1989 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

(1)52+125=(-1)^{5^2}+1^{2^5}=

7-7

2-2

00

11

5757

知识点:运算顺序指数
难度评级:1010
小提示:

从上到下计算幂

Evaluate the exponents from the top down

大提示:

1-1 的指数的奇偶性决定其符号

The parity of the exponent on 1-1 determines its sign

解答:

由于 52=255^2=25 是奇数,(1)52=1(-1)^{5^2}=-1。又有 125=11^{2^5}=1,所以和为 00

所以正确答案是 C

Because 52=255^2=25 is odd, (1)52=1.(-1)^{5^2}=-1. Also 125=1,1^{2^5}=1, so the sum is 0.0.

Thus the correct answer is C.

2.

19+116=\sqrt{\frac19+\frac1{16}}=

15\frac15

14\frac14

27\frac27

512\frac5{12}

712\frac7{12}

知识点:分数根式
难度评级:970
小提示:

先将两个分数相加,再开平方

Add the fractions before taking the square root

大提示:

144144 为公分母

Use 144144 as a common denominator

解答:

19+116=16+9144=25144\frac19+\frac1{16}=\frac{16+9}{144}=\frac{25}{144}。其正平方根为 512\frac5{12}

所以正确答案是 D

We have 19+116=16+9144=25144.\frac19+\frac1{16}=\frac{16+9}{144}=\frac{25}{144}. Its positive square root is 512.\frac5{12}.

Thus the correct answer is D.

3.

如图,沿两条平行于一边的直线将一个正方形切成三个矩形。若每个矩形的周长均为 2424,则原正方形的面积为

A square is cut into three rectangles along two lines parallel to a side, as shown. If the perimeter of each of the three rectangles is 24,24, then the area of the original square is

2424

3636

6464

8181

9696

难度评级:1030
小提示:

周长相等说明三个矩形的宽相等

Equal perimeters force the three rectangle widths to be equal

大提示:

用正方形边长表示一个矩形的周长

Express one rectangle’s perimeter using the square’s side length

解答:

设正方形边长为 ss。每个矩形的长均为 ss,且周长相同,所以三个宽相等,均为 s3\frac{s}{3}。因此 2(s+s3)=24 2\left(s+\frac{s}{3}\right)=24\text{,}s=9s=9,正方形面积为 8181

所以正确答案是 D

Let the square have side s.s. Since every rectangle has length ss and the same perimeter, their three widths are equal and are each s3.\frac{s}{3}. Thus 2(s+s3)=24, 2\left(s+\frac{s}{3}\right)=24, so s=9s=9 and the square’s area is 81.81.

Thus the correct answer is D.

4.

图中,ABCDABCD 是等腰梯形,边长满足 AD=BC=5AD=BC=5AB=4AB=4DC=10DC=10。点 CCDF\overline{DF} 上,BB 是斜边 DE\overline{DE} 的中点,而这条斜边属于直角三角形 DEFDEF。则 CF=CF=

In the figure, ABCDABCD is an isosceles trapezoid with side lengths AD=BC=5,AD=BC=5, AB=4,AB=4, and DC=10.DC=10. The point CC is on DF\overline{DF} and BB is the midpoint of hypotenuse DE\overline{DE} in the right triangle DEF.DEF. Then CF=CF=

3.253.25

3.53.5

3.753.75

4.04.0

4.254.25

知识点:梯形中点相似
难度评级:1600
小提示:

AABBDF\overline{DF} 作垂线

Drop perpendiculars from AA and BB to DF\overline{DF}

大提示:

经过中点 BB 且平行于 EFEF 的线段到达 DFDF 的中点

The segment through midpoint BB parallel to EFEF reaches the midpoint of DFDF

解答:

作垂线 AGAGBHBH,它们都垂直于 DFDF。在等腰梯形中,GH=AB=4GH=AB=4,且 DG=HC=DCAB2=3 DG=HC=\frac{DC-AB}{2}=3\text{。}由于 BBDEDE 的中点且 BHEFBH\parallel EF,中点定理说明 HHDFDF 的中点。因此 DH=DG+GH=7DH=DG+GH=7,故 DF=14DF=14,且 CF=1410=4CF=14-10=4

所以正确答案是 D

Drop perpendiculars AGAG and BHBH to DF.DF. In the isosceles trapezoid, GH=AB=4GH=AB=4 and DG=HC=DCAB2=3. DG=HC=\frac{DC-AB}{2}=3. Since BB is the midpoint of DEDE and BHEF,BH\parallel EF, the midpoint theorem makes HH the midpoint of DF.DF. Hence DH=DG+GH=7,DH=DG+GH=7, so DF=14DF=14 and CF=1410=4.CF=14-10=4.

Thus the correct answer is D.

5.

用等长牙签搭成图示矩形网格。若网格高为 2020 根牙签、宽为 1010 根牙签,则共用了多少根牙签?

Toothpicks of equal length are used to build a rectangular grid as shown. If the grid is 2020 toothpicks high and 1010 toothpicks wide, then the number of toothpicks used is

3030

200200

410410

420420

430430

难度评级:1060
小提示:

分别计算水平和竖直牙签的数量

Count horizontal and vertical toothpicks separately

大提示:

宽为 1010 根牙签的网格有 1111 条竖直网格线

A grid 1010 toothpicks wide has 1111 vertical grid lines

解答:

1111 条竖直网格线,每条含 2020 根牙签;有 2121 条水平网格线,每条含 1010 根牙签。总数为 1120+2110=430 11\cdot20+21\cdot10=430\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

There are 1111 vertical grid lines with 2020 toothpicks each, and 2121 horizontal grid lines with 1010 toothpicks each. The total is 1120+2110=430. 11\cdot20+21\cdot10=430.

Thus the correct answer is E.

