\parallel AC,有 E=(365,0)E=(\frac{36}{5},0),所以 DE=635DE=\frac{63}{5}DB=13DB=13。于是 DEDB=63513=6365 \frac{DE}{DB}=\frac{\frac{63}{5}}{13}=\frac{63}{65}\text{。}因此 m+n=63+65=128m+n=63+65=128

因此正确答案为 B

Place C=(0,0),C=(0,0), A=(0,3),A=(0,3), and B=(4,0).B=(4,0). Since AB=(4,3),\overrightarrow{AB}=(4,-3), the length-1212 vector perpendicular to AB\overrightarrow{AB} and directed away from CC is (365,485).(\frac{36}{5},\frac{48}{5}). Hence D=(365,635).D=(\frac{36}{5},\frac{63}{5}). Since DEAC,DE\parallel AC, we have E=(365,0),E=(\frac{36}{5},0), so DE=635DE=\frac{63}{5} and DB=13.DB=13. Therefore DEDB=63513=6365. \frac{DE}{DB}=\frac{\frac{63}{5}}{13}=\frac{63}{65}. Thus m+n=63+65=128.m+n=63+65=128.

Thus the correct answer is B.

20.

满足 (2x4)3+(4x2)3=(4x+2x6)3 \begin{aligned} &(2^x-4)^3+(4^x-2)^3\\ &\qquad=(4^x+2^x-6)^3 \end{aligned} 的所有实数 xx 之和为

The sum of all real xx such that (2x4)3+(4x2)3=(4x+2x6)3 \begin{aligned} &(2^x-4)^3+(4^x-2)^3\\ &\qquad=(4^x+2^x-6)^3 \end{aligned} is

32\frac32

22

52\frac52

33

72\frac72

答案:E
难度评级:1950
小提示:

a=2x4a=2^x-4b=4x2b=4^x-2

Set a=2x4a=2^x-4 and b=4x2b=4^x-2

大提示:

a3+b3(a+b)3a^3+b^3-(a+b)^3 分解为 3ab(a+b)-3ab(a+b)

Factor a3+b3(a+b)3a^3+b^3-(a+b)^3 as 3ab(a+b)-3ab(a+b)

解答:

a=2x4a=2^x-4b=4x2b=4^x-2。右边为 (a+b)3(a+b)^3,所以 a3+b3=(a+b)3 a^3+b^3=(a+b)^3 等价于 ab(a+b)=0ab(a+b)=0。三种情形分别给出 2x=42^x=44x=24^x=24x+2x=64^x+2^x=6,对应的实数解分别为 x=2,12x=2,\frac1211。它们的和为 2+12+1=722+\frac12+1=\frac72

因此正确答案为 E

Let a=2x4a=2^x-4 and b=4x2.b=4^x-2. The right side is (a+b)3,(a+b)^3, so a3+b3=(a+b)3 a^3+b^3=(a+b)^3 is equivalent to ab(a+b)=0.ab(a+b)=0. The cases give 2x=4,2^x=4, 4x=2,4^x=2, or 4x+2x=6,4^x+2^x=6, whose real solutions are x=2,12,x=2,\frac12, and 1,1, respectively. Their sum is 2+12+1=72.2+\frac12+1=\frac72.

Thus the correct answer is E.

21.

f(xx1)=1x f\left(\frac{x}{x-1}\right)=\frac1x 对所有 x{0,1}x\notin\{0,1\} 都成立,且 0<θ<π20\lt\theta\lt\frac{\pi}{2},则 f(sec2θ)=f(\sec^2\theta)=

If f(xx1)=1x f\left(\frac{x}{x-1}\right)=\frac1x for all x{0,1},x\notin\{0,1\}, and 0<θ<π2,0\lt\theta\lt\frac{\pi}{2}, then f(sec2θ)=f(\sec^2\theta)=

sin2θ\sin^2\theta

cos2θ\cos^2\theta

tan2θ\tan^2\theta

cot2θ\cot^2\theta

csc2θ\csc^2\theta

答案:A
难度评级:1800
小提示:

