1989 AMC 12 详解
向下滚动即可查看来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 的精心整理的解答,打印PDF 解答,查看答案,或参加完整限时模拟考试。
所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
2.
3.
如图,沿两条平行于一边的直线将一个正方形切成三个矩形。若每个矩形的周长均为 ,则原正方形的面积为
A square is cut into three rectangles along two lines parallel to a side, as shown. If the perimeter of each of the three rectangles is then the area of the original square is
小提示:
周长相等说明三个矩形的宽相等
Equal perimeters force the three rectangle widths to be equal
大提示:
用正方形边长表示一个矩形的周长
Express one rectangle’s perimeter using the square’s side length
解答:
设正方形边长为 。每个矩形的长均为 ,且周长相同,所以三个宽相等,均为 。因此 故 ,正方形面积为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let the square have side Since every rectangle has length and the same perimeter, their three widths are equal and are each Thus so and the square’s area is
Thus the correct answer is D.
4.
图中, 是等腰梯形,边长满足 、、。点 在 上, 是斜边 的中点,而这条斜边属于直角三角形 。则
In the figure, is an isosceles trapezoid with side lengths and The point is on and is the midpoint of hypotenuse in the right triangle Then
小提示:
从 和 向 作垂线
Drop perpendiculars from and to
大提示:
经过中点 且平行于 的线段到达 的中点
The segment through midpoint parallel to reaches the midpoint of
解答:
作垂线 和 ,它们都垂直于 。在等腰梯形中,,且 由于 是 的中点且 ,中点定理说明 是 的中点。因此 ,故 ,且 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Drop perpendiculars and to In the isosceles trapezoid, and Since is the midpoint of and the midpoint theorem makes the midpoint of Hence so and
Thus the correct answer is D.
5.
用等长牙签搭成图示矩形网格。若网格高为 根牙签、宽为 根牙签,则共用了多少根牙签?
Toothpicks of equal length are used to build a rectangular grid as shown. If the grid is toothpicks high and toothpicks wide, then the number of toothpicks used is
小提示:
分别计算水平和竖直牙签的数量
Count horizontal and vertical toothpicks separately
大提示:
宽为 根牙签的网格有 条竖直网格线
A grid toothpicks wide has vertical grid lines
解答:
有 条竖直网格线,每条含 根牙签;有 条水平网格线,每条含 根牙签。总数为
所以正确答案是 E。
There are vertical grid lines with toothpicks each, and horizontal grid lines with toothpicks each. The total is
Thus the correct answer is E.
6.
若 、,且第一象限中由坐标轴和直线 围成的三角形面积为 ,则
If and the triangle in the first quadrant bounded by the coordinate axes and the graph of has area then
小提示:
求直线在两条坐标轴上的截距
Find the intercepts of the line on the two axes
大提示:
将两个截距分别作为三角形的底和高
Use those intercepts as the base and height of the triangle
解答:
两个截距分别为 和 。因此三角形面积为 所以 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The intercepts are and Therefore the triangle’s area is which gives
Thus the correct answer is A.
7.
在 中,、、, 是高, 是中线。则
In is an altitude, and is a median. Then
小提示:
比较从 到中点 的水平和竖直变化量
Compare the horizontal and vertical changes from to midpoint
大提示:
两个变化量分别是直角三角形 相应直角边的一半
Both changes are half the corresponding legs of right triangle
解答:
由于 是 的中点,从 到 的水平变化为 ,竖直变化为 。因此 所以 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Because is the midpoint of the horizontal change from to is while the vertical change is Thus Hence
Thus the correct answer is C.
8.
有多少个整数 介于 与 之间,使 能分解为两个整系数一次因式的乘积?
For how many integers between and does factor into the product of two linear factors with integer coefficients?
小提示:
将因式写成 ,其中 为正整数
Write the factors as with positive integers
大提示:
的系数迫使两个整数参数相差
The coefficient of forces the two integer parameters to differ by
解答:
整系数分解必为 ,其中 为正整数。展开得 ,所以 。 时 ,而 。因此共有 个值。
所以正确答案是 D。
An integer factorization must have the form for some positive integer Expanding gives so The values give while There are values.
Thus the correct answer is D.
9.
