1988 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
小提示:
从每个被开方数中提出最大的完全平方因数
Extract the largest square factor from each radicand
大提示:
化简后,两个根式是同类项
After simplifying, the two radicals are like terms
解答:
有 ,且 。两者之和为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
We have and Their sum is
Thus the correct answer is D.
2.
三角形 与 相似,其中 对应 , 对应 。若 、、,则 为
Triangles and are similar, with corresponding to and to If and then is
小提示:
将 与 对应,将 与 对应
Match with and with
大提示:
利用从第一个三角形到第二个三角形的相似比
Use the scale factor from the first triangle to the second
解答:
相似比为 。因此 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The scale factor is Therefore and
Thus the correct answer is D.
3.
四条长 、宽 的矩形纸条平放在桌面上,并按图示方式两两垂直交叠。桌面上被覆盖的面积是多少?
Four rectangular paper strips of length and width are put flat on a table and overlap perpendicularly as shown. How much area of the table is covered?
小提示:
先将四条纸条的面积相加
First add the areas of the four strips
大提示:
每个垂直交叠处都是一个被重复计算的单位正方形
Each perpendicular crossing is a unit square counted twice
解答:
四条纸条的总面积为 。共有四个 乘 的交叠区域,每个都被计算了两次,所以覆盖面积为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The strips have total area There are four -by- overlaps, each counted twice, so the covered area is
Thus the correct answer is A.
4.
直线 的斜率为
The slope of the line is
小提示:
从方程中解出
Solve the equation for
大提示:
在 中,系数 就是斜率
In the coefficient is the slope
解答:
将原方程乘以 ,再整理 所在的项,得到 。斜率为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Multiplying by after isolating gives The slope is
Thus the correct answer is B.
5.
若 和 是常数,且 则 为
If and are constants and then is
小提示:
展开左边的乘积
Expand the product on the left
大提示:
先比较常数项,再比较 的系数
Compare the constant term before comparing the coefficient of
解答:
展开得 。因此 ,所以 ,且 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Expansion gives Thus so and
Thus the correct answer is E.
6.
一个图形是等角平行四边形的充要条件是它为
A figure is an equiangular parallelogram if and only if it is a
矩形
rectangle
正多边形
regular polygon
菱形
rhombus
正方形
square
梯形
trapezoid
小提示:
四个相等的内角之和必须为
The four equal interior angles must add to
大提示:
这里没有任何条件要求相邻边等长
No condition here forces adjacent sides to have equal lengths
解答:
四个相等且总和为 的角都是直角。有四个直角的平行四边形恰好是矩形。
所以正确答案是 A。
Four equal angles summing to are all right angles. A parallelogram with four right angles is exactly a rectangle.
Thus the correct answer is A.
7.
估算通过一条通信信道发送 个数据块所需的时间。每个数据块由 个“数据片”组成,信道每秒可传输 个数据片。
Estimate the time it takes to send blocks of data over a communications channel if each block consists of “chunks” and the channel can transmit chunks per second.
秒
seconds
秒
seconds
秒
seconds
分钟
minutes
小时
hours
小提示:
先计算数据片的总数
Compute the total number of chunks first
大提示:
将所得秒数换算成分钟
Convert the resulting number of seconds to minutes
解答:
传输所需时间为 秒,略多于 分钟。
所以正确答案是 D。
The transmission takes seconds, which is a little over minutes.
Thus the correct answer is D.
8.
若 ,且 ,则 与 之比是多少?
If and what is the ratio of to
小提示:
将 和 都写成 的倍数
Write both and as multiples of
大提示:
将这些式子代入
Substitute those expressions into
解答:
有 ,且 。因此 。
所以正确答案是 B。
We have and Therefore
Thus the correct answer is B.
9.
一张 的桌子位于一间正方形房间的角落,如下面图 所示。主人希望把桌子移到图 所示的位置。房间边长为 英尺。若移动时不能倾斜或拆卸桌子,能完成所需移动的最小整数 是多少?
An table sits in the corner of a square room, as in Figure below. The owners desire to move the table to the position shown in Figure The side of the room is feet. What is the smallest integer value of for which the table can be moved as desired without tilting it or taking it apart?
