1988 AMC 12 真题

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1.

8+18=\sqrt8+\sqrt{18}=

20\sqrt{20}

2(2+3)2(\sqrt2+\sqrt3)

77

525\sqrt2

2132\sqrt{13}

答案:D
知识点:simplifying radicalslike terms
难度评级:890
小提示:

从每个被开方数中提出最大的完全平方因数

Extract the largest square factor from each radicand

大提示:

化简后,两个根式是同类项

After simplifying, the two radicals are like terms

解答:

8=22\sqrt8=2\sqrt2,且 18=32\sqrt{18}=3\sqrt2。两者之和为 525\sqrt2

所以正确答案是 D

We have 8=22\sqrt8=2\sqrt2 and 18=32.\sqrt{18}=3\sqrt2. Their sum is 52.5\sqrt2.

Thus the correct answer is D.

2.

三角形 ABCABCXYZXYZ 相似,其中 AA 对应 XXBB 对应 YY。若 AB=3AB=3BC=4BC=4XY=5XY=5,则 YZYZ

Triangles ABCABC and XYZXYZ are similar, with AA corresponding to XX and BB to Y.Y. If AB=3,AB=3, BC=4,BC=4, and XY=5,XY=5, then YZYZ is

3343\frac34

66

6146\frac14

6236\frac23

88

答案:D
难度评级:920
小提示:

ABABXYXY 对应,将 BCBCYZYZ 对应

Match ABAB with XYXY and BCBC with YZYZ

大提示:

利用从第一个三角形到第二个三角形的相似比

Use the scale factor from the first triangle to the second

解答:

相似比为 XYAB=53\frac{XY}{AB}=\frac{5}{3}。因此 YZ=(53)BC=(53)(4)YZ=(\frac{5}{3})BC=(\frac{5}{3})(4),所以 YZ=203=623YZ=\frac{20}{3}=6\frac23

所以正确答案是 D

The scale factor is XYAB=53.\frac{XY}{AB}=\frac{5}{3}. Therefore YZ=(53)BC=(53)(4)YZ=(\frac{5}{3})BC=(\frac{5}{3})(4) and YZ=203=623.YZ=\frac{20}{3}=6\frac23.

Thus the correct answer is D.

3.

四条长 1010、宽 11 的矩形纸条平放在桌面上,并按图示方式两两垂直交叠。桌面上被覆盖的面积是多少?

Four rectangular paper strips of length 1010 and width 11 are put flat on a table and overlap perpendicularly as shown. How much area of the table is covered?

3636

4040

4444

9898

100100

答案:A
难度评级:960
小提示:

先将四条纸条的面积相加

First add the areas of the four strips

大提示:

每个垂直交叠处都是一个被重复计算的单位正方形

Each perpendicular crossing is a unit square counted twice

解答:

四条纸条的总面积为 4(10)=404(10)=40。共有四个 1111 的交叠区域,每个都被计算了两次,所以覆盖面积为 404=3640-4=36

所以正确答案是 A

The strips have total area 4(10)=40.4(10)=40. There are four 11-by-11 overlaps, each counted twice, so the covered area is 404=36.40-4=36.

Thus the correct answer is A.

4.

直线 x3+y2=1\frac{x}{3}+\frac{y}{2}=1 的斜率为

The slope of the line x3+y2=1\frac{x}{3}+\frac{y}{2}=1 is

32-\frac32

23-\frac23

13\frac13

23\frac23

32\frac32

答案:B
难度评级:1120
小提示:

从方程中解出 yy

Solve the equation for yy

大提示:

y=mx+by=mx+b 中,系数 mm 就是斜率

In y=mx+b,y=mx+b, the coefficient mm is the slope

解答:

将原方程乘以 22,再整理 y2\frac{y}{2} 所在的项,得到 y=223xy=2-\frac23x。斜率为 23-\frac{2}{3}

所以正确答案是 B

Multiplying by 22 after isolating y2\frac{y}{2} gives y=223x.y=2-\frac23x. The slope is 23.-\frac{2}{3}.

Thus the correct answer is B.

5.

bbcc 是常数,且 (x+2)(x+b)=x2+cx+6(x+2)(x+b)=x^2+cx+6\text{,}cc

If bb and cc are constants and (x+2)(x+b)=x2+cx+6,(x+2)(x+b)=x^2+cx+6, then cc is

5-5

3-3

1-1

33

55

答案:E
难度评级:1030
小提示:

展开左边的乘积

Expand the product on the left

大提示:

先比较常数项,再比较 xx 的系数

Compare the constant term before comparing the coefficient of xx

解答:

展开得 x2+(b+2)x+2bx^2+(b+2)x+2b。因此 2b=62b=6,所以 b=3b=3,且 c=b+2=5c=b+2=5

所以正确答案是 E

Expansion gives x2+(b+2)x+2b.x^2+(b+2)x+2b. Thus 2b=6,2b=6, so b=3,b=3, and c=b+2=5.c=b+2=5.

Thus the correct answer is E.

6.

一个图形是等角平行四边形的充要条件是它为

A figure is an equiangular parallelogram if and only if it is a

矩形

rectangle

正多边形

regular polygon

菱形

rhombus

正方形

square

梯形

trapezoid

答案:A
难度评级:920
小提示:

四个相等的内角之和必须为 360360^\circ

The four equal interior angles must add to 360360^\circ

大提示:

这里没有任何条件要求相邻边等长

No condition here forces adjacent sides to have equal lengths

解答:

四个相等且总和为 360360^\circ 的角都是直角。有四个直角的平行四边形恰好是矩形。

所以正确答案是 A

Four equal angles summing to 360360^\circ are all right angles. A parallelogram with four right angles is exactly a rectangle.

Thus the correct answer is A.

7.

估算通过一条通信信道发送 6060 个数据块所需的时间。每个数据块由 512512 个“数据片”组成,信道每秒可传输 120120 个数据片。

Estimate the time it takes to send 6060 blocks of data over a communications channel if each block consists of 512512 “chunks” and the channel can transmit 120120 chunks per second.

