1998 AMC 12 真题

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1.

如图所示,五个全等长方形的每条边都标有一个整数。将这五个长方形不经旋转或翻转,分别放入位置 IIVV,使重合边上的标号相等。位置 II 中是哪一个长方形?

Each of the sides of five congruent rectangles is labeled with an integer, as shown. These five rectangles are placed, without rotating or reflecting, in positions II through VV so that the labels on coincident sides are equal. Which of the rectangles is in position I?I?

AA

BB

CC

DD

EE

答案:E
知识点:logicedge matching
难度评级:1430
小提示:

位置 IIII 中长方形的两条竖边都必须能与另一个长方形匹配

The rectangle in position IIII must match another rectangle on both vertical sides

大提示:

确定位置 IIII 后,把它的左边标号与位置 II 中长方形的右边标号匹配

After finding position IIII, match its left label to the right label of position II

解答:

位置 IIII 中长方形的左、右标号必须分别能在另两个长方形的右、左边找到。只有 DD 能同时满足,因为它的两个侧边标号为 7744EE 的右边标号为 77,而 AA 的左边标号为 44。因此位置 II 中是 EE,正确答案是 E

Position IIII needs both its left and right labels to occur as right and left labels, respectively, on two other rectangles. Only D,D, with side labels 77 and 4,4, permits both matches: EE has right label 7,7, and AA has left label 4.4. Hence position II contains E,E, so the correct answer is E.

2.

字母 AABBCCDD 表示从 001122\ldots99 中选出的四个不同数字。若 A+BC+D\frac{A+B}{C+D} 是尽可能大的整数,那么 A+BA+B 的值是多少?

Letters A,A, B,B, C,C, and DD represent four different digits selected from 0,0, 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 9.9. If A+BC+D\frac{A+B}{C+D} is an integer that is as large as possible, what is the value of A+B?A+B?

1313

1414

1515

1616

1717

答案:E
难度评级:1100
小提示:

用互不相同的数字使分母尽可能小

Make the denominator as small as possible using distinct digits

大提示:

两个最小数字与两个最大数字构成互不重叠的两对

The two smallest digits and the two largest digits are disjoint pairs

解答:

最小的正分母是 0+1=10+1=1,再用另两个数字组成的最大分子是 8+9=178+9=17。它们的比是整数 1717,显然已经最大。因此 A+B=17A+B=17,正确答案是 E

The least positive denominator is 0+1=1,0+1=1, and the greatest numerator using two other digits is 8+9=17.8+9=17. Their ratio is the integer 17,17, which is plainly maximal. Thus A+B=17,A+B=17, and E is correct.

3.

aabbcc 是满足 7a248bc73 \begin{array}{r} 7a2\\ {}-48b\\ \hline c73 \end{array} 的数字,则 a+b+c=a+b+c=

If a,a, b,b, and cc are digits for which 7a248bc73 \begin{array}{r} 7a2\\ {}-48b\\ \hline c73 \end{array} then a+b+c=a+b+c=

1414

1515

1616

1717

1818

答案:D
难度评级:1020
小提示:

个位相减时必须向十位借位

The units column must borrow from the tens column

大提示:

继续依次处理十位和百位的借位

Continue the borrowing through the tens and hundreds columns

解答:

个位给出 12b=312-b=3,所以 b=9b=9。十位中,a1a-1 必须再借位,而 a1+108=7a-1+10-8=7,所以 a=6a=6。百位于是给出 714=c=27-1-4=c=2。因此 a+b+c=6+9+2=17a+b+c=6+9+2=17,正确答案是 D

The units column gives 12b=3,12-b=3, so b=9.b=9. In the tens column, a1a-1 must borrow, and a1+108=7,a-1+10-8=7, giving a=6.a=6. The hundreds column then gives 714=c=2.7-1-4=c=2. Therefore a+b+c=6+9+2=17,a+b+c=6+9+2=17, so D is correct.

4.

定义 [a,b,c][a,b,c]a+bc\frac{a+b}{c},其中 c0c\ne0。求 [[60,30,90],[2,1,3],[10,5,15]] [[60,30,90],[2,1,3],[10,5,15]]\text{?}

Define [a,b,c][a,b,c] to mean a+bc,\frac{a+b}{c}, where c0.c\ne0. What is the value of [[60,30,90],[2,1,3],[10,5,15]]? [[60,30,90],[2,1,3],[10,5,15]]?

00

0.50.5

11

1.51.5

22

答案:E
难度评级:1070
小提示:

先计算三个内层方括号各自的值

Evaluate each of the three inner brackets first

大提示:

三个内层方括号的值全都相同

All three inner brackets have the same value

解答:

三个内层值都是 119090=1,33=1\frac{90}{90}=1,\frac{3}{3}=1,且 1515=1\frac{15}{15}=1。所以外层表达式为 [1,1,1]=1+11=2[1,1,1]=\frac{1+1}{1}=2。正确答案是 E

Each inner value is 1:1: 9090=1,33=1,\frac{90}{90}=1,\frac{3}{3}=1, and 1515=1.\frac{15}{15}=1. Thus the outer expression is [1,1,1]=1+11=2.[1,1,1]=\frac{1+1}{1}=2. The correct answer is E.

5.