选择 xx,使得 1x=sec2θ\frac{1}{x}=\sec^2\theta

Choose xx so that 1x=sec2θ\frac{1}{x}=\sec^2\theta

大提示:

使用 1cos2θ=sin2θ1-\cos^2\theta=\sin^2\theta

Use 1cos2θ=sin2θ1-\cos^2\theta=\sin^2\theta

解答:

由于 sec2θ=1cos2θ=csc2θcsc2θ1 \sec^2\theta=\frac1{\cos^2\theta} =\frac{\csc^2\theta}{\csc^2\theta-1}\text{,}在定义中取 x=csc2θx=\csc^2\theta。于是 f(sec2θ)=1csc2θ=sin2θ f(\sec^2\theta)=\frac1{\csc^2\theta}=\sin^2\theta\text{。}

因此正确答案为 A

Since sec2θ=1cos2θ=csc2θcsc2θ1, \sec^2\theta=\frac1{\cos^2\theta} =\frac{\csc^2\theta}{\csc^2\theta-1}, choose x=csc2θx=\csc^2\theta in the definition. Then f(sec2θ)=1csc2θ=sin2θ. f(\sec^2\theta)=\frac1{\csc^2\theta}=\sin^2\theta.

Thus the correct answer is A.

22.

两个圆外切。直线 PABPABPABPA'B' 是公切线,其中 AAAA' 在小圆上,BBBB' 在大圆上。若 PA=AB=4PA=AB=4,则小圆的面积为

Two circles are externally tangent. Lines PABPAB and PABPA'B' are common tangents with AA and AA' on the smaller circle and BB and BB' on the larger circle. If PA=AB=4,PA=AB=4, then the area of the smaller circle is

1.44π1.44\pi

2π2\pi

2.56π2.56\pi

8π\sqrt8\pi

4π4\pi

答案:B
难度评级:2160
小提示:

两个圆通过以 PP 为中心的位似相互对应

The two circles are related by a dilation centered at PP

大提示:

利用 PA=4PA=4PB=8PB=8 求位似比,再对小圆应用切线长度关系

Use PA=4,PA=4, PB=8PB=8 to find the dilation ratio, then apply the tangent-length relation to the smaller circle

解答:

由于 PA=4PA=4AB=4AB=4,有 PB=8PB=8。因此,以 PP 为中心、把小圆映到大圆的位似比为 22。若小圆半径为 rr,则 3r3r 是其圆心到 PP 的距离:两个圆心位于同一条射线上,它们到 PP 的距离之比为 22,且两圆心间的距离为 r+2r=3rr+2r=3r。对由 PP、小圆圆心和 AA 构成的直角三角形应用勾股定理,PA2=(3r)2r2=8r2 PA^2=(3r)^2-r^2=8r^2\text{。}所以 16=8r216=8r^2,从而 r2=2r^2=2,面积为 2π2\pi

因此正确答案为 B

Since PA=4PA=4 and AB=4,AB=4, we have PB=8.PB=8. The homothety centered at PP taking the smaller circle to the larger therefore has ratio 2.2. If the smaller radius is r,r, its center is 3r3r from P:P: the centers are on the same ray, their distances from PP have ratio 2,2, and their difference is r+2r=3r.r+2r=3r. Applying the right triangle formed by P,P, the small center, and AA, PA2=(3r)2r2=8r2. PA^2=(3r)^2-r^2=8r^2. Thus 16=8r2,16=8r^2, so r2=2r^2=2 and the area is 2π.2\pi.

Thus the correct answer is B.

23.