0.040.04

0.040.04 seconds

0.40.4

0.40.4 seconds

44

44 seconds

44 分钟

44 minutes

44 小时

44 hours

答案:D
难度评级:1030
小提示:

先计算数据片的总数

Compute the total number of chunks first

大提示:

将所得秒数换算成分钟

Convert the resulting number of seconds to minutes

解答:

传输所需时间为 60512120=256\frac{60\cdot512}{120}=256 秒,略多于 44 分钟。

所以正确答案是 D

The transmission takes 60512120=256\frac{60\cdot512}{120}=256 seconds, which is a little over 44 minutes.

Thus the correct answer is D.

8.

ba=2\frac ba=2,且 cb=3\frac cb=3,则 a+ba+bb+cb+c 之比是多少?

If ba=2\frac ba=2 and cb=3,\frac cb=3, what is the ratio of a+ba+b to b+c?b+c?

13\frac13

38\frac38

35\frac35

23\frac23

34\frac34

答案:B
难度评级:1130
小提示:

bbcc 都写成 aa 的倍数

Write both bb and cc as multiples of aa

大提示:

将这些式子代入 a+bb+c\frac{a+b}{b+c}

Substitute those expressions into a+bb+c\frac{a+b}{b+c}

解答:

b=2ab=2a,且 c=3b=6ac=3b=6a。因此 a+bb+c=3a8a=38\frac{a+b}{b+c}=\frac{3a}{8a}=\frac38

所以正确答案是 B

We have b=2ab=2a and c=3b=6a.c=3b=6a. Therefore a+bb+c=3a8a=38.\frac{a+b}{b+c}=\frac{3a}{8a}=\frac38.

Thus the correct answer is B.

9.

一张 8×108'\times10' 的桌子位于一间正方形房间的角落,如下面图 11 所示。主人希望把桌子移到图 22 所示的位置。房间边长为 SS 英尺。若移动时不能倾斜或拆卸桌子,能完成所需移动的最小整数 SS 是多少?

An 8×108'\times10' table sits in the corner of a square room, as in Figure 11 below. The owners desire to move the table to the position shown in Figure 2.2. The side of the room is SS feet. What is the smallest integer value of SS for which the table can be moved as desired without tilting it or taking it apart?

1111

1212

1313

1414

1515

答案:C
难度评级:1540
小提示:

在转过四分之一圈的过程中,一条对角线会与一对相对的墙垂直

During a quarter-turn, a diagonal becomes perpendicular to a pair of opposite walls

大提示:

将房间边长与桌子的对角线比较

Compare the room side with the table’s diagonal

解答:

桌子的对角线长为 82+102=164\sqrt{8^2+10^2}=\sqrt{164},它在 12121313 之间。转动过程中,这条对角线必须能放进房间,所以 S164S\ge\sqrt{164}。反过来,矩形可以在以其对角线为直径的圆内转动,因此这个界也足够。最小整数 SS1313

所以正确答案是 C

The table diagonal is 82+102=164,\sqrt{8^2+10^2}=\sqrt{164}, which is between 1212 and 13.13. During the turn this diagonal must fit across the room, so S164.S\ge\sqrt{164}. Conversely, a rectangle can rotate inside a circle whose diameter is its diagonal, so that bound is sufficient. The least integer SS is 13.13.

Thus the correct answer is C.

10.

在一次实验中,测得某科学常数 CC2.438652.43865,误差至多为 ±0.00312\pm0.00312。实验者希望公布一个每一位都可靠的 CC 值。也就是说,无论 CC 的实际值是多少,把 CC 舍入到所公布的位数时,都必须得到这个公布值。实验者能公布的最精确 CC 值是

In an experiment, a scientific constant CC is determined to be 2.438652.43865 with an error of at most ±0.00312.\pm0.00312. The experimenter wishes to announce a value for CC in which every digit is significant. That is, whatever CC is, the announced value must be the correct result when CC is rounded to that number of digits. The most accurate value the experimenter can announce for CC is

22

2.42.4

2.432.43

2.442.44

2.4392.439

答案:D
难度评级:1410
小提示:

求出 CC 的最小和最大可能值

Find the smallest and largest possible values of CC

大提示:

将两个端点依次舍入到越来越多位有效数字

Round both endpoints to increasing numbers of significant digits

解答:

可能区间为 [2.43553,2.44177][2.43553,2.44177]。其中每个数舍入到三位有效数字都是 2.442.44,但两个端点舍入到四位有效数字时结果不同。因此,能保证正确的最精确公布值是 2.442.44

所以正确答案是 D

The possible interval is [2.43553,2.44177].[2.43553,2.44177]. Every number in it rounds to 2.442.44 at three significant digits, but the endpoints round differently at four significant digits. Hence 2.442.44 is the most accurate guaranteed announcement.

Thus the correct answer is D.

11.

下图每条水平线上的五个大点表示城市 AABBCCDDEE 在所标年份的人口。从 19701970 年到 19801980 年,哪个城市的人口增长百分比最大?

On each horizontal line in the figure below, the five large dots indicate the populations of cities A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, and EE in the year indicated. Which city had the greatest percentage increase in population from 19701970 to 1980?1980?

AA

BB

CC

DD

EE

答案:C
难度评级:1290
小提示:

从刻度上读出每个城市的两个人口数值

Read each city’s two population values from the scale

大提示:

比较增长量除以 19701970 年人口所得的比值,而不只比较绝对增长量

Compare increase divided by the 19701970 population, not just absolute increase

解答:

城市 A,B,C,D,EA,B,C,D,E 的人口增长百分比分别为 1040,2050,3070,30100\frac{10}{40},\frac{20}{50},\frac{30}{70},\frac{30}{100}40120\frac{40}{120}。这些值分别为 25%,40%,4267%,30%25\%,40\%,42\frac67\%,30\%3313%33\frac13\%,所以城市 CC 的人口增长百分比最大。

所以正确答案是 C

The percentage increases for A,B,C,D,EA,B,C,D,E are respectively 1040,2050,3070,30100,\frac{10}{40},\frac{20}{50},\frac{30}{70},\frac{30}{100}, and 40120.\frac{40}{120}. These are 25%,40%,4267%,30%,25\%,40\%,42\frac67\%,30\%, and 3313%,33\frac13\%, so city CC has the greatest percentage increase.