6.

aab>0b\gt0,且第一象限中由坐标轴和直线 ax+by=6ax+by=6 围成的三角形面积为 66,则 ab=ab=

If a,a, b>0b\gt0 and the triangle in the first quadrant bounded by the coordinate axes and the graph of ax+by=6ax+by=6 has area 6,6, then ab=ab=

33

66

1212

108108

432432

难度评级:1210
小提示:

求直线在两条坐标轴上的截距

Find the intercepts of the line on the two axes

大提示:

将两个截距分别作为三角形的底和高

Use those intercepts as the base and height of the triangle

解答:

两个截距分别为 6a\frac{6}{a}6b\frac{6}{b}。因此三角形面积为 126a6b=18ab=6 \frac12\cdot\frac6a\cdot\frac6b=\frac{18}{ab}=6\text{,}所以 ab=3ab=3

所以正确答案是 A

The intercepts are 6a\frac{6}{a} and 6b.\frac{6}{b}. Therefore the triangle’s area is 126a6b=18ab=6, \frac12\cdot\frac6a\cdot\frac6b=\frac{18}{ab}=6, which gives ab=3.ab=3.

Thus the correct answer is A.

7.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,A=100\angle A=100^\circB=50\angle B=50^\circC=30\angle C=30^\circAHAH 是高,BMBM 是中线。则 MHC=\angle MHC=

In ABC,\triangle ABC, A=100,\angle A=100^\circ, B=50,\angle B=50^\circ, C=30,\angle C=30^\circ, AHAH is an altitude, and BMBM is a median. Then MHC=\angle MHC=

1515^\circ

22.522.5^\circ

3030^\circ

4040^\circ

4545^\circ

难度评级:1560
小提示:

比较从 HH 到中点 MM 的水平和竖直变化量

Compare the horizontal and vertical changes from HH to midpoint MM

大提示:

两个变化量分别是直角三角形 AHCAHC 相应直角边的一半

Both changes are half the corresponding legs of right triangle AHCAHC

解答:

由于 MMACAC 的中点,从 HHMM 的水平变化为 HC2\frac{HC}{2},竖直变化为 AH2\frac{AH}{2}。因此 tanMHC=AH2HC2=AHHC=tanACH \begin{aligned} \tan\angle MHC &=\frac{\frac{AH}{2}}{\frac{HC}{2}}\\ &=\frac{AH}{HC}\\ &=\tan\angle ACH \end{aligned}\text{。}所以 MHC=C=30\angle MHC=\angle C=30^\circ

所以正确答案是 C

Because MM is the midpoint of AC,AC, the horizontal change from HH to MM is HC2,\frac{HC}{2}, while the vertical change is AH2.\frac{AH}{2}. Thus tanMHC=AH2HC2=AHHC=tanACH. \begin{aligned} \tan\angle MHC &=\frac{\frac{AH}{2}}{\frac{HC}{2}}\\ &=\frac{AH}{HC}\\ &=\tan\angle ACH. \end{aligned} Hence MHC=C=30.\angle MHC=\angle C=30^\circ.

Thus the correct answer is C.

8.

有多少个整数 nn 介于 11100100 之间,使 x2+xnx^2+x-n 能分解为两个整系数一次因式的乘积?

For how many integers nn between 11 and 100100 does x2+xnx^2+x-n factor into the product of two linear factors with integer coefficients?

00

11

22

99

1010

难度评级:1530
小提示:

将因式写成 (xr)(x+s)(x-r)(x+s),其中 r,sr,s 为正整数

Write the factors as (xr)(x+s)(x-r)(x+s) with positive integers r,sr,s

大提示:

xx 的系数迫使两个整数参数相差 11

The coefficient of xx forces the two integer parameters to differ by 11

解答:

整系数分解必为 (xk)(x+k+1)(x-k)(x+k+1),其中 kk 为正整数。展开得 x2+xk(k+1)x^2+x-k(k+1),所以 n=k(k+1)n=k(k+1)k=1,2,,9k=1,2,\ldots,9n100n\le100,而 1011>10010\cdot11\gt100。因此共有 99 个值。

所以正确答案是 D

An integer factorization must have the form (xk)(x+k+1)(x-k)(x+k+1) for some positive integer k.k. Expanding gives x2+xk(k+1),x^2+x-k(k+1), so n=k(k+1).n=k(k+1). The values k=1,2,,9k=1,2,\ldots,9 give n100,n\le100, while 1011>100.10\cdot11\gt100. There are 99 values.

Thus the correct answer is D.

9.

泽塔先生和夫人想给孩子取名,使其姓名首字母组合(名、中间名、姓的首字母)按字母顺序排列且没有重复字母。这样的首字母组合有多少种?

Mr. and Mrs. Zeta want to name their baby Zeta so that its monogram (first, middle, and last initials) will be in alphabetical order with no letters repeated. How many such monograms are possible?

276276

300300

552552

600600

1560015600

难度评级:1470
小提示:

姓氏首字母已确定为 ZZ

The last initial is already fixed as ZZ

大提示:

选出另外两个不同字母后,其字母顺序就已确定

Choosing the other two distinct letters determines their alphabetical order

解答:

前两个首字母必须从 AAYY 中选取两个不同字母。一旦选定,顺序也随之确定。因此首字母组合数为 (252)=300 \binom{25}{2}=300\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

The first two initials must be two distinct letters chosen from AA through Y.Y. Once chosen, their order is forced. Therefore the number of monograms is (252)=300. \binom{25}{2}=300.

Thus the correct answer is B.

10.

考虑递归定义的数列:u1=au_1=a(其中初值为任意正数),且 un+1=1un+1u_{n+1}=-\frac{1}{u_n+1},其中 n=1n=12233\ldots。下列哪个 nn 值必使 un=au_n=a

Consider the sequence defined recursively by u1=au_1=a (any positive number), and un+1=1un+1,u_{n+1}=-\frac{1}{u_n+1}, n=1,n=1, 2,2, 3,3, .\ldots. For which of the following values of nn must un=a?u_n=a?