小提示:
在转过四分之一圈的过程中,一条对角线会与一对相对的墙垂直
During a quarter-turn, a diagonal becomes perpendicular to a pair of opposite walls
大提示:
将房间边长与桌子的对角线比较
Compare the room side with the table’s diagonal
解答:
桌子的对角线长为 ,它在 与 之间。转动过程中,这条对角线必须能放进房间,所以 。反过来,矩形可以在以其对角线为直径的圆内转动,因此这个界也足够。最小整数 为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The table diagonal is which is between and During the turn this diagonal must fit across the room, so Conversely, a rectangle can rotate inside a circle whose diameter is its diagonal, so that bound is sufficient. The least integer is
Thus the correct answer is C.
10.
在一次实验中,测得某科学常数 为 ,误差至多为 。实验者希望公布一个每一位都可靠的 值。也就是说,无论 的实际值是多少,把 舍入到所公布的位数时,都必须得到这个公布值。实验者能公布的最精确 值是
In an experiment, a scientific constant is determined to be with an error of at most The experimenter wishes to announce a value for in which every digit is significant. That is, whatever is, the announced value must be the correct result when is rounded to that number of digits. The most accurate value the experimenter can announce for is
小提示:
求出 的最小和最大可能值
Find the smallest and largest possible values of
大提示:
将两个端点依次舍入到越来越多位有效数字
Round both endpoints to increasing numbers of significant digits
解答:
可能区间为 。其中每个数舍入到三位有效数字都是 ,但两个端点舍入到四位有效数字时结果不同。因此,能保证正确的最精确公布值是 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The possible interval is Every number in it rounds to at three significant digits, but the endpoints round differently at four significant digits. Hence is the most accurate guaranteed announcement.
Thus the correct answer is D.
11.
下图每条水平线上的五个大点表示城市 、、、、 在所标年份的人口。从 年到 年,哪个城市的人口增长百分比最大?
On each horizontal line in the figure below, the five large dots indicate the populations of cities and in the year indicated. Which city had the greatest percentage increase in population from to
小提示:
从刻度上读出每个城市的两个人口数值
Read each city’s two population values from the scale
大提示:
比较增长量除以 年人口所得的比值,而不只比较绝对增长量
Compare increase divided by the population, not just absolute increase
解答:
城市 的人口增长百分比分别为 和 。这些值分别为 和 ,所以城市 的人口增长百分比最大。
所以正确答案是 C。
The percentage increases for are respectively and These are and so city has the greatest percentage increase.
Thus the correct answer is C.
12.
将整数 到 分别写在九张纸条上,再把它们全部放入一顶帽子中。杰克随机抽出一张纸条后放回。然后吉尔再随机抽一张。杰克与吉尔所抽整数之和的个位数字最有可能是哪一个?
Each integer through is written on a separate slip of paper and all nine slips are put into a hat. Jack picks one of these slips at random and puts it back. Then Jill picks a slip at random. Which digit is most likely to be the units digit of the sum of Jack’s integer and Jill’s integer?
每个数字的可能性都相同
each digit is equally likely
小提示:
共有 个等可能的有序数对
There are equally likely ordered pairs
大提示:
分别数出和对 取各个余数的数对数量
Count pairs whose sum has each residue modulo
解答:
要使个位数字为 ,有序数对为 ,共有 对。其他每个个位数字都出现 次,而全部有序数对共有 个。因此, 最有可能。
所以正确答案是 A。
For a units digit of the ordered pairs are giving pairs. Each other units digit occurs times among the ordered pairs. Therefore is most likely.
Thus the correct answer is A.
13.
若 ,则 是多少?
If then what is
小提示:
将已知关系平方,并利用
Square the given relation and use
大提示:
已知关系还确定了该乘积的符号
The given relation also determines the sign of the product
解答:
平方得 。因此 。将 两边乘以 ,得到 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Squaring gives Hence Multiplying by gives
Thus the correct answer is E.
14.
对任意实数 和正整数 ,定义 求
For any real number and positive integer define What is
小提示:
约去相同的分母
Cancel the identical denominator
大提示:
将剩余因子写成连续奇数,并寻找连锁消去
Write the remaining factors as consecutive odd integers and look for telescoping cancellation
解答:
约去 后,分子各因子的绝对值为 ,而分母各因子的绝对值为 。所有公共奇数因子相消,只剩绝对值 。分子有 个负因子,分母有 个,所以商为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
After canceling the numerator factors have magnitudes while the denominator factors have magnitudes All common odd factors cancel, leaving magnitude The numerator has negative factors and the denominator has so the quotient is
Thus the correct answer is A.