Thus the correct answer is C.

12.

将整数 1199 分别写在九张纸条上,再把它们全部放入一顶帽子中。杰克随机抽出一张纸条后放回。然后吉尔再随机抽一张。杰克与吉尔所抽整数之和的个位数字最有可能是哪一个?

Each integer 11 through 99 is written on a separate slip of paper and all nine slips are put into a hat. Jack picks one of these slips at random and puts it back. Then Jill picks a slip at random. Which digit is most likely to be the units digit of the sum of Jack’s integer and Jill’s integer?

00

11

88

99

每个数字的可能性都相同

each digit is equally likely

答案:A
难度评级:1290
小提示:

共有 8181 个等可能的有序数对

There are 8181 equally likely ordered pairs

大提示:

分别数出和对 1010 取各个余数的数对数量

Count pairs whose sum has each residue modulo 1010

解答:

要使个位数字为 00,有序数对为 (1,9),(2,8),,(9,1)(1,9),(2,8),\ldots,(9,1),共有 99 对。其他每个个位数字都出现 88 次,而全部有序数对共有 8181 个。因此,00 最有可能。

所以正确答案是 A

For a units digit of 0,0, the ordered pairs are (1,9),(2,8),,(9,1),(1,9),(2,8),\ldots,(9,1), giving 99 pairs. Each other units digit occurs 88 times among the 8181 ordered pairs. Therefore 00 is most likely.

Thus the correct answer is A.

13.

sinx=3cosx\sin x=3\cos x,则 sinxcosx\sin x\cos x 是多少?

If sinx=3cosx,\sin x=3\cos x, then what is sinxcosx?\sin x\cos x?

16\frac16

15\frac15

29\frac29

14\frac14

310\frac3{10}

答案:E
难度评级:1330
小提示:

将已知关系平方,并利用 sin2x+cos2x=1\sin^2x+\cos^2x=1

Square the given relation and use sin2x+cos2x=1\sin^2x+\cos^2x=1

大提示:

已知关系还确定了该乘积的符号

The given relation also determines the sign of the product

解答:

平方得 sin2x=9cos2x\sin^2x=9\cos^2x。因此 10cos2x=110\cos^2x=1。将 sinx=3cosx\sin x=3\cos x 两边乘以 cosx\cos x,得到 sinxcosx=3cos2x=310\sin x\cos x=3\cos^2x=\frac{3}{10}

所以正确答案是 E

Squaring gives sin2x=9cos2x.\sin^2x=9\cos^2x. Hence 10cos2x=1.10\cos^2x=1. Multiplying sinx=3cosx\sin x=3\cos x by cosx\cos x gives sinxcosx=3cos2x=310.\sin x\cos x=3\cos^2x=\frac{3}{10}.

Thus the correct answer is E.

14.

对任意实数 aa 和正整数 kk,定义 (ak)=a(a1)(a2)(a(k1))k(k1)(k2)(2)(1) \binom ak= \frac{\begin{gathered} a(a-1)(a-2)\cdots\\ {}\cdot(a-(k-1)) \end{gathered}} {\begin{gathered} k(k-1)(k-2)\cdots\\ {}\cdot(2)(1) \end{gathered}}\text{。}(12100)÷(12100) ?\binom{-\frac12}{100}\div\binom{\frac12}{100}\ \text{?}

For any real number aa and positive integer k,k, define (ak)=a(a1)(a2)(a(k1))k(k1)(k2)(2)(1). \binom ak= \frac{\begin{gathered} a(a-1)(a-2)\cdots\\ {}\cdot(a-(k-1)) \end{gathered}} {\begin{gathered} k(k-1)(k-2)\cdots\\ {}\cdot(2)(1) \end{gathered}}. What is (12100)÷(12100) ?\binom{-\frac12}{100}\div\binom{\frac12}{100}\ ?

199-199

197-197

1-1

197197

199199

答案:A
难度评级:2090
小提示:

约去相同的分母 100!100!

Cancel the identical denominator 100!100!

大提示:

将剩余因子写成连续奇数,并寻找连锁消去

Write the remaining factors as consecutive odd integers and look for telescoping cancellation

解答:

约去 100!100! 后,分子各因子的绝对值为 1,3,,1991,3,\ldots,199,而分母各因子的绝对值为 1,1,3,,1971,1,3,\ldots,197。所有公共奇数因子相消,只剩绝对值 199199。分子有 100100 个负因子,分母有 9999 个,所以商为 199-199

所以正确答案是 A

After canceling 100!,100!, the numerator factors have magnitudes 1,3,,199,1,3,\ldots,199, while the denominator factors have magnitudes 1,1,3,,197.1,1,3,\ldots,197. All common odd factors cancel, leaving magnitude 199.199. The numerator has 100100 negative factors and the denominator has 99,99, so the quotient is 199.-199.

Thus the correct answer is A.

15.

aabb 是整数,且 x2x1x^2-x-1ax3+bx2+1ax^3+bx^2+1 的因式,则 bb

If aa and bb are integers such that x2x1x^2-x-1 is a factor of ax3+bx2+1,ax^3+bx^2+1, then bb is

2-2

1-1

00

11

22

答案:A
难度评级:1760
小提示:

利用 x2x+1x^2\equiv x+1 对各次幂降次

Reduce powers using x2x+1x^2\equiv x+1

大提示:

一个次数低于 22 且能被该二次多项式整除的多项式必为零

A polynomial of degree below 22 divisible by the quadratic must be zero

解答:

x2x1x^2-x-1,有 x2x+1x^2\equiv x+1,且 x32x+1x^3\equiv2x+1。因此,原多项式同余于 (2a+b)x+(a+b+1)(2a+b)x+(a+b+1)。两个系数都必须为零,所以 2a+b=02a+b=0,且 a+b=1a+b=-1。因此 a=1a=1b=2b=-2

所以正确答案是 A

Modulo x2x1,x^2-x-1, we have x2x+1x^2\equiv x+1 and x32x+1.x^3\equiv2x+1. Thus the polynomial is congruent to (2a+b)x+(a+b+1).(2a+b)x+(a+b+1). Both coefficients must vanish, so 2a+b=02a+b=0 and a+b=1.a+b=-1. Hence a=1a=1 and b=2.b=-2.