21998219972^{1998}-2^{1997} 21996+21995{}-2^{1996}+2^{1995} =k21995=k\cdot2^{1995},求 kk 的值。

If 21998219972^{1998}-2^{1997} 21996+21995{}-2^{1996}+2^{1995} =k21995,=k\cdot2^{1995}, what is the value of k?k?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:C
难度评级:1160
小提示:

提出最低次幂 22

Factor out the smallest power of 22

大提示:

余下的系数为 23222+12^3-2^2-2+1

The remaining coefficient is 23222+12^3-2^2-2+1

解答:

因式分解得 21995(842+1)=3219952^{1995}(8-4-2+1)=3\cdot2^{1995}。因此 k=3k=3,正确答案是 C

Factoring gives 21995(842+1)=321995.2^{1995}(8-4-2+1)=3\cdot2^{1995}. Hence k=3,k=3, so C is correct.

6.

19981998 写成两个正整数的乘积,并使这两个正整数的差尽可能小,则这个差为

If 19981998 is written as a product of two positive integers whose difference is as small as possible, then the difference is

88

1515

1717

4747

9393

答案:C
难度评级:1310
小提示:

分解 19981998,并寻找接近其平方根的因数

Factor 19981998 and look for divisors near its square root

大提示:

最接近的一对因数由 3737 及另一个因数组成

The closest factor pair is formed from 3737 and the remaining factor

解答:

因为 1998=233371998=2\cdot3^3\cdot37,最接近 1998\sqrt{1998} 的因数对是 375437\cdot54。它们的差为 5437=1754-37=17,正确答案是 C

Since 1998=23337,1998=2\cdot3^3\cdot37, its factor pair nearest 1998\sqrt{1998} is 3754.37\cdot54. Their difference is 5437=17,54-37=17, so C is correct.

7.

N>1N\gt1,则 NNN333= \sqrt[3]{N\sqrt[3]{N\sqrt[3]{N}}}=

If N>1,N\gt1, then NNN333= \sqrt[3]{N\sqrt[3]{N\sqrt[3]{N}}}=

N127N^{\frac{1}{27}}

N19N^{\frac{1}{9}}

N13N^{\frac{1}{3}}

N1327N^{\frac{13}{27}}

NN

答案:D
难度评级:1280
小提示:

从最内层立方根开始,把它改写成指数形式

Start with the innermost cube root and convert it to an exponent

大提示:

每向外一层,先把指数加 11,再除以 33

At each outer level, add 11 to the exponent and divide by 33

解答:

最内层根式为 N13N^{\frac{1}{3}}。下一层为 (NN13)13=N49(N\cdot N^{\frac{1}{3}})^{\frac{1}{3}}=N^{\frac{4}{9}}。最外层为 (NN49)13=N1327(N\cdot N^{\frac{4}{9}})^{\frac{1}{3}}=N^{\frac{13}{27}}。所以正确答案是 D

The innermost radical is N13.N^{\frac{1}{3}}. The next is (NN13)13=N49.(N\cdot N^{\frac{1}{3}})^{\frac{1}{3}}=N^{\frac{4}{9}}. The outermost is (NN49)13=N1327.(N\cdot N^{\frac{4}{9}})^{\frac{1}{3}}=N^{\frac{13}{27}}. Thus D is correct.

8.

一个边长为 11 的正方形被分成两个全等梯形和一个五边形,三个图形面积相等;分割线由正方形中心连接三条边上的点而成,如图所示。求每个梯形较长平行边的长度 xx

A square with sides of length 11 is divided into two congruent trapezoids and a pentagon, which have equal areas, by joining the center of the square with points on three of the sides, as shown. Find x,x, the length of the longer parallel side of each trapezoid.

35\frac35

23\frac23

34\frac34

56\frac56

78\frac78

答案:D
难度评级:1540
小提示:

三个区域的面积均为 13\frac{1}{3}

Each of the three regions has area 13\frac{1}{3}

大提示:

每个梯形的高为 12\frac{1}{2},两条平行边长分别为 xx12\frac{1}{2}

A trapezoid has height 12\frac{1}{2} and parallel sides xx and 12\frac{1}{2}

解答:

每个梯形的面积为 13\frac{1}{3}。它的高为 12\frac{1}{2},两条平行边长为 xx12\frac{1}{2}。因此 1212(x+12)=13 \frac12\cdot\frac12\left(x+\frac12\right)=\frac13\text{,}解得 x=56x=\frac{5}{6}。所以正确答案是 D

Each trapezoid has area 13.\frac{1}{3}. Its height is 12,\frac{1}{2}, and its parallel sides have lengths xx and 12.\frac{1}{2}. Therefore 1212(x+12)=13, \frac12\cdot\frac12\left(x+\frac12\right)=\frac13, which gives x=56.x=\frac{5}{6}. Thus D is correct.

9.

一位演讲者在座无虚席的礼堂中演讲了六十分钟。听众中有百分之二十听完了全程,百分之十从头睡到尾。其余听众中,一半听了演讲的三分之一,另一半听了三分之二。听众平均听了多少分钟的演讲?

A speaker talked for sixty minutes to a full auditorium. Twenty percent of the audience heard the entire talk and ten percent slept through the entire talk. Half of the remainder heard one third of the talk and the other half heard two thirds of the talk. What was the average number of minutes of the talk heard by members of the audience?