15.
若 和 是整数,且 是 的因式,则 为
If and are integers such that is a factor of then is
小提示:
利用 对各次幂降次
Reduce powers using
大提示:
一个次数低于 且能被该二次多项式整除的多项式必为零
A polynomial of degree below divisible by the quadratic must be zero
解答:
模 ,有 ,且 。因此,原多项式同余于 。两个系数都必须为零,所以 ,且 。因此 、。
所以正确答案是 A。
Modulo we have and Thus the polynomial is congruent to Both coefficients must vanish, so and Hence and
Thus the correct answer is A.
16.
与 是边互相平行且中心相同的等边三角形,如图所示。边 与边 之间的距离是 的高的 。 的面积与 的面积之比为
and are equilateral triangles with parallel sides and the same center, as in the figure. The distance between side and side is the altitude of The ratio of the area of to the area of is
小提示:
重心到三角形底边的距离是高的三分之一
A centroid lies one-third of the altitude above the base
大提示:
利用两条平行底边之间的距离,求出两个三角形的高之间的关系
Relate the two altitudes using the distance between their parallel bases
解答:
设外、内两个三角形的高分别为 和 。它们的共同中心位于 上方 处,位于 上方 处。因此 ,所以 。面积按对应长度之比的平方缩放,故 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let the outer and inner altitudes be and Their common center is above and above Hence so Areas scale as the square of corresponding lengths, giving
Thus the correct answer is C.
17.
若 ,且 ,求 。
If and find
小提示:
利用每个方程排除一种符号情形
Use each equation to rule out one sign possibility
大提示:
确定 和 的符号后,解一个线性方程组
After determining the signs of and solve a linear system
解答:
若 ,第一个方程给出 ,与第二个方程矛盾;所以 。若 ,第二个方程给出 ,与第一个方程矛盾;所以 。方程化为 和 。因此 ,且 。
所以正确答案是 C。
If the first equation gives contradicting the second; hence If the second gives contradicting the first; hence The equations become and Thus and
Thus the correct answer is C.
18.
一项职业保龄球锦标赛结束时,排名前 的选手进行附加赛。首先,编号 与编号 比赛。负者获得第 名奖金,胜者再与编号 比赛。这场比赛的负者获得第 名奖金,胜者再与编号 比赛。这场比赛的负者获得第 名奖金,胜者再与编号 比赛。最后一场的胜者获得第 名奖金,负者获得第 名奖金。编号 到编号 的选手共有多少种获奖名次顺序?
At the end of a professional bowling tournament, the top bowlers have a play-off. First # bowls # The loser receives th prize and the winner bowls # in another game. The loser of this game receives th prize and the winner bowls # The loser of this game receives rd prize and the winner bowls # The winner of this game gets st prize and the loser gets nd prize. In how many orders can bowlers # through # receive the prizes?
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
一共进行四场比赛
Exactly four games are played
大提示:
每一种胜者序列都确定一种不同的获奖名次顺序
Each sequence of winners determines a different prize order
解答:
四场比赛各有两种可能的胜者。四场比赛的结果序列唯一确定五个获奖名次,所以共有 种顺序。
所以正确答案是 B。
Each of the four games has two possible winners. A sequence of four outcomes uniquely determines the five prize positions, so there are orders.
Thus the correct answer is B.
19.
化简
Simplify
小提示:
把 项与 项分别拆开
Separate the and terms
大提示:
先尝试从分子中提出
Try to factor the numerator first by
解答:
重新组合分子得 除以 ,得到 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Regrouping the numerator gives Dividing by yields
Thus the correct answer is B.
20.