1414

1515

1616

1717

1818

难度评级:1770
小提示:

用符号计算 u2,u3u_2,u_3u4u_4

Compute u2,u3,u_2,u_3, and u4u_4 symbolically

大提示:

寻找变换 x1x+1x\mapsto-\frac{1}{x+1} 的周期

Look for the period of the transformation x1x+1x\mapsto-\frac{1}{x+1}

解答:

直接代入得 u2=1a+1,u3=a+1a,u4=a \begin{aligned} u_2&=-\frac1{a+1},\\ u_3&=-\frac{a+1}{a},\\ u_4&=a \end{aligned}\text{。}因此数列每 33 项重复一次,而且 un=au_n=a 恰在 n1(mod3)n\equiv1\pmod3 时成立。选项中只有 1616 符合。

所以正确答案是 C

Direct substitution gives u2=1a+1,u3=a+1a,u4=a. \begin{aligned} u_2&=-\frac1{a+1},\\ u_3&=-\frac{a+1}{a},\\ u_4&=a. \end{aligned} The sequence therefore repeats every 33 terms, so un=au_n=a whenever n1(mod3).n\equiv1\pmod3. Among the choices, only 1616 has that form.

Thus the correct answer is C.

11.

aabbccdd 为整数,满足 a<2ba\lt2bb<3cb\lt3cc<4dc\lt4d。若 d<100d\lt100,则 aa 的最大可能值为

Let a,a, b,b, cc and dd be integers with a<2b,a\lt2b, b<3c,b\lt3c, and c<4d.c\lt4d. If d<100,d\lt100, the largest possible value for aa is

23672367

23752375

23912391

23992399

24002400

难度评级:1420
小提示:

dd 开始反向推算,逐步使各整数最大,最后得到 aa

Maximize the integers from dd backward to aa

大提示:

每个严格不等式都会使最大允许整数减少 11

Each strict inequality lowers the greatest allowable integer by 11

解答:

各量的最大可能值依次为 d=99, c=395, b=1184d=99,\ c=395,\ b=1184,最后 a=2367a=2367。每个值都满足相应严格不等式,所以该最大值可以达到。

所以正确答案是 A

The largest possible values are d=99, c=395, b=1184,d=99,\ c=395,\ b=1184, and finally a=2367.a=2367. Each value satisfies its strict inequality, so this maximum is attainable.

Thus the correct answer is A.

12.

某东西向公路上,两个方向的车流均以每小时 6060 英里的恒定速度行驶。一名向东行驶的司机在五分钟内经过 2020 辆向西行驶的车。假设向西车道中的车辆等距排列。下列哪个数最接近一段 100100 英里公路上向西行驶车辆的数量?

The traffic on a certain east-west highway moves at a constant speed of 6060 miles per hour in both directions. An eastbound driver passes 2020 westbound vehicles in a five-minute interval. Assume vehicles in the westbound lane are equally spaced. Which of the following is closest to the number of westbound vehicles present in a 100100-mile section of highway?

100100

120120

200200

240240

400400

难度评级:1360
小提示:

两车接近的相对速度等于它们速度之和

The cars approach one another at the sum of their speeds

大提示:

用相对速度下行驶的距离求向西车辆的间距

Use the distance covered at relative speed to find the spacing between westbound vehicles

解答:

相对速度为每小时 120120 英里,所以五分钟内司机相对行驶 1010 英里。在这段距离内经过 2020 辆等距车辆,间距约为 1020=12\frac{10}{20}=\frac{1}{2} 英里。因此一段 100100 英里的公路约有 10012=200\frac{100}{\frac{1}{2}}=200 辆车。

所以正确答案是 C

The relative speed is 120120 miles per hour, so in five minutes the driver covers 1010 relative miles. Passing 2020 equally spaced vehicles in that distance means the spacing is about 1020=12\frac{10}{20}=\frac{1}{2} mile. Thus a 100100-mile section contains about 10012=200\frac{100}{\frac{1}{2}}=200 vehicles.

Thus the correct answer is C.

13.

两条宽度为 11 的带状区域以角 α\alpha 交叠,如图所示。交叠部分(阴影)的面积为

Two strips of width 11 overlap at an angle of α\alpha as shown. The area of the overlap (shown shaded) is

sinα\sin\alpha

1sinα\frac1{\sin\alpha}

11cosα\frac1{1-\cos\alpha}

1sin2α\frac1{\sin^2\alpha}

1(1cosα)2\frac1{(1-\cos\alpha)^2}

难度评级:1810
小提示:

交叠部分是高为 11 的平行四边形

The overlap is a parallelogram with altitude 11

大提示:

若其倾斜边长为 LL,则 Lsinα=1L\sin\alpha=1

If its slanted side has length L,L, then Lsinα=1L\sin\alpha=1

解答:

交叠部分是平行四边形。取倾斜的一边为底,其垂直高为斜带的宽 11。若底长为 LL,其竖直分量等于水平带的宽,所以 Lsinα=1L\sin\alpha=1。因此 L=1sinαL=\frac{1}{\sin\alpha},面积为 L1=1sinαL\cdot1=\frac{1}{\sin\alpha}

所以正确答案是 B

The overlap is a parallelogram. Taking a slanted side as its base, the perpendicular height is the width 11 of the slanted strip. If that base has length L,L, its vertical component is the width of the horizontal strip, so Lsinα=1.L\sin\alpha=1. Hence L=1sinα,L=\frac{1}{\sin\alpha}, and the area is L1=1sinα.L\cdot1=\frac{1}{\sin\alpha}.

Thus the correct answer is B.

14.

cot10+tan5=\cot10+\tan5=

csc5\csc5

csc10\csc10

sec5\sec5

sec10\sec10

sin15\sin15

难度评级:1720
小提示:

将两项都改写成正弦和余弦

Rewrite both terms using sine and cosine

大提示:

使用 sin10=2sin5cos5\sin10=2\sin5\cos5cos10=cos25sin25\cos10=\cos^25-\sin^25

Use sin10=2sin5cos5\sin10=2\sin5\cos5 and cos10=cos25sin25\cos10=\cos^25-\sin^25

解答:

利用 sin10=2sin5cos5\sin10=2\sin5\cos5cot10+tan5=cos10sin10+sin5cos5 \begin{aligned} \cot10+\tan5 &=\frac{\cos10}{\sin10}\\ &\quad+\frac{\sin5}{\cos5} \end{aligned}\text{。}通分后的分子为 cos10+2sin25\cos10+2\sin^25。由于 cos10=cos25sin25\cos10=\cos^25-\sin^25,该分子为 11,原式为 csc10\csc10

所以正确答案是 B

Using sin10=2sin5cos5,\sin10=2\sin5\cos5, cot10+tan5=cos10sin10+sin5cos5. \begin{aligned} \cot10+\tan5 &=\frac{\cos10}{\sin10}\\ &\quad+\frac{\sin5}{\cos5}. \end{aligned} Combining the fractions gives numerator cos10+2sin25.\cos10+2\sin^25. Since cos10=cos25sin25,\cos10=\cos^25-\sin^25, this numerator is 1,1, and the expression is csc10.\csc10.