2424

2727

3030

3333

3636

答案:D
难度评级:1180
小提示:

其余听众分成的两半各占全体听众的 35%35\%

The two halves of the remainder are each 35%35\% of the audience

大提示:

用相应的听众比例对听讲时间 60,0,2060,0,204040 加权

Weight the heard times 60,0,20,60,0,20, and 4040 by their audience fractions

解答:

平均时间为 0.20(60)+0.10(0)0.20(60)+0.10(0) +0.35(20)+0.35(40)+0.35(20)+0.35(40) =12+7+14=33=12+7+14=33 分钟。所以正确答案是 D

The average is 0.20(60)+0.10(0)0.20(60)+0.10(0) +0.35(20)+0.35(40)+0.35(20)+0.35(40) =12+7+14=33=12+7+14=33 minutes. Thus D is correct.

10.

如图所示,一个大正方形被分成一个小正方形和围绕它的四个全等长方形。每个全等长方形的周长为 1414。大正方形的面积是多少?

A large square is divided into a small square surrounded by four congruent rectangles as shown. The perimeter of each of the congruent rectangles is 14.14. What is the area of the large square?

4949

6464

100100

121121

196196

答案:A
难度评级:1200
小提示:

设一个长方形的两条边长为 xxyy

Let the sides of one rectangle be xx and yy

大提示:

大正方形的边长为 x+yx+y

The side length of the large square is x+yx+y

解答:

若长方形的边长为 x,yx,y,则 2x+2y=142x+2y=14,所以 x+y=7x+y=7。大正方形的边长为 x+yx+y,故其面积为 72=497^2=49。正确答案是 A

If a rectangle has sides x,y,x,y, then 2x+2y=14,2x+2y=14, so x+y=7.x+y=7. The large square has side x+y,x+y, hence area 72=49.7^2=49. The correct answer is A.

11.

RR 是一个长方形。在 RR 所在平面内,有多少个圆的某条直径以 RR 的两个顶点为端点?

Let RR be a rectangle. How many circles in the plane of RR have a diameter both of whose endpoints are vertices of R?R?

11

22

44

55

66

答案:D
难度评级:1310
小提示:

长方形的四个顶点共有六个无序点对

There are six unordered pairs of rectangle vertices

大提示:

两条对角线确定的是同一个圆

The two diagonals determine the same circle

解答:

四条边分别确定四个不同的直径圆。两条对角线等长且中点相同,所以它们确定同一个、也就是第五个圆。因此共有 55 个,正确答案是 D

The four sides determine four distinct diameter circles. The two diagonals are equal and share a midpoint, so they determine the same fifth circle. Hence there are 5,5, and D is correct.

12.

若下式成立,则 NN 有多少个不同的质因数?log2(log3(log5(log7N)))=11 \log_2(\log_3(\log_5(\log_7N)))=11\text{?}

How many different prime numbers are factors of NN if log2(log3(log5(log7N)))=11? \log_2(\log_3(\log_5(\log_7N)))=11?

11

22

33

44

77

答案:A
难度评级:1360
小提示:

从底数为 22 的最外层对数开始,逐层反向运算

Undo the logarithms one at a time, starting with base 22

大提示:

最后得到的 NN77 的幂

The final expression for NN is a power of 77

解答:

依次取幂得到 N=753211 N=7^{\,5^{\,3^{\,2^{11}}}}\text{。}因此 77NN 唯一的质因数,正确答案是 A

Successively exponentiating gives N=753211. N=7^{\,5^{\,3^{\,2^{11}}}}. Thus 77 is the only prime factor of N,N, so the correct answer is A.

13.

沃尔特掷四枚标准六面骰子,发现朝上四个面的数字之积为 144144。下列哪一个数不可能是朝上四个面的数字之和?

Walter rolls four standard six-sided dice and finds that the product of the numbers on the upper faces is 144.144. Which of the following could not be the sum of the upper four faces?

1414

1515

1616

1717

1818

答案:E
难度评级:1700
小提示:

144=2432144=2^4\cdot3^2 分解成四个取值从 1166 的因数

Factor 144=2432144=2^4\cdot3^2 using four factors from 11 through 66

大提示:

分别考虑有零个、一个或两个面朝上为 66 的情形

Separate the cases with zero, one, or two faces showing 66

解答:

可行的结果包括:(4,4,3,3)(4,4,3,3) 的和为 1414(6,4,3,2)(6,4,3,2) 的和为 1515(6,6,2,2)(6,6,2,2) 的和为 1616,而 (6,6,4,1)(6,6,4,1) 的和为 1717。若出现两个 66,另外两个面的乘积为 44,其和至多为 55,故总和至多为 1717;出现不足两个 66 时,也不可能使总和为 1818 且乘积仍为 144144。所以 1818 不可能出现,正确答案是 E

Valid rolls include (4,4,3,3)(4,4,3,3) with sum 14,14, (6,4,3,2)(6,4,3,2) with sum 15,15, (6,6,2,2)(6,6,2,2) with sum 16,16, and (6,6,4,1)(6,6,4,1) with sum 17.17. If two 66s occur, the other two faces have product 44 and sum at most 5,5, giving total at most 17;17; the cases with fewer 66s also cannot total 1818 while retaining product 144.144. Thus 1818 is impossible, and E is correct.

14.