在相邻的两幅图中,第一幅把一个边长为 的正方形分成四块,其中 和 是一对相对边的中点,且 垂直于 。然后可将这四块重新拼成第二幅图所示的矩形。该矩形高与底边之比 为
In one of the adjoining figures a square of side is dissected into four pieces so that and are the midpoints of opposite sides and is perpendicular to These four pieces can then be reassembled into a rectangle as shown in the second figure. The ratio of height to base, in this rectangle is
小提示:
根据边长和中点条件求出 与
Find and from the side length and midpoint conditions
大提示:
利用面积不变求出矩形的底边长
Use the unchanged area to determine the rectangle’s base
解答:
线段 与 的水平、竖直变化量都是 和 ,所以长度均为 。因此 。矩形面积为 ,所以 。因此 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Both and have horizontal and vertical changes and so each has length Thus The rectangle has area so Therefore
Thus the correct answer is E.
21.
复数 满足 。 等于多少?注:若 ,则 。
The complex number satisfies What is Note: if then
小提示:
令 ,并比较等式两边的虚部
Write and compare imaginary parts
大提示:
利用实部建立 与 的关系
Use the real part to relate to
解答:
令 ,可得 ,且 。因此 。两边平方得 。所以 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Writing gives and Thus Squaring yields Therefore
Thus the correct answer is E.
22.
共有多少个整数 ,使得以 、 和 为边长的三角形的所有内角均为锐角?
For how many integers does a triangle with side lengths and have all its angles acute?
多于 个
more than
小提示:
针对最大边的每一种可能情况,应用严格的勾股不等式
Apply the strict Pythagorean inequality to the largest side in each possible ordering
大提示:
以 为对边的角和以 为对边的角给出关键的范围限制
The angle opposite and the angle opposite give the restrictive bounds
解答:
三角形为锐角三角形要求 且 ,所以 且 。对于整数 ,由此得到 。这四个值也都满足三角不等式,因此共有 个值。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Acuteness requires and so and For integer this gives All four values also satisfy the triangle inequality, so there are values.
Thus the correct answer is A.
23.
四面体 的六条棱长分别为 、、、、 和 个单位。若棱 的长度为 ,则棱 的长度为
The six edges of tetrahedron measure and units. If the length of edge is then the length of edge is
小提示:
长度为 的棱属于两个三角形面
The edge of length belongs to two triangular faces
大提示:
在任意一个包含该棱的面中,另外两条棱的长度之差必须小于
In either face containing that edge, the other two edge lengths must differ by less than
解答:
对于包含长度为 的棱的一个面,另外两边之差必须小于 。在其余长度中,满足此条件且互不重叠的配对只有 和 ,所以长度为 的棱与长度为 的棱相对。已知 ,用三角不等式检验这两对长度的两种可能放置方式:使 的对棱长度为 的放置方式不成立,而有效的放置方式满足 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
For a face containing the edge its other two sides must differ by less than Among the remaining lengths, the only disjoint pairs with this property are and so edge is opposite edge With the two possible placements of these pairs can be checked by the triangle inequalities; the placement making the edge opposite equal to fails, while the valid placement has
Thus the correct answer is B.
24.
一个等腰梯形外切于一个圆。梯形的长底为 ,其中一个底角为 。求梯形的面积。
An isosceles trapezoid is circumscribed around a circle. The longer base of the trapezoid is and one of the base angles is Find the area of the trapezoid.
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
小提示:
对于外切四边形,两组对边的长度和相等
For a circumscribed quadrilateral, the sums of opposite side lengths are equal
大提示:
利用 和 建立腰长、高和两底之差之间的关系
Use and to relate the leg, height, and difference of the bases
解答:
设短底为 ,两腰的长度均为 。相切条件给出 。若底角为 ,则 ,且 。解得 ,高为 。面积为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let the shorter base be and each leg be Tangency gives If the base angle is then and Solving gives and height The area is
Thus the correct answer is C.
25.
、 和 是两两不相交的人员集合。集合 、、、、 和 中人员的平均年龄如下表所示。
求集合 中人员的平均年龄。 集合 集合中人员的
平均年龄
and are pairwise disjoint sets of people. The average ages of people in the sets and are given in the table below.
Find the average age of the people in the set Set Average age of
people in the set
小提示:
设 分别为这三个集合的人数
Let be the sizes of the three sets
大提示:
每个并集的平均年龄都给出一个关于 的线性关系
Each union average gives a linear relation among
解答:
设三个集合的人数分别为 。由三个并集的平均年龄可得 以及 。因此 ,且 。总平均年龄为
因此,正确答案是 E。
Let the set sizes be The three union averages give and Thus and The total average is
Thus the correct answer is E.