Thus the correct answer is B.

15.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=5AB=5BC=7BC=7AC=9AC=9,点 DDAC\overline{AC} 上,且 BD=5BD=5。求比 AD:DCAD:DC

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=5,AB=5, BC=7,BC=7, AC=9AC=9 and DD is on AC\overline{AC} with BD=5.BD=5. Find the ratio AD:DC.AD:DC.

4:34:3

7:57:5

11:611:6

13:513:5

19:819:8

难度评级:2170
小提示:

AD=mAD=m,则 DC=9mDC=9-m

Let AD=mAD=m and DC=9mDC=9-m

大提示:

对线段 BDBD 应用斯图尔特定理

Apply Stewart’s Theorem to cevian BDBD

解答:

AD=mAD=mDC=9mDC=9-m。斯图尔特定理给出 72m+52(9m)=9(52+m(9m)) \begin{gathered} 7^2m+5^2(9-m) \\ =9\bigl(5^2+m(9-m)\bigr) \end{gathered}\text{。}化简得 9m257m=09m^2-57m=0,所以 m=193m=\frac{19}{3}。于是 DC=83DC=\frac{8}{3},且 AD:DC=19:8AD:DC=19:8

所以正确答案是 E

Let AD=mAD=m and DC=9m.DC=9-m. Stewart’s Theorem gives 72m+52(9m)=9(52+m(9m)). \begin{gathered} 7^2m+5^2(9-m) \\ =9\bigl(5^2+m(9-m)\bigr). \end{gathered} Simplifying yields 9m257m=0,9m^2-57m=0, so m=193.m=\frac{19}{3}. Then DC=83,DC=\frac{8}{3}, and AD:DC=19:8.AD:DC=19:8.

Thus the correct answer is E.

16.

平面上坐标均为整数的点称为格点。端点为 (3,17)(3,17)(48,281)(48,281) 的线段上有多少个格点?(计数时包括线段的两个端点。)

A lattice point is a point in the plane with integer coordinates. How many lattice points are on the line segment whose endpoints are (3,17)(3,17) and (48,281)?(48,281)? (Include both endpoints of the segment in your count.)

22

44

66

1616

4646

难度评级:1560
小提示:

求出横坐标之差和纵坐标之差

Compute the horizontal and vertical coordinate differences

大提示:

横、纵坐标之差分别为 Δx,Δy\Delta x,\Delta y 的线段上共有 gcd(Δx,Δy)+1\gcd(|\Delta x|,|\Delta y|)+1 个格点

A segment with differences Δx,Δy\Delta x,\Delta y contains gcd(Δx,Δy)+1\gcd(|\Delta x|,|\Delta y|)+1 lattice points

解答:

横坐标与纵坐标之差分别为 4545264264,它们的最大公因数为 33。因此,包括两个端点在内,格点数为 gcd(45,264)+1=4\gcd(45,264)+1=4

所以正确答案是 B

The coordinate differences are 4545 and 264,264, whose greatest common divisor is 3.3. The number of lattice points, including both endpoints, is therefore gcd(45,264)+1=4.\gcd(45,264)+1=4.

Thus the correct answer is B.

17.

一个等边三角形的周长比一个正方形的周长多 19891989 厘米。三角形的每条边都比正方形的每条边长 dd 厘米。正方形的周长大于 00。有多少个正整数不可能dd 的值?

The perimeter of an equilateral triangle exceeds the perimeter of a square by 19891989 cm. The length of each side of the triangle exceeds the length of each side of the square by dd cm. The square has perimeter greater than 0.0. How many positive integers are not possible values for d?d?

00

99

221221

663663

无穷多个

infinitely many

难度评级:1550
小提示:

设正方形的边长为 ss

Let the square’s side length be ss

大提示:

把周长为正这一条件转化为关于 dd 的严格不等式

Translate the positive-perimeter condition into a strict inequality for dd

解答:

若正方形的边长为 ss,则三角形的边长为 s+ds+d。周长条件给出 3(s+d)4s=1989 3(s+d)-4s=1989\text{,}所以 s=3d1989s=3d-1989。条件 s>0s\gt0 等价于 d>663d\gt663。因此,正整数 11663663 恰好是不可能的值。

所以正确答案是 D

If the square has side s,s, the triangle has side s+d.s+d. The perimeter condition gives 3(s+d)4s=1989, 3(s+d)-4s=1989, so s=3d1989.s=3d-1989. The condition s>0s\gt0 is equivalent to d>663.d\gt663. Thus the positive integers 11 through 663663 are precisely the impossible values.

Thus the correct answer is D.

18.

使 x+x2+11x+x2+1 x+\sqrt{x^2+1}-\frac1{x+\sqrt{x^2+1}} 为有理数的所有实数 xx 的集合,是所有下列哪一类数的集合?