泽塔先生和夫人想给孩子取名,使其姓名首字母组合(名、中间名、姓的首字母)按字母顺序排列且没有重复字母。这样的首字母组合有多少种?
Mr. and Mrs. Zeta want to name their baby Zeta so that its monogram (first, middle, and last initials) will be in alphabetical order with no letters repeated. How many such monograms are possible?
小提示:
姓氏首字母已确定为
The last initial is already fixed as
大提示:
选出另外两个不同字母后,其字母顺序就已确定
Choosing the other two distinct letters determines their alphabetical order
解答:
前两个首字母必须从 到 中选取两个不同字母。一旦选定,顺序也随之确定。因此首字母组合数为
所以正确答案是 B。
The first two initials must be two distinct letters chosen from through Once chosen, their order is forced. Therefore the number of monograms is
Thus the correct answer is B.
10.
考虑递归定义的数列:(其中初值为任意正数),且 ,其中 、、、。下列哪个 值必使 ?
Consider the sequence defined recursively by (any positive number), and For which of the following values of must
小提示:
用符号计算 和
Compute and symbolically
大提示:
寻找变换 的周期
Look for the period of the transformation
解答:
直接代入得 因此数列每 项重复一次,而且 恰在 时成立。选项中只有 符合。
所以正确答案是 C。
Direct substitution gives The sequence therefore repeats every terms, so whenever Among the choices, only has that form.
Thus the correct answer is C.
11.
设 、、、 为整数,满足 、、。若 ,则 的最大可能值为
Let and be integers with and If the largest possible value for is
小提示:
从 开始反向推算,逐步使各整数最大,最后得到
Maximize the integers from backward to
大提示:
每个严格不等式都会使最大允许整数减少
Each strict inequality lowers the greatest allowable integer by
解答:
各量的最大可能值依次为 ,最后 。每个值都满足相应严格不等式,所以该最大值可以达到。
所以正确答案是 A。
The largest possible values are and finally Each value satisfies its strict inequality, so this maximum is attainable.
Thus the correct answer is A.
12.
某东西向公路上,两个方向的车流均以每小时 英里的恒定速度行驶。一名向东行驶的司机在五分钟内经过 辆向西行驶的车。假设向西车道中的车辆等距排列。下列哪个数最接近一段 英里公路上向西行驶车辆的数量?
The traffic on a certain east-west highway moves at a constant speed of miles per hour in both directions. An eastbound driver passes westbound vehicles in a five-minute interval. Assume vehicles in the westbound lane are equally spaced. Which of the following is closest to the number of westbound vehicles present in a -mile section of highway?
小提示:
两车接近的相对速度等于它们速度之和
The cars approach one another at the sum of their speeds
大提示:
用相对速度下行驶的距离求向西车辆的间距
Use the distance covered at relative speed to find the spacing between westbound vehicles
解答:
相对速度为每小时 英里,所以五分钟内司机相对行驶 英里。在这段距离内经过 辆等距车辆,间距约为 英里。因此一段 英里的公路约有 辆车。
所以正确答案是 C。
The relative speed is miles per hour, so in five minutes the driver covers relative miles. Passing equally spaced vehicles in that distance means the spacing is about mile. Thus a -mile section contains about vehicles.
Thus the correct answer is C.
13.
两条宽度为 的带状区域以角 交叠,如图所示。交叠部分(阴影)的面积为
Two strips of width overlap at an angle of as shown. The area of the overlap (shown shaded) is
小提示:
交叠部分是高为 的平行四边形
The overlap is a parallelogram with altitude
大提示:
若其倾斜边长为 ,则
If its slanted side has length then
解答:
交叠部分是平行四边形。取倾斜的一边为底,其垂直高为斜带的宽 。若底长为 ,其竖直分量等于水平带的宽,所以 。因此 ,面积为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The overlap is a parallelogram. Taking a slanted side as its base, the perpendicular height is the width of the slanted strip. If that base has length its vertical component is the width of the horizontal strip, so Hence and the area is
Thus the correct answer is B.
14.
15.
16.
平面上坐标均为整数的点称为格点。端点为 和 的线段上有多少个格点?(计数时包括线段的两个端点。)
A lattice point is a point in the plane with integer coordinates. How many lattice points are on the line segment whose endpoints are and (Include both endpoints of the segment in your count.)