Thus the correct answer is A.

16.

ABCABCABCA'B'C' 是边互相平行且中心相同的等边三角形,如图所示。边 BCBC 与边 BCB'C' 之间的距离是 ABC\triangle ABC 的高的 16\frac16ABC\triangle A'B'C' 的面积与 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积之比为

ABCABC and ABCA'B'C' are equilateral triangles with parallel sides and the same center, as in the figure. The distance between side BCBC and side BCB'C' is 16\frac16 the altitude of ABC.\triangle ABC. The ratio of the area of ABC\triangle A'B'C' to the area of ABC\triangle ABC is

136\frac1{36}

16\frac16

14\frac14

34\frac{\sqrt3}{4}

9+8336\frac{9+8\sqrt3}{36}

答案:C
难度评级:1660
小提示:

重心到三角形底边的距离是高的三分之一

A centroid lies one-third of the altitude above the base

大提示:

利用两条平行底边之间的距离,求出两个三角形的高之间的关系

Relate the two altitudes using the distance between their parallel bases

解答:

设外、内两个三角形的高分别为 hhhh'。它们的共同中心位于 BCBC 上方 h3\frac{h}{3} 处,位于 BCB'C' 上方 h3\frac{h'}{3} 处。因此 hh3=h6\frac{h-h'}{3}=\frac{h}{6},所以 h=h2h'=\frac{h}{2}。面积按对应长度之比的平方缩放,故 (hh)2=14(\frac{h'}{h})^2=\frac{1}{4}

所以正确答案是 C

Let the outer and inner altitudes be hh and h.h'. Their common center is h3\frac{h}{3} above BCBC and h3\frac{h'}{3} above BC.B'C'. Hence hh3=h6,\frac{h-h'}{3}=\frac{h}{6}, so h=h2.h'=\frac{h}{2}. Areas scale as the square of corresponding lengths, giving (hh)2=14.(\frac{h'}{h})^2=\frac{1}{4}.

Thus the correct answer is C.

17.

x+x+y=10\lvert x\rvert+x+y=10,且 x+yy=12x+\lvert y\rvert-y=12,求 x+yx+y

If x+x+y=10\lvert x\rvert+x+y=10 and x+yy=12,x+\lvert y\rvert-y=12, find x+y.x+y.

2-2

22

185\frac{18}{5}

223\frac{22}{3}

2222

答案:C
难度评级:1570
小提示:

利用每个方程排除一种符号情形

Use each equation to rule out one sign possibility

大提示:

确定 xxyy 的符号后,解一个线性方程组

After determining the signs of xx and y,y, solve a linear system

解答:

x0x\le0,第一个方程给出 y=10y=10,与第二个方程矛盾;所以 x>0x>0。若 y0y\ge0,第二个方程给出 x=12x=12,与第一个方程矛盾;所以 y<0y<0。方程化为 2x+y=102x+y=10x2y=12x-2y=12。因此 x=325, y=145x=\frac{32}{5},\ y=-\frac{14}{5},且 x+y=185x+y=\frac{18}{5}

所以正确答案是 C

If x0,x\le0, the first equation gives y=10,y=10, contradicting the second; hence x>0.x>0. If y0,y\ge0, the second gives x=12,x=12, contradicting the first; hence y<0.y<0. The equations become 2x+y=102x+y=10 and x2y=12.x-2y=12. Thus x=325, y=145,x=\frac{32}{5},\ y=-\frac{14}{5}, and x+y=185.x+y=\frac{18}{5}.

Thus the correct answer is C.

18.

一项职业保龄球锦标赛结束时,排名前 55 的选手进行附加赛。首先,编号 55 与编号 44 比赛。负者获得第 55 名奖金,胜者再与编号 33 比赛。这场比赛的负者获得第 44 名奖金,胜者再与编号 22 比赛。这场比赛的负者获得第 33 名奖金,胜者再与编号 11 比赛。最后一场的胜者获得第 11 名奖金,负者获得第 22 名奖金。编号 11 到编号 55 的选手共有多少种获奖名次顺序?

At the end of a professional bowling tournament, the top 55 bowlers have a play-off. First #55 bowls #4.4. The loser receives 55th prize and the winner bowls #33 in another game. The loser of this game receives 44th prize and the winner bowls #2.2. The loser of this game receives 33rd prize and the winner bowls #1.1. The winner of this game gets 11st prize and the loser gets 22nd prize. In how many orders can bowlers #11 through #55 receive the prizes?

1010

1616

2424

120120

以上都不是

none of these

答案:B
难度评级:1500
小提示:

一共进行四场比赛

Exactly four games are played

大提示:

每一种胜者序列都确定一种不同的获奖名次顺序

Each sequence of winners determines a different prize order

解答:

四场比赛各有两种可能的胜者。四场比赛的结果序列唯一确定五个获奖名次,所以共有 24=162^4=16 种顺序。

所以正确答案是 B

Each of the four games has two possible winners. A sequence of four outcomes uniquely determines the five prize positions, so there are 24=162^4=16 orders.

Thus the correct answer is B.

19.

化简 bx(a2x2+2a2y2+b2y2)+ay(a2x2+2b2x2+b2y2)bx+ay \frac{\begin{gathered} bx(a^2x^2+2a^2y^2+b^2y^2)\\ {}+ay(a^2x^2+2b^2x^2+b^2y^2) \end{gathered}}{bx+ay}\text{。}

Simplify bx(a2x2+2a2y2+b2y2)+ay(a2x2+2b2x2+b2y2)bx+ay. \frac{\begin{gathered} bx(a^2x^2+2a^2y^2+b^2y^2)\\ {}+ay(a^2x^2+2b^2x^2+b^2y^2) \end{gathered}}{bx+ay}.

a2x2+b2y2a^2x^2+b^2y^2

(ax+by)2(ax+by)^2

(ax+by)(bx+ay)(ax+by)(bx+ay)

2(a2x2+b2y2)2(a^2x^2+b^2y^2)