一条抛物线的顶点为 (4,5)(4,-5),并有两个 xx 轴截距,一个为正,一个为负。若这条抛物线是 y=ax2+bx+cy=ax^2+bx+c 的图像,则 aabbcc 中哪些一定为正?

A parabola has vertex at (4,5)(4,-5) and has two xx-intercepts, one positive and one negative. If this parabola is the graph of y=ax2+bx+c,y=ax^2+bx+c, which of a,a, b,b, and cc must be positive?

aa

only aa

bb

only bb

cc

only cc

aabb

aa and bb only

都不是

none

答案:A
难度评级:1360
小提示:

顶点在两个截距下方,据此判断抛物线的开口方向

The vertex lies below two intercepts, so determine the opening direction

大提示:

利用两根之积的符号以及 b2a=4-\frac{b}{2a}=4 的符号

Use the signs of the roots’ product and of b2a=4-\frac{b}{2a}=4

解答:

抛物线开口向上,所以 a>0a\gt0。两根异号,因此 ca<0\frac{c}{a}\lt0,从而 c<0c\lt0。另外,b2a=4>0-\frac{b}{2a}=4\gt0,所以 b<0b\lt0。因此只有 aa 一定为正,正确答案是 A

The parabola opens upward, so a>0.a\gt0. Its roots have opposite signs, so ca<0\frac{c}{a}\lt0 and hence c<0.c\lt0. Also b2a=4>0,-\frac{b}{2a}=4\gt0, so b<0.b\lt0. Therefore only aa must be positive, and A is correct.

15.

一个正六边形与一个等边三角形面积相等。三角形边长与六边形边长之比是多少?

A regular hexagon and an equilateral triangle have equal areas. What is the ratio of the length of a side of the triangle to the length of a side of the hexagon?

3\sqrt3

22

6\sqrt6

33

66

答案:C
难度评级:1360
小提示:

把正六边形分成六个等边三角形

Partition the regular hexagon into six equilateral triangles

大提示:

等边三角形的面积与其边长的平方成正比

Equilateral-triangle area is proportional to the square of its side

解答:

边长为 ss 的正六边形由六个边长为 ss 的等边三角形组成。若面积相等的等边三角形边长为 tt,则 t2=6s2t^2=6s^2,所以 ts=6\frac{t}{s}=\sqrt6。正确答案是 C

A regular hexagon of side ss is six equilateral triangles of side s.s. An equal-area equilateral triangle of side tt therefore satisfies t2=6s2,t^2=6s^2, so ts=6.\frac{t}{s}=\sqrt6. The correct answer is C.

16.

图形由一个圆和两个直径分别为 aabb 的半圆组成,三者的圆心共线。阴影区域面积与非阴影区域面积之比为

The figure shown is the union of a circle and two semicircles of diameters aa and b,b, all of whose centers are collinear. The ratio of the area of the shaded region to that of the unshaded region is

ab\sqrt{\frac ab}

ab\frac ab

a2b2\frac{a^2}{b^2}

a+b2b\frac{a+b}{2b}

a2+2abb2+2ab\frac{a^2+2ab}{b^2+2ab}

答案:B
难度评级:1800
小提示:

用大半圆和一个小半圆分别表示两个区域的面积

Express each region using the large semicircle and one small semicircle

大提示:

所得两个面积都含有 a+ba+b 的一个公因式

Both resulting areas factor a common multiple of a+ba+b

解答:

阴影面积为 π2(a+b2)2+π2(a2)2π2(b2)2=πa(a+b)4 \begin{aligned} &\frac{\pi}{2}\left(\frac{a+b}{2}\right)^2 +\frac{\pi}{2}\left(\frac a2\right)^2\\ &\qquad-\frac{\pi}{2}\left(\frac b2\right)^2 =\frac{\pi a(a+b)}4 \end{aligned}\text{。}同理,非阴影面积为 πb(a+b)4\frac{\pi b(a+b)}{4}。二者之比为 ab\frac{a}{b},正确答案是 B

The shaded area is π2(a+b2)2+π2(a2)2π2(b2)2=πa(a+b)4. \begin{aligned} &\frac{\pi}{2}\left(\frac{a+b}{2}\right)^2 +\frac{\pi}{2}\left(\frac a2\right)^2\\ &\qquad-\frac{\pi}{2}\left(\frac b2\right)^2 =\frac{\pi a(a+b)}4. \end{aligned} Similarly, the unshaded area is πb(a+b)4.\frac{\pi b(a+b)}{4}. Their ratio is ab,\frac{a}{b}, so B is correct.

17.

函数 f(x)f(x) 具有以下两个性质:

(a)对于任意两个实数 xxyyf(x+y)=x+f(y)f(x+y)=x+f(y)

(b)f(0)=2f(0)=2

f(1998)f(1998) 的值。

Let f(x)f(x) be a function with the two properties:

(a) for any two real numbers xx and y,y, f(x+y)=x+f(y),f(x+y)=x+f(y), and

(b) f(0)=2.f(0)=2.

What is the value of f(1998)?f(1998)?