小提示:
求出横坐标之差和纵坐标之差
Compute the horizontal and vertical coordinate differences
大提示:
横、纵坐标之差分别为 的线段上共有 个格点
A segment with differences contains lattice points
解答:
横坐标与纵坐标之差分别为 和 ,它们的最大公因数为 。因此,包括两个端点在内,格点数为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The coordinate differences are and whose greatest common divisor is The number of lattice points, including both endpoints, is therefore
Thus the correct answer is B.
17.
一个等边三角形的周长比一个正方形的周长多 厘米。三角形的每条边都比正方形的每条边长 厘米。正方形的周长大于 。有多少个正整数不可能是 的值?
The perimeter of an equilateral triangle exceeds the perimeter of a square by cm. The length of each side of the triangle exceeds the length of each side of the square by cm. The square has perimeter greater than How many positive integers are not possible values for
无穷多个
infinitely many
小提示:
设正方形的边长为
Let the square’s side length be
大提示:
把周长为正这一条件转化为关于 的严格不等式
Translate the positive-perimeter condition into a strict inequality for
解答:
若正方形的边长为 ,则三角形的边长为 。周长条件给出 所以 。条件 等价于 。因此,正整数 至 恰好是不可能的值。
所以正确答案是 D。
If the square has side the triangle has side The perimeter condition gives so The condition is equivalent to Thus the positive integers through are precisely the impossible values.
Thus the correct answer is D.
18.
使 为有理数的所有实数 的集合,是所有下列哪一类数的集合?
The set of all real numbers for which is a rational number is the set of all
整数
integers
有理数
rational
实数
real
满足下列条件的 : 为有理数
for which is rational
满足下列条件的 : 为有理数
for which is rational
小提示:
将倒数项的分母有理化
Rationalize the reciprocal term
大提示:
共轭式 正是分母的倒数
The conjugate is the reciprocal of the denominator
解答:
分母有理化可得 因此整个式子等于 。它是有理数,当且仅当 是有理数。
所以正确答案是 B。
Rationalizing gives The entire expression is therefore It is rational exactly when is rational.
Thus the correct answer is B.
19.
一个三角形内接于圆。三角形的三个顶点将圆周分成弧长分别为 、 和 的三段弧。这个三角形的面积是多少?
A triangle is inscribed in a circle. The vertices of the triangle divide the circle into three arcs of lengths and What is the area of the triangle?
小提示:
圆周长为 ,先求出半径和三个圆心角
The circumference is so first find the radius and the three central angles
大提示:
连接圆心与三个顶点,将该三角形分成三个以圆心为公共顶点的三角形
Split the triangle into three triangles having the circle’s center as a common vertex
解答:
半径为 。弧长 对应的圆心角为 。这些角的正弦之和为 。从圆心将三角形分割后,其面积为
所以正确答案是 E。
The radius is The arc lengths give central angles Their sines sum to Splitting the triangle at the center, its area is
Thus the correct answer is E.
20.
设 是从 到 之间均匀随机选取的实数。已知 ,求 的概率。( 表示不大于 的最大整数。)
Let be a real number selected uniformly at random between and If find the probability that ( means the greatest integer less than or equal to )
小提示:
把每个取整条件转化为 所在的区间
Convert each floor condition into an interval for
大提示:
条件概率等于两个相关区间长度之比
The conditional probability is the ratio of the two relevant interval lengths
解答:
已知条件等价于 ,该区间的长度为 。所求条件等价于 即 。这个区间的长度为 ,所以条件概率为
所以正确答案是 B。
The given condition is an interval of length The desired condition is or Its length is so the conditional probability is
Thus the correct answer is B.
21.
一面正方形旗帜以白色为底,上面有一个等宽的红色十字,中央是一个蓝色正方形,如图所示。(这个十字关于正方形的两条对角线都对称。)如果整个十字(包括红色四臂和蓝色中央部分)占旗帜面积的 ,那么蓝色部分占旗帜面积的百分之多少?
A square flag has a red cross of uniform width with a blue square in the center on a white background as shown. (The cross is symmetric with respect to each of the diagonals of the square.) If the entire cross (both the red arms and the blue center) takes up of the area of the flag, what percent of the area of the flag is blue?