ABCDABCD 是一个 2×22\times2 正方形,EEABAB 的中点,FFBCBC 的中点,AFAFDEDE 交于 IIBDBDAFAF 交于 HH,则四边形 BEIHBEIH 的面积为

If ABCDABCD is a 2×22\times2 square, EE is the midpoint of AB,AB, FF is the midpoint of BC,BC, AFAF and DEDE intersect at I,I, and BDBD and AFAF intersect at H,H, then the area of quadrilateral BEIHBEIH is

13\frac13

25\frac25

715\frac7{15}

815\frac8{15}

35\frac35

答案:C
难度评级:2250
小提示:

为正方形建立坐标,并写出 AFAFDEDEBDBD 的方程

Assign coordinates to the square and write equations for AF,AF, DE,DE, and BDBD

大提示:

求出 IIHH,再对 B,E,I,HB,E,I,H 使用鞋带公式

Find II and H,H, then use the shoelace formula on B,E,I,HB,E,I,H

解答:

B=(0,0)B=(0,0)C=(2,0)C=(2,0)D=(2,2)D=(2,2)A=(0,2)A=(0,2)。则 E=(0,1)E=(0,1)F=(1,0)F=(1,0),且直线交点为 I=AFDE=(25,65),H=AFBD=(23,23) \begin{aligned} I&=AF\cap DE =\left(\frac25,\frac65\right),\\ H&=AF\cap BD =\left(\frac23,\frac23\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}鞋带公式给出 [BEIH]=124152545=715 \begin{aligned} [BEIH] &=\frac12\left| \frac4{15}-\frac25-\frac45 \right|\\ &=\frac7{15} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此正确答案为 C

Set B=(0,0),B=(0,0), C=(2,0),C=(2,0), D=(2,2),D=(2,2), and A=(0,2).A=(0,2). Then E=(0,1),E=(0,1), F=(1,0),F=(1,0), and the line intersections are I=AFDE=(25,65),H=AFBD=(23,23). \begin{aligned} I&=AF\cap DE =\left(\frac25,\frac65\right),\\ H&=AF\cap BD =\left(\frac23,\frac23\right). \end{aligned} The shoelace formula gives [BEIH]=124152545=715. \begin{aligned} [BEIH] &=\frac12\left| \frac4{15}-\frac25-\frac45 \right|\\ &=\frac7{15}. \end{aligned}

Thus the correct answer is C.

24.

图像 GG 的方程为 y=log10xy=\log_{10}x。将它绕原点逆时针旋转 9090^\circ,得到新图像 GG'。下列哪一个是 GG' 的方程?

The graph, G,G, of y=log10xy=\log_{10}x is rotated 9090^\circ counter-clockwise about the origin to obtain a new graph G.G'. Which of the following is an equation for G?G'?

y=log10(x+909)y=\log_{10}\left(\frac{x+90}{9}\right)

y=logx10y=\log_x10

y=1x+1y=\frac1{x+1}

y=10xy=10^{-x}

y=10xy=10^x

答案:D
难度评级:1710
小提示:

逆时针旋转 9090^\circ(x,y)(x,y) 映到 (y,x)(-y,x)

A 9090^\circ counter-clockwise rotation sends (x,y)(x,y) to (y,x)(-y,x)

大提示:

重新命名旋转后的坐标,并由对数关系解出新的 yy

Rename the rotated coordinates and solve the logarithmic relation for the new yy

解答:

(u,log10u)(u,\log_{10}u) 旋转后变为 (x,y)=(log10u,u) (x,y)=(-\log_{10}u,u)\text{。}因此 x=log10yx=-\log_{10}y,所以 log10y=x\log_{10}y=-x,且 y=10xy=10^{-x}

因此正确答案为 D

A point (u,log10u)(u,\log_{10}u) rotates to (x,y)=(log10u,u). (x,y)=(-\log_{10}u,u). Hence x=log10y,x=-\log_{10}y, so log10y=x\log_{10}y=-x and y=10x.y=10^{-x}.

Thus the correct answer is D.

25.

Tn=1+2+3++nT_n=1+2+3+\cdots+n,并且对 n=2n=23344\ldots,定义 Pn=T2T21T3T31T4T41TnTn1 \begin{aligned} P_n&=\frac{T_2}{T_2-1} \cdot\frac{T_3}{T_3-1}\\ &\quad\cdot\frac{T_4}{T_4-1} \cdots\frac{T_n}{T_n-1} \end{aligned}\text{,}P1991P_{1991} 最接近下列哪个数?