The set of all real numbers xx for which x+x2+11x+x2+1 x+\sqrt{x^2+1}-\frac1{x+\sqrt{x^2+1}} is a rational number is the set of all

整数 xx

integers xx

有理数 xx

rational xx

实数 xx

real xx

满足下列条件的 xxx2+1\sqrt{x^2+1} 为有理数

xx for which x2+1\sqrt{x^2+1} is rational

满足下列条件的 xxx+x2+1x+\sqrt{x^2+1} 为有理数

xx for which x+x2+1x+\sqrt{x^2+1} is rational

难度评级:1740
小提示:

将倒数项的分母有理化

Rationalize the reciprocal term

大提示:

共轭式 x2+1x\sqrt{x^2+1}-x 正是分母的倒数

The conjugate x2+1x\sqrt{x^2+1}-x is the reciprocal of the denominator

解答:

分母有理化可得 1x+x2+1=x2+1x \frac1{x+\sqrt{x^2+1}}=\sqrt{x^2+1}-x\text{。}因此整个式子等于 2x2x。它是有理数,当且仅当 xx 是有理数。

所以正确答案是 B

Rationalizing gives 1x+x2+1=x2+1x. \frac1{x+\sqrt{x^2+1}}=\sqrt{x^2+1}-x. The entire expression is therefore 2x.2x. It is rational exactly when xx is rational.

Thus the correct answer is B.

19.

一个三角形内接于圆。三角形的三个顶点将圆周分成弧长分别为 334455 的三段弧。这个三角形的面积是多少?

A triangle is inscribed in a circle. The vertices of the triangle divide the circle into three arcs of lengths 3,3, 4,4, and 5.5. What is the area of the triangle?

66

18π2\frac{18}{\pi^2}

9π2(31)\frac9{\pi^2}(\sqrt3-1)

9π2(3+1)\frac9{\pi^2}(\sqrt3+1)

9π2(3+3)\frac9{\pi^2}(\sqrt3+3)

难度评级:2340
小提示:

圆周长为 1212,先求出半径和三个圆心角

The circumference is 12,12, so first find the radius and the three central angles

大提示:

连接圆心与三个顶点,将该三角形分成三个以圆心为公共顶点的三角形

Split the triangle into three triangles having the circle’s center as a common vertex

解答:

半径为 R=122π=6πR=\frac{12}{2\pi}=\frac{6}{\pi}。弧长 3,4,53,4,5 对应的圆心角为 π2,2π3,5π6\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{2\pi}{3},\frac{5\pi}{6}。这些角的正弦之和为 1+32+12=3+321+\frac{\sqrt3}{2}+\frac{1}{2}=\frac{3+\sqrt3}{2}。从圆心将三角形分割后,其面积为 K=1236π23+32=9π2(3+3) \begin{aligned} K&=\frac12\cdot\frac{36}{\pi^2} \cdot\frac{3+\sqrt3}{2}\\ &=\frac9{\pi^2}(\sqrt3+3) \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

The radius is R=122π=6π.R=\frac{12}{2\pi}=\frac{6}{\pi}. The arc lengths 3,4,53,4,5 give central angles π2,2π3,5π6.\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{2\pi}{3},\frac{5\pi}{6}. Their sines sum to 1+32+12=3+32.1+\frac{\sqrt3}{2}+\frac{1}{2}=\frac{3+\sqrt3}{2}. Splitting the triangle at the center, its area is K=1236π23+32=9π2(3+3). \begin{aligned} K&=\frac12\cdot\frac{36}{\pi^2} \cdot\frac{3+\sqrt3}{2}\\ &=\frac9{\pi^2}(\sqrt3+3). \end{aligned}

Thus the correct answer is E.

20.

xx 是从 100100200200 之间均匀随机选取的实数。已知 x=12\lfloor\sqrt{x}\rfloor=12,求 100x=120\lfloor\sqrt{100x}\rfloor=120 的概率。(v\lfloor v\rfloor 表示不大于 vv 的最大整数。)

Let xx be a real number selected uniformly at random between 100100 and 200.200. If x=12,\lfloor\sqrt{x}\rfloor=12, find the probability that 100x=120.\lfloor\sqrt{100x}\rfloor=120. (v\lfloor v\rfloor means the greatest integer less than or equal to v.v.)

225\frac2{25}

2412500\frac{241}{2500}

110\frac1{10}

96625\frac{96}{625}

11

难度评级:2150
小提示:

把每个取整条件转化为 xx 所在的区间

Convert each floor condition into an interval for xx

大提示:

条件概率等于两个相关区间长度之比

The conditional probability is the ratio of the two relevant interval lengths

解答:

已知条件等价于 144x<169144\le x\lt169,该区间的长度为 2525。所求条件等价于 1202100x<1212 120^2\le100x\lt121^2\text{,}144x<146.41144\le x\lt146.41。这个区间的长度为 2.41=2411002.41=\frac{241}{100},所以条件概率为 24110025=2412500 \frac{\frac{241}{100}}{25}=\frac{241}{2500}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

The given condition is 144x<169,144\le x\lt169, an interval of length 25.25. The desired condition is 1202100x<1212, 120^2\le100x\lt121^2, or 144x<146.41.144\le x\lt146.41. Its length is 2.41=241100,2.41=\frac{241}{100}, so the conditional probability is 24110025=2412500. \frac{\frac{241}{100}}{25}=\frac{241}{2500}.

Thus the correct answer is B.

21.

一面正方形旗帜以白色为底,上面有一个等宽的红色十字,中央是一个蓝色正方形,如图所示。(这个十字关于正方形的两条对角线都对称。)如果整个十字(包括红色四臂和蓝色中央部分)占旗帜面积的 36%36\%,那么蓝色部分占旗帜面积的百分之多少?

A square flag has a red cross of uniform width with a blue square in the center on a white background as shown. (The cross is symmetric with respect to each of the diagonals of the square.) If the entire cross (both the red arms and the blue center) takes up 36%36\% of the area of the flag, what percent of the area of the flag is blue?