26.
设 和 是满足下式的正数: 求 的值。
Suppose that and are positive numbers for which What is the value of
小提示:
将这些对数的公共值记为
Call the common logarithm value
大提示:
若 ,比较 与
If compare with
解答:
设公共值为 。则 ,且 。令 。将最后一个等式两边除以 ,得 因为 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let the common value be Then and Put Dividing the last equation by gives Since
Thus the correct answer is D.
27.
图中,、,且 与以 为圆心、 为直径的圆相切。在以下哪一种情况下, 的面积为整数?
In the figure, and is tangent to the circle with center and diameter In which one of the following cases is the area of an integer?
,
,
,
,
,
小提示:
设切点为 ,并利用直径在梯形内部构造一个矩形
Let the tangent point be and use the diameter to form a rectangle inside the trapezoid
大提示:
利用点 的幂建立 的一半与 、 之间的关系
Power of point relates half of to and
解答:
切点是 的中点,由切线与割线的关系可得 。因此 ,梯形的面积为 只有 能使根号内的乘积为完全平方数;此时面积为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The tangent point is the midpoint of and the tangent-secant relation gives Thus and the trapezoid area is Only makes the product under the radical a square; the area is
Thus the correct answer is D.
28.
一枚不均匀硬币在一次投掷中正面朝上的概率为 。设 为独立投掷这枚硬币 次时恰好出现 次正面的概率。若 ,则
An unfair coin has probability of coming up heads on a single toss. Let be the probability that, in independent tosses of this coin, heads come up exactly times. If then
必须为
must be
必须为
must be
必须大于
must be greater than
不能唯一确定
is not uniquely determined
不存在任何 ,使 成立
there is no value of for which
小提示:
利用二项式系数将 写成 的函数
Write as a function of using the binomial coefficient
大提示:
先检验一个简单的值,再比较该函数在 和 时的值
Check one simple value, then compare the function at and
解答:
这里 。当 时,此外,,而 。由连续性可知,在 与 之间还有另一个解。因此 不能唯一确定。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Here At Also while By continuity there is another solution between and Hence is not unique.
Thus the correct answer is D.
29.
把三位朋友的体重 对身高 作图,得到点 、、。若 则下列哪一个式子一定是数据最佳拟合直线的斜率?“最佳拟合”是指数据点到直线的竖直距离的平方和小于对任何其他直线所得的平方和。
You plot weight against height for three of your friends and obtain the points If which of the following is necessarily the slope of the line which best fits the data? “Best fits” means that the sum of the squares of the vertical distances from the data points to the line is smaller than for any other line.
以上均不是
none of these
小提示:
平移并缩放 坐标,使其变为
Translate and scale the -coordinates to
大提示:
对于 值对称的最小二乘直线,利用协方差的分子计算斜率
For a least-squares line through symmetric -values, compute the slope from the covariance numerator
解答:
进行平移和缩放,使 坐标为 。它们的平均值为 ,所以最小二乘直线的斜率为
因此,正确答案是 A。
Translate and scale so the -coordinates are Their mean is so the least-squares slope is
Thus the correct answer is A.
30.
设 。给定 ,考虑由 (对所有 )定义的数列。对于多少个实数 ,数列 、、、 只取有限多个不同的值?
Let Given consider the sequence defined by for all For how many real numbers will the sequence take on only a finite number of different values?
或
or
、、 或
or
多于 个但只有有限多个
more than but finitely many
无限多个
infinitely many
小提示:
从 开始,再依次寻找映射到 的数
Start with then find numbers mapping successively to
大提示:
对于每个 ,解方程 ,并选择一个新的实数原像
For every solve and choose a new real preimage
解答:
初始值 分别给出有限轨道 、 和 。更一般地,若 是一条终止于 的有限链的起点,解 它的实数解为 。选择一个尚未出现在链中的原像,就能将这条链延长一个新值。重复此过程可得到无限多个具有有限轨道的不同初始值。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The starting values give finite orbits , , and More generally, if begins a finite chain ending at solve Its real solutions are Choosing a preimage not already in the chain extends it by one new value. Repeating produces infinitely many distinct starting values with finite orbits.
Thus the correct answer is E.