If Tn=1+2+3++nT_n=1+2+3+\cdots+n and Pn=T2T21T3T31T4T41TnTn1 \begin{aligned} P_n&=\frac{T_2}{T_2-1} \cdot\frac{T_3}{T_3-1}\\ &\quad\cdot\frac{T_4}{T_4-1} \cdots\frac{T_n}{T_n-1} \end{aligned} for n=2,n=2, 3,3, 4,4, ,\ldots, then P1991P_{1991} is closest to which of the following numbers?

2.02.0

2.32.3

2.62.6

2.92.9

3.23.2

答案:D
难度评级:1950
小提示:

分解 Tk1T_k-1,并化简每个因子 TkTk1\frac{T_k}{T_k-1}

Factor Tk1T_k-1 and simplify each factor TkTk1\frac{T_k}{T_k-1}

大提示:

把每个因子写成 kk1k+1k+2\frac{k}{k-1}\cdot\frac{k+1}{k+2},然后连乘消去

Write each factor as kk1k+1k+2\frac{k}{k-1}\cdot\frac{k+1}{k+2} and telescope

解答:

由于 Tk=k(k+1)2T_k=\frac{k(k+1)}{2}Tk1=(k1)(k+2)2T_k-1=\frac{(k-1)(k+2)}{2}TkTk1=kk1k+1k+2 \frac{T_k}{T_k-1} =\frac{k}{k-1}\cdot\frac{k+1}{k+2}\text{。}连乘后大量因子相消:Pn=(k=2nkk1)(k=2nk+1k+2)=n3n+2=3nn+2 \begin{aligned} P_n &=\left(\prod_{k=2}^n\frac{k}{k-1}\right) \left(\prod_{k=2}^n\frac{k+1}{k+2}\right)\\ &=n\cdot\frac3{n+2}\\ &=\frac{3n}{n+2} \end{aligned}\text{。}n=1991n=1991 时,该值略小于 33,最接近 2.92.9

因此正确答案为 D

Since Tk=k(k+1)2T_k=\frac{k(k+1)}{2} and Tk1=(k1)(k+2)2,T_k-1=\frac{(k-1)(k+2)}{2}, TkTk1=kk1k+1k+2. \frac{T_k}{T_k-1} =\frac{k}{k-1}\cdot\frac{k+1}{k+2}. The product telescopes: Pn=(k=2nkk1)(k=2nk+1k+2)=n3n+2=3nn+2. \begin{aligned} P_n &=\left(\prod_{k=2}^n\frac{k}{k-1}\right) \left(\prod_{k=2}^n\frac{k+1}{k+2}\right)\\ &=n\cdot\frac3{n+2}\\ &=\frac{3n}{n+2}. \end{aligned} For n=1991,n=1991, this is just under 33 and is closest to 2.9.2.9.

Thus the correct answer is D.

26.

若一个 nn 位正整数的 nn 个数字是集合 {1,2,,n}\{1,2,\ldots,n\} 的一种排列,并且其前 kk 位组成的整数能被 kk 整除,其中 k=1k=122\ldotsnn,则称它为可爱数。例如,321321 是一个 33 位可爱数,因为 11 整除 3322 整除 3232,且 33 整除 321321。共有多少个 66 位可爱数?