小提示:
设 为中央蓝色正方形的一条半对角线长,其中旗帜边长已缩放为
Let be half a diagonal of the central blue square after scaling the flag side to
大提示:
四个白色角三角形的总面积为
The four white corner triangles together have area
解答:
将旗帜缩放为单位正方形,并设其中心到蓝色正方形一个顶点的水平距离为 。四个全等的白色角三角形的总面积为 。因为十字占 ,由 ,可得 。蓝色正方形的两条互相垂直的对角线长度分别为 和 ,所以其面积为 ,即旗帜面积的 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Scale the flag to a unit square, and let be the horizontal distance from its center to a vertex of the blue square. The four congruent white corner triangles have total area Since the cross occupies With this gives The blue square has perpendicular diagonals and so its area is or of the flag.
Thus the correct answer is C.
22.
一个孩子有一套 块各不相同的积木。每块积木分别由 种材料之一(塑料、木材)制成,具有 种大小之一(小、中、大)、 种颜色之一(蓝、绿、红、黄)和 种形状之一(圆形、六边形、正方形、三角形)。这套积木中,有多少块恰好在两个方面不同于“塑料、中号、红色、圆形”的积木?(“木制、中号、红色、正方形”的积木就是其中一块。)
A child has a set of distinct blocks. Each block is one of materials (plastic, wood), sizes (small, medium, large), colors (blue, green, red, yellow), and shapes (circle, hexagon, square, triangle). How many blocks in the set are different from the “plastic medium red circle” in exactly two ways? (The “wood medium red square” is such a block.)
小提示:
对每一种属性,数出与指定积木不同的其他选择数
For each attribute, count the alternatives different from the specified block
大提示:
选择要改变的两个属性,再将这两个属性各自的其他选择数相乘
Choose a pair of attributes to change, then multiply their alternative counts
解答:
材料、大小、颜色和形状各自的其他选择数依次为 。恰好改变两个属性,共有
所以正确答案是 A。
The numbers of alternatives for material, size, color, and shape are Changing exactly two attributes gives
Thus the correct answer is A.
23.
一个粒子按如下方式在第一象限内运动。第一分钟,它从原点移动到 。此后,它继续按照图中所示的方向运动,在 轴和 轴的正半轴之间往返,并且每分钟沿与某一坐标轴平行的方向移动一个单位长度。恰好经过 分钟后,粒子位于哪个点?
A particle moves through the first quadrant as follows. During the first minute it moves from the origin to Thereafter, it continues to follow the directions indicated in the figure, going back and forth between the positive and axes, moving one unit of distance parallel to an axis in each minute. At which point will the particle be after exactly minutes?
小提示:
记录粒子在时刻 的位置
Record the particle’s location at times
大提示:
将 与相邻的两个平方数 和 比较
Compare with the consecutive squares and
解答:
在时刻 ,粒子位于 (当 为奇数)或 (当 为偶数)。因此,在时刻 ,粒子位于 。接着它向右移动 个单位,到达 时是时刻 ,然后在接下来的 分钟内向下移动。因此,在时刻 ,它位于 。
所以正确答案是 D。
At time the particle is at for odd and at for even Thus at time it is at It then moves units right, reaching at time and moves downward for the next minutes. At time it is therefore at
Thus the correct answer is D.
24.
五个人围坐在一张圆桌旁。设 为至少与一名女性相邻而坐的人数, 为至少与一名男性相邻而坐的人数。可能的有序数对 一共有多少个?
Five people are sitting at a round table. Let be the number of people sitting next to at least one female and be the number of people sitting next to at least one male. The number of possible ordered pairs is
小提示:
按照女性人数对座位安排进行分类
Classify arrangements by the number of females
大提示:
有两名女性时,分别考虑她们相邻和不相邻的情形;再利用对称性得到有三名女性的情形
With two females, separate the adjacent and nonadjacent cases; obtain three-female cases by symmetry
解答:
当女性人数分别为 时,可能的数对依次为 其中有两名女性的两种情形分别对应她们相邻和不相邻。交换两种性别,可得 这些是 个不同的有序数对。
所以正确答案是 B。
For females, the possible pairs are respectively where the two-female cases distinguish adjacent from nonadjacent females. Swapping the sexes gives These are distinct ordered pairs.
