1998 AMC 12 第 30 题

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30.

对每个正整数 nn,定义 an=(n+9)!(n1)! a_n=\frac{(n+9)!}{(n-1)!}\text{。}kk 是使 aka_k 最右端非零数字为奇数的最小正整数。aka_k 最右端的非零数字为

For each positive integer n,n, let an=(n+9)!(n1)!. a_n=\frac{(n+9)!}{(n-1)!}. Let kk denote the smallest positive integer for which the rightmost nonzero digit of aka_k is odd. The rightmost nonzero digit of aka_k is

11

33

55

77

99

答案:E
知识点:prime valuationstrailing digits模运算
难度评级:2630
小提示:

an=n(n+1)(n+9)a_n=n(n+1)\cdots(n+9) 写成连乘式,并比较其中因数 2255 的个数

Write an=n(n+1)(n+9)a_n=n(n+1)\cdots(n+9) and compare its powers of 22 and 55

大提示:

当十项数块中包含 575^7 时,最右端非零数字才第一次可能为奇数

An odd rightmost nonzero digit first becomes possible when the ten-term block contains 575^7

解答:

任意十个连续整数中的五个偶数至少贡献 282^8。所以只有当数块至少含八个因数 55 时,最右端非零数字才可能为奇数;第一次可能出现这种情形,是数块包含 57=781255^7=78125 时。对于 n=579n=5^7-9,数块中 v2=9v_2=9v5=8v_5=8,所以该数字仍为偶数。对于 n=578=78117n=5^7-8=78117,两个指数都为 88。约去 28582^8 5^8,再将剩余奇数的个位数字相乘,得到 7913931139(mod10) \begin{aligned} &7\cdot9\cdot1\cdot3\cdot9\cdot3\\ &\qquad\cdot1\cdot1\cdot3 \equiv9\pmod{10} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此第一个为奇数的最右端非零数字是 99,正确答案是 E

The five even terms in any ten consecutive integers contribute at least 28.2^8. Thus the rightmost nonzero digit can be odd only when the block contains at least eight factors of 5,5, first possible when it contains 57=78125.5^7=78125. For n=579,n=5^7-9, the block has v2=9v_2=9 and v5=8,v_5=8, so the digit remains even. For n=578=78117,n=5^7-8=78117, both valuations are 8.8. Cancelling 28582^8 5^8 and multiplying the remaining odd unit digits gives 7913931139(mod10). \begin{aligned} &7\cdot9\cdot1\cdot3\cdot9\cdot3\\ &\qquad\cdot1\cdot1\cdot3 \equiv9\pmod{10}. \end{aligned} Hence the first odd rightmost nonzero digit is 9,9, and E is correct.

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