00

22

19961996

19981998

20002000

答案:E
难度评级:1240
小提示:

在函数方程中令 y=0y=0

Set y=0y=0 in the functional equation

大提示:

这两个性质直接确定了 f(x)f(x) 对每一个实数 xx 的值

The two properties determine f(x)f(x) directly for every real xx

解答:

y=0y=0,得到 f(x)=x+f(0)=x+2f(x)=x+f(0)=x+2。因此 f(1998)=2000f(1998)=2000,正确答案是 E

Taking y=0y=0 gives f(x)=x+f(0)=x+2.f(x)=x+f(0)=x+2. Hence f(1998)=2000,f(1998)=2000, so E is correct.

18.

一个体积为 AA 的直圆锥、一个体积为 MM 的直圆柱和一个体积为 CC 的球具有相同半径,而且圆锥和圆柱的共同高度等于球的直径。则

A right circular cone of volume A,A, a right circular cylinder of volume M,M, and a sphere of volume CC all have the same radius, and the common height of the cone and the cylinder is equal to the diameter of the sphere. Then

AM+C=0A-M+C=0

A+M=CA+M=C

2A=M+C2A=M+C

A2M2+C2=0A^2-M^2+C^2=0

2A+2M=3C2A+2M=3C

答案:A
难度评级:1360
小提示:

设共同半径为 rr,则圆锥和圆柱的高度均为 2r2r

Let the common radius be rr, so the cone and cylinder height is 2r2r

大提示:

把三个体积都写成 πr3\pi r^3 的倍数

Write all three volumes as multiples of πr3\pi r^3

解答:

三个体积分别为 A=23πr3A=\frac23\pi r^3M=2πr3M=2\pi r^3C=43πr3C=\frac43\pi r^3。因此 AM+CA-M+C =(232+43)πr3=0=(\frac{2}{3}-2+\frac{4}{3})\pi r^3=0,正确答案是 A

The volumes are A=23πr3,A=\frac23\pi r^3, M=2πr3,M=2\pi r^3, and C=43πr3.C=\frac43\pi r^3. Therefore AM+CA-M+C =(232+43)πr3=0,=(\frac{2}{3}-2+\frac{4}{3})\pi r^3=0, so A is correct.

19.

有多少个三角形的面积为 1010,且其三个顶点分别为 (5,0)(-5,0)(5,0)(5,0)(5cosθ,5sinθ)(5\cos\theta,5\sin\theta),其中 θ\theta 是某个角?

How many triangles have area 1010 and vertices at (5,0),(-5,0), (5,0),(5,0), and (5cosθ,5sinθ)(5\cos\theta,5\sin\theta) for some angle θ?\theta?

00

22

44

66

88

答案:C
难度评级:1570
小提示:

固定底边长为 1010,第三个顶点的高为 5sinθ|5\sin\theta|

The fixed base has length 1010, and the third vertex has height 5sinθ|5\sin\theta|

大提示:

数出圆上满足所得正弦方程的不同点

Count the distinct points on the circle satisfying the resulting sine equation

解答:

面积为 12(10)5sinθ=25sinθ\frac12(10)|5\sin\theta|=25|\sin\theta|。所以 sinθ=25|\sin\theta|=\frac{2}{5}。圆上有四个相应的点,每个点都给出一个不同的三角形。因此答案为 44,正确答案是 C

The area is 12(10)5sinθ=25sinθ.\frac12(10)|5\sin\theta|=25|\sin\theta|. Thus sinθ=25.|\sin\theta|=\frac{2}{5}. There are four corresponding points on the circle, and each gives a distinct triangle. Hence the answer is 4,4, making C correct.

20.

三张牌背面朝上放在桌上,每张牌上写着一个正整数。凯西、斯泰西和特蕾西得知:

(a)三个数互不相同;

(b)三个数的和为 1313

(c)三个数从左到右递增。

首先,凯西看了最左边牌上的数,说:“我没有足够的信息确定另外两个数。”接着,特蕾西看了最右边牌上的数,说:“我没有足够的信息确定另外两个数。”最后,斯泰西看了中间牌上的数,说:“我没有足够的信息确定另外两个数。”假设每个人都知道另外两人能够进行完全正确的推理,而且都听到了他们的发言。中间牌上的数是多少?

Three cards, each with a positive integer written on it, are lying face-down on a table. Casey, Stacy, and Tracy are told that

(a) the numbers are all different,

(b) they sum to 13,13, and

(c) they are in increasing order, left to right.

First, Casey looks at the number on the leftmost card and says, “I don’t have enough information to determine the other two numbers.” Then Tracy looks at the number on the rightmost card and says, “I don’t have enough information to determine the other two numbers.” Finally, Stacy looks at the number on the middle card and says, “I don’t have enough information to determine the other two numbers.” Assume that each person knows that the other two reason perfectly and hears their comments. What number is on the middle card?

22

33

44

55

没有足够的信息确定这个数。

There is not enough information to determine the number.