Thus the correct answer is B.
25.
在一次由两支队伍参加的越野赛中,每队各有五名选手。获得第 名的选手为其队伍贡献 分,总分较低的队伍获胜。若所有选手的名次都不并列,那么可能出现多少种不同的获胜分数?
In a certain cross-country meet between two teams of five runners each, a runner who finishes in the th position contributes to his team’s score. The team with the lower score wins. If there are no ties among the runners, how many different winning scores are possible?
小提示:
两支队伍的总分之和为
The two team scores add to
大提示:
确定获胜分数的最小值,并验证低于总分一半的每个整数都能取得
Determine the minimum winning score and verify that every integer below half the total is attainable
解答:
两队分数之和为 ,所以获胜分数至多为 。其最小值为 。从 到 的每个分数都可由 取得,其中 。从 到 的分数可由 取得,其中 ;而 分别可由 和 取得。因此,一共有 个可能的整数,即从 到 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The two scores sum to so the winning score is at most Its minimum is Every score from through is obtained by for Scores through use for and use and Thus all integers from through are possible.
Thus the correct answer is B.
26.
连接一个立方体相邻各面的中心,形成一个正八面体。该八面体与立方体的体积之比为
A regular octahedron is formed by joining the centers of adjoining faces of a cube. The ratio of the volume of the octahedron to the volume of the cube is
小提示:
将立方体的边长缩放为 ,并把它的中心置于原点
Scale the cube to side length and place its center at the origin
大提示:
该八面体的顶点为
The octahedron has vertices
解答:
取边长为 的立方体,则其体积为 。各面的中心为 。在每个卦限中,八面体截出一个三条互相垂直的棱长均为单位长度的四面体,其体积为 。所以八面体的体积为 ,所求体积比为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Take a cube of side so its volume is The face centers are In each octant, the octahedron cuts out a tetrahedron with three perpendicular unit edges and volume Thus its volume is and the ratio is
Thus the correct answer is C.
27.
设 为正整数。若方程 有 组正整数解 、 和 ,则 必为下列哪一组数中的一个?
Let be a positive integer. If the equation has solutions in positive integers and then must be either
或
or
或
or
或
or
或
or
或
or
小提示:
按照 的值对解进行分类
Group solutions according to
大提示:
固定 后,数出正整数有序数对 的个数,并要求
For fixed count the positive ordered pairs and require
解答:
对于 ,共有 个正整数有序数对 ;而 在 时为正数。令 ,解的个数为 令它等于 ,得到 。因此 ,所以 或 。
所以正确答案是 D。
For there are positive ordered pairs and is positive when Writing the number of solutions is Setting this equal to gives Hence so or
Thus the correct answer is D.
28.
求方程 在 与 弧度之间的所有根之和。
Find the sum of the roots of that are between and radians.
小提示:
设关于 的两个正根为 和
Let the two positive roots in be and
大提示:
利用 求出 ,再计入正切函数的周期
Use to relate then include the period of tangent
解答:
方程 的两个根 都是正数,并且满足 。因此,它们的锐角反正切之和为 。在 与 之间,每个正切值都出现两次,第二次比第一次增加 。全部四个根之和为
所以正确答案是 D。
The two roots of are positive and satisfy Therefore their acute arctangents add to Each tangent value occurs twice between and with the second occurrence shifted by The sum of all four roots is
Thus the correct answer is D.
29.
30.
假设 名男孩和 名女孩排成一列。设 为队列中男孩与女孩相邻的位置数。例如,对于队列 ,有 。 的平均值(若考虑这 个人所有可能的排列)最接近
Suppose that boys and girls line up in a row. Let be the number of places in the row where a boy and a girl are standing next to each other. For example, for the row we have The average value of (if all possible orders of these people are considered) is closest to
小提示:
对 对相邻位置中的每一对设置一个指示变量
Use an indicator for each of the adjacent pairs
大提示:
对固定的一对相邻位置,求出现 或 的概率
For a fixed adjacent pair, compute the probability of seeing or
解答:
对于 对相邻位置中的每一对,两人性别不同的概率为 由期望的线性性质,最接近 。
所以正确答案是 A。
For each of the adjacent position pairs, the probability of mixed sexes is By linearity of expectation, which is closest to
Thus the correct answer is A.