0.50.5

11

22

33

66

难度评级:1980
小提示:

hh 为中央蓝色正方形的一条半对角线长,其中旗帜边长已缩放为 11

Let hh be half a diagonal of the central blue square after scaling the flag side to 11

大提示:

四个白色角三角形的总面积为 (12h)2(1-2h)^2

The four white corner triangles together have area (12h)2(1-2h)^2

解答:

将旗帜缩放为单位正方形,并设其中心到蓝色正方形一个顶点的水平距离为 hh。四个全等的白色角三角形的总面积为 (12h)2(1-2h)^2。因为十字占 0.360.36(12h)2=0.64 (1-2h)^2=0.64\text{。}0<h<120\lt h\lt\frac{1}{2},可得 h=0.1h=0.1。蓝色正方形的两条互相垂直的对角线长度分别为 2h2h2h2h,所以其面积为 12(2h)2=2h2=0.02\frac12(2h)^2=2h^2=0.02,即旗帜面积的 2%2\%

所以正确答案是 C

Scale the flag to a unit square, and let hh be the horizontal distance from its center to a vertex of the blue square. The four congruent white corner triangles have total area (12h)2.(1-2h)^2. Since the cross occupies 0.36,0.36, (12h)2=0.64. (1-2h)^2=0.64. With 0<h<12,0\lt h\lt\frac{1}{2}, this gives h=0.1.h=0.1. The blue square has perpendicular diagonals 2h2h and 2h,2h, so its area is 12(2h)2=2h2=0.02,\frac12(2h)^2=2h^2=0.02, or 2%2\% of the flag.

Thus the correct answer is C.

22.

一个孩子有一套 9696 块各不相同的积木。每块积木分别由 22 种材料之一(塑料、木材)制成,具有 33 种大小之一(小、中、大)、44 种颜色之一(蓝、绿、红、黄)和 44 种形状之一(圆形、六边形、正方形、三角形)。这套积木中,有多少块恰好在两个方面不同于“塑料、中号、红色、圆形”的积木?(“木制、中号、红色、正方形”的积木就是其中一块。)

A child has a set of 9696 distinct blocks. Each block is one of 22 materials (plastic, wood), 33 sizes (small, medium, large), 44 colors (blue, green, red, yellow), and 44 shapes (circle, hexagon, square, triangle). How many blocks in the set are different from the “plastic medium red circle” in exactly two ways? (The “wood medium red square” is such a block.)

2929

3939

4848

5656

6262

难度评级:1600
小提示:

对每一种属性,数出与指定积木不同的其他选择数

For each attribute, count the alternatives different from the specified block

大提示:

选择要改变的两个属性,再将这两个属性各自的其他选择数相乘

Choose a pair of attributes to change, then multiply their alternative counts

解答:

材料、大小、颜色和形状各自的其他选择数依次为 1,2,3,31,2,3,3。恰好改变两个属性,共有 12+13+13+23+23+33=29 \begin{aligned} &1\cdot2+1\cdot3+1\cdot3\\ &\qquad+2\cdot3+2\cdot3+3\cdot3=29 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The numbers of alternatives for material, size, color, and shape are 1,2,3,3.1,2,3,3. Changing exactly two attributes gives 12+13+13+23+23+33=29. \begin{aligned} &1\cdot2+1\cdot3+1\cdot3\\ &\qquad+2\cdot3+2\cdot3+3\cdot3=29. \end{aligned}

Thus the correct answer is A.

23.

一个粒子按如下方式在第一象限内运动。第一分钟,它从原点移动到 (1,0)(1,0)。此后,它继续按照图中所示的方向运动,在 xx 轴和 yy 轴的正半轴之间往返,并且每分钟沿与某一坐标轴平行的方向移动一个单位长度。恰好经过 19891989 分钟后,粒子位于哪个点?

A particle moves through the first quadrant as follows. During the first minute it moves from the origin to (1,0).(1,0). Thereafter, it continues to follow the directions indicated in the figure, going back and forth between the positive xx and yy axes, moving one unit of distance parallel to an axis in each minute. At which point will the particle be after exactly 19891989 minutes?

(35,44)(35,44)

(36,45)(36,45)

(37,45)(37,45)

(44,35)(44,35)

(45,36)(45,36)

难度评级:2150
小提示:

记录粒子在时刻 1,4,9,16,1,4,9,16,\ldots 的位置

Record the particle’s location at times 1,4,9,16,1,4,9,16,\ldots

大提示:

19891989 与相邻的两个平方数 44244^245245^2 比较

Compare 19891989 with the consecutive squares 44244^2 and 45245^2

解答:

在时刻 n2n^2,粒子位于 (n,0)(n,0)(当 nn 为奇数)或 (0,n)(0,n)(当 nn 为偶数)。因此,在时刻 442=193644^2=1936,粒子位于 (0,44)(0,44)。接着它向右移动 4444 个单位,到达 (44,44)(44,44) 时是时刻 19801980,然后在接下来的 99 分钟内向下移动。因此,在时刻 19891989,它位于 (44,35)(44,35)

所以正确答案是 D

At time n2,n^2, the particle is at (n,0)(n,0) for odd nn and at (0,n)(0,n) for even n.n. Thus at time 442=193644^2=1936 it is at (0,44).(0,44). It then moves 4444 units right, reaching (44,44)(44,44) at time 1980,1980, and moves downward for the next 99 minutes. At time 19891989 it is therefore at (44,35).(44,35).

Thus the correct answer is D.

24.

五个人围坐在一张圆桌旁。设 f0f\ge0 为至少与一名女性相邻而坐的人数,m0m\ge0 为至少与一名男性相邻而坐的人数。可能的有序数对 (f,m)(f,m) 一共有多少个?

Five people are sitting at a round table. Let f0f\ge0 be the number of people sitting next to at least one female and m0m\ge0 be the number of people sitting next to at least one male. The number of possible ordered pairs (f,m)(f,m) is

77

88

99

1010

1111

难度评级:2210
小提示:

按照女性人数对座位安排进行分类

Classify arrangements by the number of females

大提示:

有两名女性时,分别考虑她们相邻和不相邻的情形;再利用对称性得到有三名女性的情形

With two females, separate the adjacent and nonadjacent cases; obtain three-female cases by symmetry

解答:

当女性人数分别为 0,1,20,1,2 时,可能的数对依次为 (0,5), (2,5),(4,5), (3,4) \begin{aligned} &(0,5),\ (2,5),\\ &(4,5),\ (3,4) \end{aligned}\text{,}其中有两名女性的两种情形分别对应她们相邻和不相邻。交换两种性别,可得 (5,0), (5,2),(5,4), (4,3) \begin{aligned} &(5,0),\ (5,2),\\ &(5,4),\ (4,3) \end{aligned}\text{。}这些是 88 个不同的有序数对。

所以正确答案是 B

For 0,1,20,1,2 females, the possible pairs are respectively (0,5), (2,5),(4,5), (3,4), \begin{aligned} &(0,5),\ (2,5),\\ &(4,5),\ (3,4), \end{aligned} where the two-female cases distinguish adjacent from nonadjacent females. Swapping the sexes gives (5,0), (5,2),(5,4), (4,3). \begin{aligned} &(5,0),\ (5,2),\\ &(5,4),\ (4,3). \end{aligned} These are 88 distinct ordered pairs.