答案:C
难度评级:2190
小提示:

列出所有和为 1313 的递增正整数三元组

List all increasing positive triples with sum 1313

大提示:

按照三句话的先后顺序排除三元组,并利用每位发言者已经得知的信息

Eliminate triples in the order of the three statements, using what each speaker has learned

解答:

八个三元组为 (1,2,10),(1,3,9),(1,4,8),(1,5,7),(2,3,8),(2,4,7),(2,5,6),(3,4,6) \begin{gathered} (1,2,10),(1,3,9),\\ (1,4,8),(1,5,7),\\ (2,3,8),(2,4,7),\\ (2,5,6),(3,4,6) \end{gathered}\text{。}凯西的话排除 (3,4,6)(3,4,6)。得知这一点后,特蕾西的话排除最右端为 10,910,966 的情形。剩下的三元组为 (1,4,8),(2,3,8)(1,4,8),(2,3,8)(1,5,7),(2,4,7)(1,5,7),(2,4,7)。若中间数为 3355,斯泰西此时就能确定三元组,所以她的话迫使中间数为 44。因此正确答案是 C

The eight triples are (1,2,10),(1,3,9),(1,4,8),(1,5,7),(2,3,8),(2,4,7),(2,5,6),(3,4,6). \begin{gathered} (1,2,10),(1,3,9),\\ (1,4,8),(1,5,7),\\ (2,3,8),(2,4,7),\\ (2,5,6),(3,4,6). \end{gathered} Casey’s statement excludes (3,4,6).(3,4,6). With that known, Tracy’s statement excludes rightmost values 10,9,10,9, and 6.6. The remaining triples are (1,4,8),(2,3,8)(1,4,8),(2,3,8) and (1,5,7),(2,4,7).(1,5,7),(2,4,7). A middle value 33 or 55 would now identify the triple, so Stacy’s statement forces the middle value 4.4. Thus C is correct.

21.

在一场全程 hh 米的赛跑中,桑妮到达终点时正好领先温迪 dd 米。两人下次比赛时,桑妮公平地从温迪后方 dd 米处出发,而温迪在起跑线上。两人的匀速与第一次比赛时各自的速度相同。桑妮完成第二次比赛时领先多少米?

In an hh-meter race, Sunny is exactly dd meters ahead of Windy when Sunny finishes the race. The next time they race, Sunny sportingly starts dd meters behind Windy, who is at the starting line. Both runners run at the same constant speed as they did in the first race. How many meters ahead is Sunny when Sunny finishes the second race?

dh\frac dh

00

d2h\frac{d^2}{h}

h2d\frac{h^2}{d}

d2hd\frac{d^2}{h-d}

答案:C
知识点:ratesalgebra
难度评级:1630
小提示:

利用第一次比赛,把温迪的速度表示为桑妮速度的一部分

Express Windy’s speed as a fraction of Sunny’s speed using the first race

大提示:

第二次比赛中,桑妮到达终点前共跑了 h+dh+d

In the second race Sunny travels h+dh+d meters before finishing

解答:

若桑妮的速度为 rr,则温迪的速度为 r(hd)h\frac{r(h-d)}{h}。第二次比赛中,桑妮需要 h+dr\frac{h+d}{r} 的时间,在此期间温迪跑了 r(hd)hh+dr=hd2h \frac{r(h-d)}h\cdot\frac{h+d}{r} =h-\frac{d^2}{h}\text{。}桑妮到达位置 hh 时完成比赛,所以领先距离为 d2h\frac{d^2}{h}。正确答案是 C

If Sunny’s speed is r,r, Windy’s is r(hd)h.\frac{r(h-d)}{h}. Sunny needs time h+dr\frac{h+d}{r} in the second race, during which Windy runs r(hd)hh+dr=hd2h. \frac{r(h-d)}h\cdot\frac{h+d}{r} =h-\frac{d^2}{h}. Sunny finishes at position h,h, so the lead is d2h.\frac{d^2}{h}. Thus C is correct.

22.

下列表达式的值是多少?1log2100!+1log3100!+1log4100!++1log100100! \begin{aligned} &\frac1{\log_2 100!}+\frac1{\log_3 100!}\\ &\quad+\frac1{\log_4 100!}+\cdots\\ &\qquad+\frac1{\log_{100}100!}\text{?} \end{aligned}

What is the value of the expression 1log2100!+1log3100!+1log4100!++1log100100!? \begin{aligned} &\frac1{\log_2 100!}+\frac1{\log_3 100!}\\ &\quad+\frac1{\log_4 100!}+\cdots\\ &\qquad+\frac1{\log_{100}100!}? \end{aligned}

0.010.01

0.10.1

11

22

1010

答案:C
知识点:logarithmssums
难度评级:1630
小提示:

利用倒数恒等式 1logbx=logxb\frac{1}{\log_bx}=\log_xb

Use the reciprocal identity 1logbx=logxb\frac{1}{\log_bx}=\log_xb

大提示:

合并所得的 2,3,,1002,3,\ldots,100 的对数

Combine the resulting logarithms of 2,3,,1002,3,\ldots,100

解答:

每一项都等于 log100!b\log_{100!}b。因此总和为 log100!(23100)=log100!(100!)=1 \begin{aligned} &\log_{100!}(2\cdot3\cdots100)\\ &\qquad=\log_{100!}(100!)=1 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以正确答案是 C

Each term equals log100!b.\log_{100!}b. Therefore the sum is log100!(23100)=log100!(100!)=1. \begin{aligned} &\log_{100!}(2\cdot3\cdots100)\\ &\qquad=\log_{100!}(100!)=1. \end{aligned} Thus C is correct.

23.