An nn-digit positive integer is cute if its nn digits are an arrangement of the set {1,2,,n}\{1,2,\ldots,n\} and its first kk digits form an integer that is divisible by k,k, for k=1,k=1, 2,2, ,\ldots, n.n. For example, 321321 is a cute 33-digit integer because 11 divides 3,3, 22 divides 32,32, and 33 divides 321.321. How many cute 66-digit integers are there?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:C
难度评级:2270
小提示:

第二位必须为偶数,前三位的数字和必须能被 33 整除,前四位必须能被 44 整除

The second digit must be even, the third-prefix digit sum must be divisible by 3,3, and the fourth prefix must be divisible by 44

大提示:

第五位必须为 55,整个数必须为偶数且能被 33 整除

The fifth digit must be 5,5, and the full number must be even and divisible by 33

解答:

能被 55 整除迫使第五位为 55。能被 2266 整除迫使第二位和第六位为偶数。接着依次应用整除规则:前三位的数字和必须能被 33 整除,由第三位和第四位组成的两位数必须能被 44 整除。检查集合 {1,2,3,4,6}\{1,2,3,4,6\} 中余下数字的排列,只剩 123654123654321654321654。直接检验可知,这两个数都满足全部六个前缀整除条件,所以共有 22 个。

因此正确答案为 C

Divisibility by 55 forces the fifth digit to be 5.5. Divisibility by 22 and 66 forces the second and sixth digits to be even. Now apply the divisibility tests successively: the first three digits must have sum divisible by 3,3, and the two-digit number formed by the third and fourth digits must be divisible by 4.4. Checking the remaining choices from {1,2,3,4,6}\{1,2,3,4,6\} leaves 123654123654 and 321654.321654. Each number directly satisfies all six prefix divisibility conditions, so there are 2.2.

Thus the correct answer is C.

27.

x+x21+1xx21=20 \begin{aligned} x+\sqrt{x^2-1} &+\frac1{x-\sqrt{x^2-1}}\\ &=20 \end{aligned}\text{,}x2+x41+1x2+x41= \begin{aligned} x^2+\sqrt{x^4-1} &+\frac1{x^2+\sqrt{x^4-1}}\\ &= \end{aligned}

If x+x21+1xx21=20, \begin{aligned} x+\sqrt{x^2-1} &+\frac1{x-\sqrt{x^2-1}}\\ &=20, \end{aligned} then x2+x41+1x2+x41= \begin{aligned} x^2+\sqrt{x^4-1} &+\frac1{x^2+\sqrt{x^4-1}}\\ &= \end{aligned}

5.055.05

2020

51.00551.005

61.2561.25

400400

答案:C
难度评级:2110
小提示:

有理化 1xx21\frac1{x-\sqrt{x^2-1}}

Rationalize 1xx21\frac1{x-\sqrt{x^2-1}}

大提示:

所求式的后两项互为共轭式

The last two terms of the requested expression are conjugates

解答:

因为 1xx21=x+x21 \frac1{x-\sqrt{x^2-1}}=x+\sqrt{x^2-1}\text{,}已知方程给出 x+x21=10x+\sqrt{x^2-1}=10。其倒数为 xx21=110x-\sqrt{x^2-1}=\frac{1}{10},相加得到 2x=10.12x=10.1,所以 x=5.05x=5.05。另外,1x2+x41=x2x41 \frac1{x^2+\sqrt{x^4-1}}=x^2-\sqrt{x^4-1}\text{。}因此所求式为 2x2=2(5.05)2=51.0052x^2=2(5.05)^2=51.005

因此正确答案为 C

Because 1xx21=x+x21, \frac1{x-\sqrt{x^2-1}}=x+\sqrt{x^2-1}, the given equation implies x+x21=10.x+\sqrt{x^2-1}=10. Its reciprocal is xx21=110,x-\sqrt{x^2-1}=\frac{1}{10}, so adding yields 2x=10.12x=10.1 and x=5.05.x=5.05. Also 1x2+x41=x2x41. \frac1{x^2+\sqrt{x^4-1}}=x^2-\sqrt{x^4-1}. Therefore the requested expression is 2x2=2(5.05)2=51.005.2x^2=2(5.05)^2=51.005.

Thus the correct answer is C.

28.