Thus the correct answer is B.

25.

在一次由两支队伍参加的越野赛中,每队各有五名选手。获得第 nn 名的选手为其队伍贡献 nn 分,总分较低的队伍获胜。若所有选手的名次都不并列,那么可能出现多少种不同的获胜分数?

In a certain cross-country meet between two teams of five runners each, a runner who finishes in the nnth position contributes nn to his team’s score. The team with the lower score wins. If there are no ties among the runners, how many different winning scores are possible?

1010

1313

2727

120120

126126

难度评级:2270
小提示:

两支队伍的总分之和为 1+2++101+2+\cdots+10

The two team scores add to 1+2++101+2+\cdots+10

大提示:

确定获胜分数的最小值,并验证低于总分一半的每个整数都能取得

Determine the minimum winning score and verify that every integer below half the total is attainable

解答:

两队分数之和为 5555,所以获胜分数至多为 2727。其最小值为 1+2+3+4+5=151+2+3+4+5=15。从 15152020 的每个分数都可由 {1,2,3,4,k}\{1,2,3,4,k\} 取得,其中 k=5,,10k=5,\ldots,10。从 21212525 的分数可由 {1,2,3,k,10}\{1,2,3,k,10\} 取得,其中 k=5,,9k=5,\ldots,9;而 26,2726,27 分别可由 {1,2,4,9,10}\{1,2,4,9,10\}{1,2,5,9,10}\{1,2,5,9,10\} 取得。因此,一共有 1313 个可能的整数,即从 15152727

所以正确答案是 B

The two scores sum to 55,55, so the winning score is at most 27.27. Its minimum is 1+2+3+4+5=15.1+2+3+4+5=15. Every score from 1515 through 2020 is obtained by {1,2,3,4,k}\{1,2,3,4,k\} for k=5,,10.k=5,\ldots,10. Scores 2121 through 2525 use {1,2,3,k,10}\{1,2,3,k,10\} for k=5,,9,k=5,\ldots,9, and 26,2726,27 use {1,2,4,9,10}\{1,2,4,9,10\} and {1,2,5,9,10}.\{1,2,5,9,10\}. Thus all 1313 integers from 1515 through 2727 are possible.

Thus the correct answer is B.

26.

连接一个立方体相邻各面的中心,形成一个正八面体。该八面体与立方体的体积之比为

A regular octahedron is formed by joining the centers of adjoining faces of a cube. The ratio of the volume of the octahedron to the volume of the cube is

312\frac{\sqrt3}{12}

616\frac{\sqrt6}{16}

16\frac16

28\frac{\sqrt2}{8}

14\frac14

难度评级:1940
小提示:

将立方体的边长缩放为 22,并把它的中心置于原点

Scale the cube to side length 22 and place its center at the origin

大提示:

该八面体的顶点为 (±1,0,0),(0,±1,0),(0,0,±1)(\pm1,0,0),(0,\pm1,0),(0,0,\pm1)

The octahedron has vertices (±1,0,0),(0,±1,0),(0,0,±1)(\pm1,0,0),(0,\pm1,0),(0,0,\pm1)

解答:

取边长为 22 的立方体,则其体积为 88。各面的中心为 (±1,0,0),(0,±1,0),(0,0,±1)(\pm1,0,0),(0,\pm1,0),(0,0,\pm1)。在每个卦限中,八面体截出一个三条互相垂直的棱长均为单位长度的四面体,其体积为 16\frac{1}{6}。所以八面体的体积为 8(16)=438(\frac{1}{6})=\frac{4}{3},所求体积比为 438=16\frac{\frac{4}{3}}{8}=\frac{1}{6}

所以正确答案是 C

Take a cube of side 2,2, so its volume is 8.8. The face centers are (±1,0,0),(0,±1,0),(0,0,±1).(\pm1,0,0),(0,\pm1,0),(0,0,\pm1). In each octant, the octahedron cuts out a tetrahedron with three perpendicular unit edges and volume 16.\frac{1}{6}. Thus its volume is 8(16)=43,8(\frac{1}{6})=\frac{4}{3}, and the ratio is 438=16.\frac{\frac{4}{3}}{8}=\frac{1}{6}.

Thus the correct answer is C.

27.

nn 为正整数。若方程 2x+2y+z=n2x+2y+z=n2828 组正整数解 xxyyzz,则 nn 必为下列哪一组数中的一个?

Let nn be a positive integer. If the equation 2x+2y+z=n2x+2y+z=n has 2828 solutions in positive integers x,x, yy and z,z, then nn must be either

14141515

1414 or 1515

15151616

1515 or 1616

16161717

1616 or 1717

17171818

1717 or 1818

18181919

1818 or 1919

难度评级:2340
小提示:

按照 s=x+ys=x+y 的值对解进行分类

Group solutions according to s=x+ys=x+y

大提示:

固定 ss 后,数出正整数有序数对 (x,y)(x,y) 的个数,并要求 n2s1n-2s\ge1

For fixed s,s, count the positive ordered pairs (x,y)(x,y) and require n2s1n-2s\ge1

解答:

对于 s=x+y2s=x+y\ge2,共有 s1s-1 个正整数有序数对 (x,y)(x,y);而 z=n2sz=n-2ssn12s\le\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor 时为正数。令 m=n12m=\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor,解的个数为 s=2m(s1)=m(m1)2 \sum_{s=2}^{m}(s-1)=\frac{m(m-1)}2\text{。}令它等于 2828,得到 m=8m=8。因此 n12=8\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor=8,所以 n=17n=171818

所以正确答案是 D

For s=x+y2,s=x+y\ge2, there are s1s-1 positive ordered pairs (x,y),(x,y), and z=n2sz=n-2s is positive when sn12.s\le\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor. Writing m=n12,m=\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor, the number of solutions is s=2m(s1)=m(m1)2. \sum_{s=2}^{m}(s-1)=\frac{m(m-1)}2. Setting this equal to 2828 gives m=8.m=8. Hence n12=8,\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor=8, so n=17n=17 or 18.18.