图像 x2+y2=4+12x+6yx^2+y^2=4+12x+6yx2+y2=k+4x+12yx^2+y^2=k+4x+12ykk 满足 akba\le k\le b 时相交,并且对其他 kk 值均不相交。求 bab-a

The graphs of x2+y2=4+12x+6yx^2+y^2=4+12x+6y and x2+y2=k+4x+12yx^2+y^2=k+4x+12y intersect when kk satisfies akb,a\le k\le b, and for no other values of k.k. Find ba.b-a.

55

6868

104104

140140

144144

答案:D
难度评级:1860
小提示:

配方求出两个圆的圆心和半径

Complete the square to find both circle centers and radii

大提示:

两圆相交,当且仅当圆心距介于两半径之差与两半径之和之间

Two circles intersect exactly when the center distance lies between the difference and sum of their radii

解答:

两个圆分别为 (x6)2+(y3)2=49 (x-6)^2+(y-3)^2=49\text{,}(x2)2+(y6)2=k+40 (x-2)^2+(y-6)^2=k+40\text{。}两圆圆心距为 55。设第二个圆的半径为 r=k+40r=\sqrt{k+40},相交条件为 7r57+r|7-r|\le5\le7+r,即 2r122\le r\le12。所以 36k104-36\le k\le104,且 ba=140b-a=140。正确答案是 D

The circles are (x6)2+(y3)2=49, (x-6)^2+(y-3)^2=49, (x2)2+(y6)2=k+40. (x-2)^2+(y-6)^2=k+40. Their centers are 55 units apart. With second radius r=k+40,r=\sqrt{k+40}, intersection requires 7r57+r,|7-r|\le5\le7+r, or 2r12.2\le r\le12. Thus 36k104,-36\le k\le104, and ba=140.b-a=140. The correct answer is D.

24.

若一个 77 位电话号码 d1d2d3d_1d_2d_3-d4d5d6d7d_4d_5d_6d_7 的前三位序列 d1d2d3d_1d_2d_3 与序列 d4d5d6d_4d_5d_6d5d6d7d_5d_6d_7 完全相同(也可能两者都相同),则称它是 易记的。假设每个 did_i 都可以是十进制数字 001122\ldots99 中的任意一个,则不同的易记电话号码共有

Call a 77-digit telephone number d1d2d3d_1d_2d_3-d4d5d6d7d_4d_5d_6d_7 memorable if the prefix sequence d1d2d3d_1d_2d_3 is exactly the same as either of the sequences d4d5d6d_4d_5d_6 or d5d6d7d_5d_6d_7 (possibly both). Assuming that each did_i can be any of the ten decimal digits 0,0, 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 9,9, the number of different memorable telephone numbers is

19,81019{,}810

19,91019{,}910

19,99019{,}990

20,00020{,}000

20,10020{,}100

答案:C
难度评级:1800
小提示:

分别数出满足两个匹配条件之一的电话号码个数

Count numbers satisfying each of the two matching conditions separately

大提示:

若两个匹配条件同时成立,则七个数字都由同一个重复数字确定

If both matches hold, all seven digits are forced by one repeated digit

解答:

每个匹配条件都给出 104=10,00010^4=10,000 个号码:选择三个前缀数字和剩余一个不受限制的数字。若两个条件同时成立,则 d1d2d3=d4d5d6=d5d6d7d_1d_2d_3=d_4d_5d_6=d_5d_6d_7,迫使所有数字相同,所以交集有 1010 个。由容斥原理,答案为 10,000+10,00010=19,99010,000+10,000-10=19,990,正确答案是 C

Each matching condition gives 104=10,00010^4=10,000 numbers: choose the three prefix digits and the one unconstrained remaining digit. If both hold, then d1d2d3=d4d5d6=d5d6d7,d_1d_2d_3=d_4d_5d_6=d_5d_6d_7, forcing all digits equal, so there are 1010 overlaps. Inclusion-exclusion gives 10,000+10,00010=19,990,10,000+10,000-10=19,990, so C is correct.

25.

把一张方格纸折叠一次,使 (0,2)(0,2)(4,0)(4,0) 重合,并使 (7,3)(7,3)(m,n)(m,n) 重合。求 m+nm+n

A piece of graph paper is folded once so that (0,2)(0,2) is matched with (4,0),(4,0), and (7,3)(7,3) is matched with (m,n).(m,n). Find m+n.m+n.

6.76.7

6.86.8

6.96.9

7.07.0

8.08.0

答案:B
难度评级:2010
小提示:

折痕是连接 (0,2)(0,2)(4,0)(4,0) 的线段的垂直平分线

The crease is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining (0,2)(0,2) and (4,0)(4,0)

大提示:

先求出直线 y=2x3y=2x-3,再把 (7,3)(7,3) 关于它反射

Find the line y=2x3y=2x-3, then reflect (7,3)(7,3) across it

解答:

折痕经过 (2,1)(2,1),斜率为 22,所以其方程为 y=2x3y=2x-3。过 (7,3)(7,3) 的垂线斜率为 12-\frac{1}{2},与折痕交于 (195,235)(\frac{19}{5},\frac{23}{5})。该交点是 (7,3)(7,3)(m,n)(m,n) 的中点,所以 m=35, n=315m=\frac{3}{5},\ n=\frac{31}{5}。因此 m+n=345=6.8m+n=\frac{34}{5}=6.8,正确答案是 B

The crease passes through (2,1)(2,1) with slope 2,2, so it is y=2x3.y=2x-3. The perpendicular through (7,3)(7,3) has slope 12-\frac{1}{2} and meets the crease at (195,235).(\frac{19}{5},\frac{23}{5}). This intersection is the midpoint of (7,3)(7,3) and (m,n),(m,n), giving m=35, n=315.m=\frac{3}{5},\ n=\frac{31}{5}. Hence m+n=345=6.8,m+n=\frac{34}{5}=6.8, so B is correct.