(bx+ay)2(bx+ay)^2

答案:B
难度评级:1660
小提示:

2a2y22a^2y^2 项与 2b2x22b^2x^2 项分别拆开

Separate the 2a2y22a^2y^2 and 2b2x22b^2x^2 terms

大提示:

先尝试从分子中提出 bx+aybx+ay

Try to factor the numerator first by bx+aybx+ay

解答:

重新组合分子得 (bx+ay)(a2x2+b2y2)+2abxy(ay+bx)=(bx+ay)(ax+by)2 \begin{aligned} &(bx+ay)(a^2x^2+b^2y^2)\\ &\quad+2abxy(ay+bx)\\ &=(bx+ay)(ax+by)^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}除以 bx+aybx+ay,得到 (ax+by)2(ax+by)^2

所以正确答案是 B

Regrouping the numerator gives (bx+ay)(a2x2+b2y2)+2abxy(ay+bx)=(bx+ay)(ax+by)2. \begin{aligned} &(bx+ay)(a^2x^2+b^2y^2)\\ &\quad+2abxy(ay+bx)\\ &=(bx+ay)(ax+by)^2. \end{aligned} Dividing by bx+aybx+ay yields (ax+by)2.(ax+by)^2.

Thus the correct answer is B.

20.

在相邻的两幅图中,第一幅把一个边长为 22 的正方形分成四块,其中 EEFF 是一对相对边的中点,且 AGAG 垂直于 BFBF。然后可将这四块重新拼成第二幅图所示的矩形。该矩形高与底边之比 XYYZ\frac{XY}{YZ}

In one of the adjoining figures a square of side 22 is dissected into four pieces so that EE and FF are the midpoints of opposite sides and AGAG is perpendicular to BF.BF. These four pieces can then be reassembled into a rectangle as shown in the second figure. The ratio of height to base, XYYZ,\frac{XY}{YZ}, in this rectangle is

44

1+231+2\sqrt3

252\sqrt5

8+433\frac{8+4\sqrt3}{3}

55

答案:E
难度评级:2010
小提示:

根据边长和中点条件求出 BFBFDEDE

Find BFBF and DEDE from the side length and midpoint conditions

大提示:

利用面积不变求出矩形的底边长

Use the unchanged area to determine the rectangle’s base

解答:

线段 BFBFDEDE 的水平、竖直变化量都是 1122,所以长度均为 5\sqrt5。因此 XY=BF+DE=25XY=BF+DE=2\sqrt5。矩形面积为 44,所以 YZ=425=25YZ=\frac{4}{2\sqrt5}=\frac{2}{\sqrt5}。因此 XYYZ=5\frac{XY}{YZ}=5

所以正确答案是 E

Both BFBF and DEDE have horizontal and vertical changes 11 and 2,2, so each has length 5.\sqrt5. Thus XY=BF+DE=25.XY=BF+DE=2\sqrt5. The rectangle has area 4,4, so YZ=425=25.YZ=\frac{4}{2\sqrt5}=\frac{2}{\sqrt5}. Therefore XYYZ=5.\frac{XY}{YZ}=5.

Thus the correct answer is E.

21.

复数 zz 满足 z+z=2+8iz+\lvert z\rvert=2+8iz2\lvert z\rvert^2 等于多少?注:若 z=a+biz=a+bi,则 z=a2+b2\lvert z\rvert=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}

The complex number zz satisfies z+z=2+8i.z+\lvert z\rvert=2+8i. What is z2?\lvert z\rvert^2? Note: if z=a+bi,z=a+bi, then z=a2+b2.\lvert z\rvert=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}.

6868

100100

169169

208208

289289

答案:E
难度评级:1850
小提示:

z=a+biz=a+bi,并比较等式两边的虚部

Write z=a+biz=a+bi and compare imaginary parts

大提示:

利用实部建立 aaa2+b2\sqrt{a^2+b^2} 的关系

Use the real part to relate aa to a2+b2\sqrt{a^2+b^2}

解答:

z=a+biz=a+bi,可得 b=8b=8,且 a+a2+64=2a+\sqrt{a^2+64}=2。因此 a2+64=2a\sqrt{a^2+64}=2-a。两边平方得 a=15a=-15。所以 z2=a2+b2=225+64=289\lvert z\rvert^2=a^2+b^2=225+64=289

因此,正确答案是 E

Writing z=a+biz=a+bi gives b=8b=8 and a+a2+64=2.a+\sqrt{a^2+64}=2. Thus a2+64=2a.\sqrt{a^2+64}=2-a. Squaring yields a=15.a=-15. Therefore z2=a2+b2=225+64=289.\lvert z\rvert^2=a^2+b^2=225+64=289.

Thus the correct answer is E.

22.

共有多少个整数 xx,使得以 10102424xx 为边长的三角形的所有内角均为锐角?

For how many integers xx does a triangle with side lengths 10,10, 24,24, and xx have all its angles acute?

44

55

66

77

多于 77

more than 77

答案:A
难度评级:1760
小提示:

针对最大边的每一种可能情况,应用严格的勾股不等式

Apply the strict Pythagorean inequality to the largest side in each possible ordering

大提示:

2424 为对边的角和以 xx 为对边的角给出关键的范围限制

The angle opposite 2424 and the angle opposite xx give the restrictive bounds

解答:

三角形为锐角三角形要求 x2<102+242=676x^2<10^2+24^2=676242<102+x224^2<10^2+x^2,所以 x<26x<26x2>476x^2>476。对于整数 xx,由此得到 22x2522\le x\le25。这四个值也都满足三角不等式,因此共有 44 个值。

因此,正确答案是 A

Acuteness requires x2<102+242=676x^2<10^2+24^2=676 and 242<102+x2,24^2<10^2+x^2, so x<26x<26 and x2>476.x^2>476. For integer x,x, this gives 22x25.22\le x\le25. All four values also satisfy the triangle inequality, so there are 44 values.

Thus the correct answer is A.

23.

