1988 AMC 12 第 30 题

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30.

f(x)=4xx2f(x)=4x-x^2。给定 x0x_0,考虑由 xn=f(xn1)x_n=f(x_{n-1})(对所有 n1n\ge1)定义的数列。对于多少个实数 x0x_0,数列 x0x_0x1x_1x2x_2\ldots 只取有限多个不同的值?

Let f(x)=4xx2.f(x)=4x-x^2. Given x0,x_0, consider the sequence defined by xn=f(xn1)x_n=f(x_{n-1}) for all n1.n\ge1. For how many real numbers x0x_0 will the sequence x0,x_0, x1,x_1, x2,x_2, \ldots take on only a finite number of different values?

00

1122

11 or 22

33445566

3,3, 4,4, 55 or 66

多于 66 个但只有有限多个

more than 66 but finitely many

无限多个

infinitely many

答案:E
知识点:function iterationpreimages数学归纳法finite orbits
难度评级:2930
小提示:

00 开始,再依次寻找映射到 00 的数

Start with 0,0, then find numbers mapping successively to 00

大提示:

对于每个 a4a\le4,解方程 4xx2=a4x-x^2=a,并选择一个新的实数原像

For every a4,a\le4, solve 4xx2=a4x-x^2=a and choose a new real preimage

解答:

初始值 0,4,20,4,2 分别给出有限轨道 00404\to02402\to4\to0。更一般地,若 ana_n 是一条终止于 00 的有限链的起点,解 4an+1an+12=an 4a_{n+1}-a_{n+1}^2=a_n\text{。}它的实数解为 an+1=2±4ana_{n+1}=2\pm\sqrt{4-a_n}。选择一个尚未出现在链中的原像,就能将这条链延长一个新值。重复此过程可得到无限多个具有有限轨道的不同初始值。

因此,正确答案是 E

The starting values 0,4,20,4,2 give finite orbits 00, 404\to0, and 240.2\to4\to0. More generally, if ana_n begins a finite chain ending at 0,0, solve 4an+1an+12=an. 4a_{n+1}-a_{n+1}^2=a_n. Its real solutions are an+1=2±4an.a_{n+1}=2\pm\sqrt{4-a_n}. Choosing a preimage not already in the chain extends it by one new value. Repeating produces infinitely many distinct starting values with finite orbits.

Thus the correct answer is E.

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