1989 AMC 12 第 30 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

30.

假设 77 名男孩和 1313 名女孩排成一列。设 SS 为队列中男孩与女孩相邻的位置数。例如,对于队列 GBBGGGBGBGGBBGGGBGBG GGBGBGGBGGGGBGBGGBGG,有 S=12S=12SS 的平均值(若考虑这 2020 个人所有可能的排列)最接近

Suppose that 77 boys and 1313 girls line up in a row. Let SS be the number of places in the row where a boy and a girl are standing next to each other. For example, for the row GBBGGGBGBGGBBGGGBGBGGGBGBGGBGGGGBGBGGBGG we have S=12.S=12. The average value of SS (if all possible orders of these 2020 people are considered) is closest to

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

答案:A
知识点:期望值双重计数排列
难度评级:2550
小提示:

1919 对相邻位置中的每一对设置一个指示变量

Use an indicator for each of the 1919 adjacent pairs

大提示:

对固定的一对相邻位置,求出现 BGBGGBGB 的概率

For a fixed adjacent pair, compute the probability of seeing BGBG or GBGB

解答:

对于 1919 对相邻位置中的每一对,两人性别不同的概率为 7201319+1320719 \frac7{20}\cdot\frac{13}{19} +\frac{13}{20}\cdot\frac7{19}\text{。}由期望的线性性质,E[S]=1927132019=9110=9.1 \begin{aligned} \mathbb E[S] &=19\cdot\frac{2\cdot7\cdot13}{20\cdot19}\\ &=\frac{91}{10}=9.1 \end{aligned}\text{,}最接近 99

所以正确答案是 A

For each of the 1919 adjacent position pairs, the probability of mixed sexes is 7201319+1320719. \frac7{20}\cdot\frac{13}{19} +\frac{13}{20}\cdot\frac7{19}. By linearity of expectation, E[S]=1927132019=9110=9.1, \begin{aligned} \mathbb E[S] &=19\cdot\frac{2\cdot7\cdot13}{20\cdot19}\\ &=\frac{91}{10}=9.1, \end{aligned} which is closest to 9.9.

Thus the correct answer is A.

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