Thus the correct answer is D.

28.

求方程 tan2x9tanx+1=0\tan^2x-9\tan x+1=0x=0x=0x=2πx=2\pi 弧度之间的所有根之和。

Find the sum of the roots of tan2x9tanx+1=0\tan^2x-9\tan x+1=0 that are between x=0x=0 and x=2πx=2\pi radians.

π2\frac\pi2

π\pi

3π2\frac{3\pi}2

3π3\pi

4π4\pi

难度评级:2260
小提示:

设关于 tanx\tan x 的两个正根为 rrss

Let the two positive roots in tanx\tan x be rr and ss

大提示:

利用 rs=1rs=1 求出 arctanr+arctans\arctan r+\arctan s,再计入正切函数的周期

Use rs=1rs=1 to relate arctanr+arctans,\arctan r+\arctan s, then include the period of tangent

解答:

方程 t29t+1=0t^2-9t+1=0 的两个根 r,sr,s 都是正数,并且满足 rs=1rs=1。因此,它们的锐角反正切之和为 π2\frac{\pi}{2}。在 002π2\pi 之间,每个正切值都出现两次,第二次比第一次增加 π\pi。全部四个根之和为 2(π2)+2π=3π 2\left(\frac\pi2\right)+2\pi=3\pi\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

The two roots r,sr,s of t29t+1=0t^2-9t+1=0 are positive and satisfy rs=1.rs=1. Therefore their acute arctangents add to π2.\frac{\pi}{2}. Each tangent value occurs twice between 00 and 2π,2\pi, with the second occurrence shifted by π.\pi. The sum of all four roots is 2(π2)+2π=3π. 2\left(\frac\pi2\right)+2\pi=3\pi.

Thus the correct answer is D.

29.

k=049(1)k(992k) \sum_{k=0}^{49}(-1)^k\binom{99}{2k}\text{,}其中 (nj)=n!j!(nj)! \binom{n}{j}=\frac{n!}{j!(n-j)!}\text{。}

Find k=049(1)k(992k), \sum_{k=0}^{49}(-1)^k\binom{99}{2k}, where (nj)=n!j!(nj)!. \binom{n}{j}=\frac{n!}{j!(n-j)!}.

250-2^{50}

249-2^{49}

00

2492^{49}

2502^{50}

难度评级:2760
小提示:

(1)k(-1)^k 识别为 i2ki^{2k}

Recognize (1)k(-1)^k as i2ki^{2k}

大提示:

(1+i)99(1+i)^{99} 的二项式展开式的实部

Take the real part of the binomial expansion of (1+i)99(1+i)^{99}

解答:

所求和是 (1+i)99=2992e99πi4 (1+i)^{99}=2^{\frac{99}{2}}e^{\frac{99\pi i}{4}} 的实部。由于 993(mod8)99\equiv3\pmod8,其实部为 2992cos3π4=2992(22)=249 \begin{aligned} 2^{\frac{99}{2}}\cos\frac{3\pi}{4} &=2^{\frac{99}{2}}\left(-\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\right)\\ &=-2^{49} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

The sum is the real part of (1+i)99=2992e99πi4. (1+i)^{99}=2^{\frac{99}{2}}e^{\frac{99\pi i}{4}}. Since 993(mod8),99\equiv3\pmod8, its real part is 2992cos3π4=2992(22)=249. \begin{aligned} 2^{\frac{99}{2}}\cos\frac{3\pi}{4} &=2^{\frac{99}{2}}\left(-\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\right)\\ &=-2^{49}. \end{aligned}

Thus the correct answer is B.

30.

假设 77 名男孩和 1313 名女孩排成一列。设 SS 为队列中男孩与女孩相邻的位置数。例如,对于队列 GBBGGGBGBGGBBGGGBGBG GGBGBGGBGGGGBGBGGBGG,有 S=12S=12SS 的平均值(若考虑这 2020 个人所有可能的排列)最接近

Suppose that 77 boys and 1313 girls line up in a row. Let SS be the number of places in the row where a boy and a girl are standing next to each other. For example, for the row GBBGGGBGBGGBBGGGBGBGGGBGBGGBGGGGBGBGGBGG we have S=12.S=12. The average value of SS (if all possible orders of these 2020 people are considered) is closest to

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

难度评级:2550
小提示:

1919 对相邻位置中的每一对设置一个指示变量

Use an indicator for each of the 1919 adjacent pairs

大提示:

对固定的一对相邻位置,求出现 BGBGGBGB 的概率

For a fixed adjacent pair, compute the probability of seeing BGBG or GBGB

解答:

对于 1919 对相邻位置中的每一对,两人性别不同的概率为 7201319+1320719 \frac7{20}\cdot\frac{13}{19} +\frac{13}{20}\cdot\frac7{19}\text{。}由期望的线性性质,E[S]=1927132019=9110=9.1 \begin{aligned} \mathbb E[S] &=19\cdot\frac{2\cdot7\cdot13}{20\cdot19}\\ &=\frac{91}{10}=9.1 \end{aligned}\text{,}最接近 99

所以正确答案是 A

For each of the 1919 adjacent position pairs, the probability of mixed sexes is 7201319+1320719. \frac7{20}\cdot\frac{13}{19} +\frac{13}{20}\cdot\frac7{19}. By linearity of expectation, E[S]=1927132019=9110=9.1, \begin{aligned} \mathbb E[S] &=19\cdot\frac{2\cdot7\cdot13}{20\cdot19}\\ &=\frac{91}{10}=9.1, \end{aligned} which is closest to 9.9.

Thus the correct answer is A.