四面体 ABCDABCD 的六条棱长分别为 7713131818272736364141 个单位。若棱 ABAB 的长度为 4141,则棱 CDCD 的长度为

The six edges of tetrahedron ABCDABCD measure 7,7, 13,13, 18,18, 27,27, 36,36, and 4141 units. If the length of edge ABAB is 41,41, then the length of edge CDCD is

77

1313

1818

2727

3636

答案:B
难度评级:2160
小提示:

长度为 77 的棱属于两个三角形面

The edge of length 77 belongs to two triangular faces

大提示:

在任意一个包含该棱的面中,另外两条棱的长度之差必须小于 77

In either face containing that edge, the other two edge lengths must differ by less than 77

解答:

对于包含长度为 77 的棱的一个面,另外两边之差必须小于 77。在其余长度中,满足此条件且互不重叠的配对只有 (13,18)(13,18)(36,41)(36,41),所以长度为 2727 的棱与长度为 77 的棱相对。已知 AB=41AB=41,用三角不等式检验这两对长度的两种可能放置方式:使 ABAB 的对棱长度为 1818 的放置方式不成立,而有效的放置方式满足 CD=13CD=13

因此,正确答案是 B

For a face containing the edge 7,7, its other two sides must differ by less than 7.7. Among the remaining lengths, the only disjoint pairs with this property are (13,18)(13,18) and (36,41),(36,41), so edge 2727 is opposite edge 7.7. With AB=41,AB=41, the two possible placements of these pairs can be checked by the triangle inequalities; the placement making the edge opposite ABAB equal to 1818 fails, while the valid placement has CD=13.CD=13.

Thus the correct answer is B.

24.

一个等腰梯形外切于一个圆。梯形的长底为 1616,其中一个底角为 arcsin(0.8)\arcsin(0.8)。求梯形的面积。

An isosceles trapezoid is circumscribed around a circle. The longer base of the trapezoid is 16,16, and one of the base angles is arcsin(0.8).\arcsin(0.8). Find the area of the trapezoid.

7272

7575

8080

9090

不能唯一确定

not uniquely determined

答案:C
难度评级:2160
小提示:

对于外切四边形,两组对边的长度和相等

For a circumscribed quadrilateral, the sums of opposite side lengths are equal

大提示:

利用 sinα=45\sin\alpha=\frac{4}{5}cosα=35\cos\alpha=\frac{3}{5} 建立腰长、高和两底之差之间的关系

Use sinα=45\sin\alpha=\frac{4}{5} and cosα=35\cos\alpha=\frac{3}{5} to relate the leg, height, and difference of the bases

解答:

设短底为 bb,两腰的长度均为 \ell。相切条件给出 16+b=216+b=2\ell。若底角为 α\alpha,则 sinα=45, cosα=35\sin\alpha=\frac{4}{5},\ \cos\alpha=\frac{3}{5},且 16b=2cosα=(65)16-b=2\ell\cos\alpha=(\frac{6}{5})\ell。解得 b=4, =10b=4,\ \ell=10,高为 sinα=8\ell\sin\alpha=8。面积为 12(16+4)(8)=80\frac12(16+4)(8)=80

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the shorter base be bb and each leg be .\ell. Tangency gives 16+b=2.16+b=2\ell. If the base angle is α,\alpha, then sinα=45, cosα=35,\sin\alpha=\frac{4}{5},\ \cos\alpha=\frac{3}{5}, and 16b=2cosα=(65).16-b=2\ell\cos\alpha=(\frac{6}{5})\ell. Solving gives b=4, =10,b=4,\ \ell=10, and height sinα=8.\ell\sin\alpha=8. The area is 12(16+4)(8)=80.\frac12(16+4)(8)=80.

Thus the correct answer is C.

25.

XXYYZZ 是两两不相交的人员集合。集合 XXYYZZXYX\cup YXZX\cup ZYZY\cup Z 中人员的平均年龄如下表所示。

集合 XX YY ZZ XYX\cup Y XZX\cup Z YZY\cup Z
集合中人员的
平均年龄
3737 2323 4141 2929 39.539.5 3333
求集合 XYZX\cup Y\cup Z 中人员的平均年龄。

X,X, Y,Y, and ZZ are pairwise disjoint sets of people. The average ages of people in the sets X,X, Y,Y, Z,Z, XY,X\cup Y, XZ,X\cup Z, and YZY\cup Z are given in the table below.

Set XX YY ZZ XYX\cup Y XZX\cup Z YZY\cup Z
Average age of
people in the set
3737 2323 4141 2929 39.539.5 3333
Find the average age of the people in the set XYZ.X\cup Y\cup Z.

3333

33.533.5

33.6633.66

33.83333.833

3434

答案:E
难度评级:2110
小提示:

x,y,zx,y,z 分别为这三个集合的人数

Let x,y,zx,y,z be the sizes of the three sets

大提示:

每个并集的平均年龄都给出一个关于 x,y,zx,y,z 的线性关系

Each union average gives a linear relation among x,y,zx,y,z

解答:

设三个集合的人数分别为 x,y,zx,y,z。由三个并集的平均年龄可得 37x+23y=29(x+y),37x+41z=39.5(x+z) \begin{aligned} 37x+23y&=29(x+y),\\ 37x+41z&=39.5(x+z) \end{aligned}\text{,}以及 23y+41z=33(y+z)23y+41z=33(y+z)。因此 y=4x3y=\frac{4x}{3},且 z=5x3z=\frac{5x}{3}。总平均年龄为 37x+23(4x3)+41(5x3)x+4x3+5x3=34 \frac{\begin{gathered} 37x+23(\frac{4x}{3})\\ {}+41(\frac{5x}{3}) \end{gathered}} {x+\frac{4x}{3}+\frac{5x}{3}}=34\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Let the set sizes be x,y,z.x,y,z. The three union averages give 37x+23y=29(x+y),37x+41z=39.5(x+z), \begin{aligned} 37x+23y&=29(x+y),\\ 37x+41z&=39.5(x+z), \end{aligned} and 23y+41z=33(y+z).23y+41z=33(y+z). Thus y=4x3y=\frac{4x}{3} and z=5x3.z=\frac{5x}{3}. The total average is 37x+23(4x3)+41(5x3)x+4x3+5x3=34. \frac{\begin{gathered} 37x+23(\frac{4x}{3})\\ {}+41(\frac{5x}{3}) \end{gathered}} {x+\frac{4x}{3}+\frac{5x}{3}}=34.