一个坛子最初装有 100100 颗黑弹珠和 100100 颗白弹珠。反复从坛中取出三颗弹珠,再按照下表用坛外的弹珠替换:

取出的弹珠 放回的弹珠
33 颗黑弹珠 11 颗黑弹珠
22 颗黑弹珠、11 颗白弹珠 11 颗黑弹珠、11 颗白弹珠
11 颗黑弹珠、22 颗白弹珠 22 颗白弹珠
33 颗白弹珠 11 颗黑弹珠、11 颗白弹珠
反复执行这一过程后,坛中可能剩下下列哪一组弹珠?

Initially an urn contains 100100 black marbles and 100100 white marbles. Repeatedly, three marbles are removed from the urn and replaced from a pile outside the urn as follows:

Marbles removed Replaced with
33 black 11 black
22 black, 11 white 11 black, 11 white
11 black, 22 white 22 white
33 white 11 black, 11 white
Which of the following sets of marbles could be the contents of the urn after repeated applications of this procedure?

22 颗黑弹珠

22 black marbles

22 颗白弹珠

22 white marbles

11 颗黑弹珠

11 black marble

11 颗黑弹珠和 11 颗白弹珠

11 black and 11 white marble

11 颗白弹珠

11 white marble

答案:B
难度评级:2330
小提示:

白弹珠的数量每次只会改变 0022

The number of white marbles always changes by 00 or 22

大提示:

在某次操作后第一次只剩至多两颗弹珠时,检查最后一次操作的可能输出

When an operation first leaves at most two marbles, inspect the possible outputs of that final operation

解答:

白弹珠数量的奇偶性始终不变,所以含一颗白弹珠的选项不可能出现。此外,最后一次操作从三颗弹珠开始时,可能留下 11 颗黑弹珠、11 颗黑弹珠和 11 颗白弹珠,或 22 颗白弹珠,但绝不会留下 22 颗黑弹珠。留下 22 颗白弹珠的状态确实可以达到:不断把 33 颗黑弹珠替换为 11 颗黑弹珠,直到剩下 22 颗黑弹珠;再两次使用“1122 白”的规则,留下 100100 颗白弹珠;然后交替使用“33 白”规则和“1122 白”规则,每两次操作把白弹珠数减少 22,直到剩下 22 颗。

因此正确答案为 B

The parity of the number of white marbles never changes, so choices with one white marble are impossible. Also a final operation starting with three marbles can leave 11 black, 11 black and 11 white, or 22 white, but never 22 black. The state with 22 white is attainable: repeatedly replace 33 black by 11 black until 22 black remain; twice use the 11-black-22-white rule, leaving 100100 white; then alternate the 33-white rule with the 11-black-22-white rule, reducing the number of white marbles by 22 per pair until 22 remain.

Thus the correct answer is B.

29.

等边三角形 ABCABC 经过压折,使顶点 AA 落到点 AA',该点位于 BCBC 上,如图所示。若 BA=1BA'=1AC=2A'C=2,则折痕 PQPQ 的长度为

Equilateral triangle ABCABC has been creased and folded so that vertex AA now rests at AA' on BCBC as shown. If BA=1BA'=1 and AC=2,A'C=2, then the length of crease PQPQ is

85\frac85

72021\frac7{20}\sqrt{21}

1+52\frac{1+\sqrt5}{2}

138\frac{13}{8}

3\sqrt3

答案:B
难度评级:2360
小提示:

折痕是一个点及其折叠后对应点所连线段的垂直平分线

A fold crease is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining a point to its image

大提示:

B=(0,0)B=(0,0)C=(3,0)C=(3,0)A=(32,332)A=(\frac{3}{2},\frac{3\sqrt3}{2})A=(1,0)A'=(1,0)

Place B=(0,0),B=(0,0), C=(3,0),C=(3,0), A=(32,332),A=(\frac{3}{2},\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}), and A=(1,0)A'=(1,0)

解答:

使用提示中的坐标,点 X=(x,y)X=(x,y) 的垂直平分线条件为 XA=XA|X-A|=|X-A'|,化简得 x+33y=8 x+3\sqrt3\,y=8\text{。}该直线与 AB, y=3xAB,\ y=\sqrt3x 相交于 P=(45,435)P=(\frac{4}{5},\frac{4\sqrt3}{5}),与 AC, y=3(3x)AC,\ y=\sqrt3(3-x) 相交于 Q=(198,538)Q=(\frac{19}{8},\frac{5\sqrt3}{8})。因此 PQ=(6340)2+(7340)2=72021 \begin{aligned} PQ &=\sqrt{\left(\frac{63}{40}\right)^2 +\left(\frac{7\sqrt3}{40}\right)^2}\\ &=\frac7{20}\sqrt{21} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此正确答案为 B

With the coordinates in the hint, the perpendicular-bisector condition for X=(x,y)X=(x,y) is XA=XA,|X-A|=|X-A'|, which simplifies to x+33y=8. x+3\sqrt3\,y=8. Intersecting this line with AB, y=3x,AB,\ y=\sqrt3x, gives P=(45,435).P=(\frac{4}{5},\frac{4\sqrt3}{5}). Intersecting it with AC, y=3(3x),AC,\ y=\sqrt3(3-x), gives Q=(198,538).Q=(\frac{19}{8},\frac{5\sqrt3}{8}). Hence PQ=(6340)2+(7340)2=72021. \begin{aligned} PQ &=\sqrt{\left(\frac{63}{40}\right)^2 +\left(\frac{7\sqrt3}{40}\right)^2}\\ &=\frac7{20}\sqrt{21}. \end{aligned}

Thus the correct answer is B.

30.

对任意集合 SS,用 S|S| 表示 SS 的元素个数,用 n(S)n(S) 表示 SS 的子集个数,其中包括空集和 SS 本身。若集合 AABBCC 满足 n(A)+n(B)+n(C)=n(ABC),A=B=100 \begin{gathered} n(A)+n(B)+n(C)\\ {}=n(A\cup B\cup C),\\ |A|=|B|=100 \end{gathered}\text{,}ABC|A\cap B\cap C| 的最小可能值是多少?

For any set S,S, let S|S| denote the number of elements in S,S, and let n(S)n(S) be the number of subsets of S,S, including the empty set and the set SS itself. If A,A, B,B, and CC are sets for which n(A)+n(B)+n(C)=n(ABC),A=B=100, \begin{gathered} n(A)+n(B)+n(C)\\ {}=n(A\cup B\cup C),\\ |A|=|B|=100, \end{gathered} then what is the minimum possible value of ABC?|A\cap B\cap C|?

9696

9797

9898

9999

100100

答案:B
难度评级:2430
小提示:

使用 n(S)=2Sn(S)=2^{|S|},并求出 C|C|ABC|A\cup B\cup C|

Use n(S)=2Sn(S)=2^{|S|} and determine C|C| and ABC|A\cup B\cup C|

大提示:

在并集中,数一数 AABBCC 各自可以缺少多少个元素

Within the union, count how many elements each of A,A, B,B, and CC can omit

解答:

c=Cc=|C|u=ABCu=|A\cup B\cup C|。由于 n(S)=2Sn(S)=2^{|S|},方程变为 2101+2c=2u2^{101}+2^c=2^u。两个加数必须相等,所以 c=101c=101u=102u=102。在并集中,AABBCC 分别缺少 222211 个元素。因此,三重交集中最多缺少五个不同的元素,从而 ABC97|A\cap B\cap C|\ge97。令这些缺少的元素彼此不同即可取到等号。

因此正确答案为 B

Let c=Cc=|C| and u=ABC.u=|A\cup B\cup C|. Since n(S)=2S,n(S)=2^{|S|}, the equation becomes 2101+2c=2u.2^{101}+2^c=2^u. The two summands must be equal, so c=101c=101 and u=102.u=102. Within the union, A,A, B,B, and CC omit 2,2, 2,2, and 11 elements. Thus at most five distinct elements are absent from the triple intersection, giving ABC97.|A\cap B\cap C|\ge97. Equality is attained by making those omissions distinct.

Thus the correct answer is B.