Thus the correct answer is E.

26.

ppqq 是满足下式的正数: log9(p)=log12(q)=log16(p+q) \begin{aligned} \log_9(p)&=\log_{12}(q)\\ &=\log_{16}(p+q) \end{aligned} qp\frac{q}{p} 的值。

Suppose that pp and qq are positive numbers for which log9(p)=log12(q)=log16(p+q). \begin{aligned} \log_9(p)&=\log_{12}(q)\\ &=\log_{16}(p+q). \end{aligned} What is the value of qp?\frac{q}{p}?

43\frac43

12(1+3)\frac12(1+\sqrt3)

85\frac85

12(1+5)\frac12(1+\sqrt5)

169\frac{16}{9}

答案:D
难度评级:2360
小提示:

将这些对数的公共值记为 tt

Call the common logarithm value tt

大提示:

r=qpr=\frac{q}{p},比较 (169)t(\frac{16}{9})^t(129)t(\frac{12}{9})^t

If r=qp,r=\frac{q}{p}, compare (169)t(\frac{16}{9})^t with (129)t(\frac{12}{9})^t

解答:

设公共值为 tt。则 p=9t, q=12tp=9^t,\ q=12^t,且 p+q=16tp+q=16^t。令 r=qp=(43)tr=\frac{q}{p}=(\frac{4}{3})^t。将最后一个等式两边除以 pp,得 1+r=(169)t=((43)t)2=r2 \begin{aligned} 1+r&=(\frac{16}{9})^t\\ &=((\frac{4}{3})^t)^2=r^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 r>0r>0,所以 r=1+52r=\frac{1+\sqrt5}{2}

因此,正确答案是 D

Let the common value be t.t. Then p=9t, q=12t,p=9^t,\ q=12^t, and p+q=16t.p+q=16^t. Put r=qp=(43)t.r=\frac{q}{p}=(\frac{4}{3})^t. Dividing the last equation by pp gives 1+r=(169)t=((43)t)2=r2. \begin{aligned} 1+r&=(\frac{16}{9})^t\\ &=((\frac{4}{3})^t)^2=r^2. \end{aligned} Since r>0,r>0, r=1+52.r=\frac{1+\sqrt5}{2}.

Thus the correct answer is D.

27.

图中,ABBCAB\perp BCBCCDBC\perp CD,且 BCBC 与以 OO 为圆心、ADAD 为直径的圆相切。在以下哪一种情况下,ABCDABCD 的面积为整数?

In the figure, ABBC,AB\perp BC, BCCD,BC\perp CD, and BCBC is tangent to the circle with center OO and diameter AD.AD. In which one of the following cases is the area of ABCDABCD an integer?

AB=3AB=3CD=1CD=1

AB=3,AB=3, CD=1CD=1

AB=5AB=5CD=2CD=2

AB=5,AB=5, CD=2CD=2

AB=7AB=7CD=3CD=3

AB=7,AB=7, CD=3CD=3

AB=9AB=9CD=4CD=4

AB=9,AB=9, CD=4CD=4

AB=11AB=11CD=5CD=5

AB=11,AB=11, CD=5CD=5

答案:D
难度评级:2280
小提示:

设切点为 MM,并利用直径在梯形内部构造一个矩形

Let the tangent point be MM and use the diameter to form a rectangle inside the trapezoid

大提示:

利用点 BB 的幂建立 BCBC 的一半与 ABABCDCD 之间的关系

Power of point BB relates half of BCBC to ABAB and CDCD

解答:

切点是 BCBC 的中点,由切线与割线的关系可得 (BC2)2=ABCD(\frac{BC}{2})^2=AB\cdot CD。因此 BC=2ABCDBC=2\sqrt{AB\cdot CD},梯形的面积为 面积=AB+CD2BC=(AB+CD)ABCD \begin{aligned} \text{面积} &=\frac{AB+CD}{2}BC\\ &=(AB+CD)\sqrt{AB\cdot CD} \end{aligned}\text{。}只有 AB=9, CD=4AB=9,\ CD=4 能使根号内的乘积为完全平方数;此时面积为 136=7813\cdot6=78

因此,正确答案是 D

The tangent point is the midpoint of BC,BC, and the tangent-secant relation gives (BC2)2=ABCD.(\frac{BC}{2})^2=AB\cdot CD. Thus BC=2ABCD,BC=2\sqrt{AB\cdot CD}, and the trapezoid area is Area=AB+CD2BC=(AB+CD)ABCD. \begin{aligned} \text{Area} &=\frac{AB+CD}{2}BC\\ &=(AB+CD)\sqrt{AB\cdot CD}. \end{aligned} Only AB=9, CD=4AB=9,\ CD=4 makes the product under the radical a square; the area is 136=78.13\cdot6=78.

Thus the correct answer is D.

28.

一枚不均匀硬币在一次投掷中正面朝上的概率为 pp。设 ww 为独立投掷这枚硬币 55 次时恰好出现 33 次正面的概率。若 w=144625w=\frac{144}{625},则

An unfair coin has probability pp of coming up heads on a single toss. Let ww be the probability that, in 55 independent tosses of this coin, heads come up exactly 33 times. If w=144625,w=\frac{144}{625}, then

pp 必须为 25\frac{2}{5}

pp must be 25\frac{2}{5}

pp 必须为 35\frac{3}{5}

pp must be 35\frac{3}{5}

pp 必须大于 35\frac{3}{5}

pp must be greater than 35\frac{3}{5}

pp 不能唯一确定

pp is not uniquely determined

不存在任何 pp,使 w=144625w=\frac{144}{625} 成立

there is no value of pp for which w=144625w=\frac{144}{625}

答案:D
难度评级:2360
小提示:

利用二项式系数将 ww 写成 pp 的函数

Write ww as a function of pp using the binomial coefficient

大提示:

先检验一个简单的值,再比较该函数在 p=35p=\frac{3}{5}p=1p=1 时的值

Check one simple value, then compare the function at p=35p=\frac{3}{5} and p=1p=1

解答:

这里 w(p)=10p3(1p)2w(p)=10p^3(1-p)^2。当 p=25p=\frac{2}{5} 时,w=10(25)3(35)2=144625 w=10\left(\frac25\right)^3\left(\frac35\right)^2 =\frac{144}{625}\text{。}此外,w(35)=216625>144625w(\frac{3}{5})=\frac{216}{625}>\frac{144}{625},而 w(1)=0w(1)=0。由连续性可知,在 35\frac{3}{5}11 之间还有另一个解。因此 pp 不能唯一确定。

因此,正确答案是 D

Here w(p)=10p3(1p)2.w(p)=10p^3(1-p)^2. At p=25,p=\frac{2}{5}, w=10(25)3(35)2=144625. w=10\left(\frac25\right)^3\left(\frac35\right)^2 =\frac{144}{625}. Also w(35)=216625>144625,w(\frac{3}{5})=\frac{216}{625}>\frac{144}{625}, while w(1)=0.w(1)=0. By continuity there is another solution between 35\frac{3}{5} and 1.1. Hence pp is not unique.

Thus the correct answer is D.

29.

把三位朋友的体重 (y)(y) 对身高 (x)(x) 作图,得到点 (x1,y1)(x_1,y_1)(x2,y2)(x_2,y_2)(x3,y3)(x_3,y_3)。若 x1<x2<x3,x3x2=x2x1 \begin{aligned} x_1&\lt x_2\lt x_3,\\ x_3-x_2&=x_2-x_1 \end{aligned}\text{,}则下列哪一个式子一定是数据最佳拟合直线的斜率?“最佳拟合”是指数据点到直线的竖直距离的平方和小于对任何其他直线所得的平方和。

You plot weight (y)(y) against height (x)(x) for three of your friends and obtain the points (x1,y1),(x_1,y_1), (x2,y2),(x_2,y_2), (x3,y3).(x_3,y_3). If x1<x2<x3,x3x2=x2x1, \begin{aligned} x_1&\lt x_2\lt x_3,\\ x_3-x_2&=x_2-x_1, \end{aligned} which of the following is necessarily the slope of the line which best fits the data? “Best fits” means that the sum of the squares of the vertical distances from the data points to the line is smaller than for any other line.

y3y1x3x1\frac{y_3-y_1}{x_3-x_1}

(y2y1)(y3y2)x3x1\frac{(y_2-y_1)-(y_3-y_2)}{x_3-x_1}

2y3y1y22x3x1x2\frac{2y_3-y_1-y_2}{2x_3-x_1-x_2}

y2y1x2x1+y3y2x3x2\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}+\frac{y_3-y_2}{x_3-x_2}

以上均不是

none of these

答案:A
难度评级:2480
小提示:

平移并缩放 xx 坐标,使其变为 1,0,1-1,0,1

Translate and scale the xx-coordinates to 1,0,1-1,0,1

大提示:

对于 xx 值对称的最小二乘直线,利用协方差的分子计算斜率

For a least-squares line through symmetric xx-values, compute the slope from the covariance numerator

解答:

进行平移和缩放,使 xx 坐标为 d,0,d-d,0,d。它们的平均值为 00,所以最小二乘直线的斜率为 (d)y1+0y2+dy3d2+0+d2=y3y12d=y3y1x3x1 \begin{aligned} \frac{(-d)y_1+0y_2+dy_3}{d^2+0+d^2} &=\frac{y_3-y_1}{2d}\\ &=\frac{y_3-y_1}{x_3-x_1} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

Translate and scale so the xx-coordinates are d,0,d.-d,0,d. Their mean is 0,0, so the least-squares slope is (d)y1+0y2+dy3d2+0+d2=y3y12d=y3y1x3x1. \begin{aligned} \frac{(-d)y_1+0y_2+dy_3}{d^2+0+d^2} &=\frac{y_3-y_1}{2d}\\ &=\frac{y_3-y_1}{x_3-x_1}. \end{aligned}

Thus the correct answer is A.

30.

f(x)=4xx2f(x)=4x-x^2。给定 x0x_0,考虑由 xn=f(xn1)x_n=f(x_{n-1})(对所有 n1n\ge1)定义的数列。对于多少个实数 x0x_0,数列 x0x_0x1x_1x2x_2\ldots 只取有限多个不同的值?

Let f(x)=4xx2.f(x)=4x-x^2. Given x0,x_0, consider the sequence defined by xn=f(xn1)x_n=f(x_{n-1}) for all n1.n\ge1. For how many real numbers x0x_0 will the sequence x0,x_0, x1,x_1, x2,x_2, \ldots take on only a finite number of different values?

00

1122

11 or 22

33445566

3,3, 4,4, 55 or 66

多于 66 个但只有有限多个

more than 66 but finitely many

无限多个

infinitely many

答案:E
难度评级:2930
小提示:

00 开始,再依次寻找映射到 00 的数

Start with 0,0, then find numbers mapping successively to 00

大提示:

对于每个 a4a\le4,解方程 4xx2=a4x-x^2=a,并选择一个新的实数原像

For every a4,a\le4, solve 4xx2=a4x-x^2=a and choose a new real preimage

解答:

初始值 0,4,20,4,2 分别给出有限轨道 00404\to02402\to4\to0。更一般地,若 ana_n 是一条终止于 00 的有限链的起点,解 4an+1an+12=an 4a_{n+1}-a_{n+1}^2=a_n\text{。}它的实数解为 an+1=2±4ana_{n+1}=2\pm\sqrt{4-a_n}。选择一个尚未出现在链中的原像,就能将这条链延长一个新值。重复此过程可得到无限多个具有有限轨道的不同初始值。

因此,正确答案是 E

The starting values 0,4,20,4,2 give finite orbits 00, 404\to0, and 240.2\to4\to0. More generally, if ana_n begins a finite chain ending at 0,0, solve 4an+1an+12=an. 4a_{n+1}-a_{n+1}^2=a_n. Its real solutions are an+1=2±4an.a_{n+1}=2\pm\sqrt{4-a_n}. Choosing a preimage not already in the chain extends it by one new value. Repeating produces infinitely many distinct starting values with finite orbits.

Thus the correct answer is E.