26.

在四边形 ABCDABCD 中,已知 A=120\angle A=120^\circ,角 BB 和角 DD 均为直角,AB=13AB=13,且 AD=46AD=46。则 AC=AC=

In quadrilateral ABCD,ABCD, it is given that A=120,\angle A=120^\circ, angles BB and DD are right angles, AB=13,AB=13, and AD=46.AD=46. Then AC=AC=

6060

6262

6464

6565

7272

答案:B
难度评级:2010
小提示:

两个直角说明 ABCDABCD 是以 ACAC 为直径的圆内接四边形

The two right angles make ABCDABCD cyclic with ACAC as a diameter

大提示:

先在三角形 ABDABD 中求出 BDBD,再使用正弦定理的推广形式

Find BDBD in triangle ABDABD, then use the extended law of sines

解答:

因为 B+D=180\angle B+\angle D=180^\circ,四边形为圆内接四边形,且 ACAC 是其直径。在三角形 ABDABD 中,BD2=132+4622(13)(46)cos120=2883=(313)2 \begin{aligned} BD^2&=13^2+46^2\\ &\quad-2(13)(46)\cos120^\circ\\ &=2883=(31\sqrt3)^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}由正弦定理的推广形式,AC=BDsin120AC=\frac{BD}{\sin120^\circ} =31332=62=\frac{31\sqrt3}{\frac{\sqrt3}{2}}=62。所以正确答案是 B

Because B+D=180,\angle B+\angle D=180^\circ, the quadrilateral is cyclic, and ACAC is its diameter. In triangle ABD,ABD, BD2=132+4622(13)(46)cos120=2883=(313)2. \begin{aligned} BD^2&=13^2+46^2\\ &\quad-2(13)(46)\cos120^\circ\\ &=2883=(31\sqrt3)^2. \end{aligned} By the extended law of sines, AC=BDsin120AC=\frac{BD}{\sin120^\circ} =31332=62.=\frac{31\sqrt3}{\frac{\sqrt3}{2}}=62. Thus B is correct.

27.

一个 9×9×99\times9\times9 的大立方体由二十七个 3×3×33\times3\times3 的小立方体组成。按如下方式给大立方体“打隧道”:首先,如图所示,移除构成每个面中心的六个 3×3×33\times3\times3 小立方体以及正中心的一个 3×3×33\times3\times3 小立方体。其次,对剩余二十个 3×3×33\times3\times3 小立方体逐个进行同样的操作,即移除各面中心的单位立方体以及正中心的单位立方体。最终图形的表面积为

A 9×9×99\times9\times9 cube is composed of twenty-seven 3×3×33\times3\times3 cubes. The big cube is “tunneled” as follows: First, the six 3×3×33\times3\times3 cubes which make up the center of each face as well as the center 3×3×33\times3\times3 cube are removed as shown. Second, each of the twenty remaining 3×3×33\times3\times3 cubes is diminished in the same way. That is, the center facial unit cubes as well as each center cube are removed. The surface area of the final figure is

384384

729729

864864

10241024

10561056

答案:E
难度评级:2290
小提示:

第一步之后,把剩余二十个大块小立方体分成角块和棱块两类

After the first stage, classify the twenty remaining large subcubes as corner or edge cubes

大提示:

第二步每打通一个隧道,都要减去外露的中心正方形,并加上新露出的隧道内壁

For each second-stage tunnel, subtract exposed center squares and add the newly exposed tunnel walls

解答:

第一步之后,88 个角块各贡献 2727 个外露单位面,1212 个棱块各贡献 3636 个。给一个角块打隧道会移除 33 个外露单位正方形,并增加 2424 个隧道内壁正方形;给一个棱块打隧道会移除 44 个外露面,也增加 2424 个内壁面。因此最终面积为 8(273+24)+12(364+24)=384+672=1056 \begin{aligned} &8(27-3+24)\\ &\qquad+12(36-4+24)\\ &=384+672=1056 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以正确答案是 E

After the first stage, 88 corner subcubes contribute 2727 exposed units each, and 1212 edge subcubes contribute 3636 each. Tunneling a corner subcube removes 33 exposed unit squares and adds 2424 tunnel-wall squares; tunneling an edge subcube removes 44 and also adds 24.24. Hence the final area is 8(273+24)+12(364+24)=384+672=1056. \begin{aligned} &8(27-3+24)\\ &\qquad+12(36-4+24)\\ &=384+672=1056. \end{aligned} Thus E is correct.

28.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,角 CC 是直角且 CB>CACB\gt CA。点 DD 位于 BC\overline{BC} 上,使得角 CADCAD 是角 DABDAB 的两倍。若 ACAD=23\frac{AC}{AD}=\frac{2}{3},则 CDBD=mn\frac{CD}{BD}=\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm+n

In triangle ABC,ABC, angle CC is a right angle and CB>CA.CB\gt CA. Point DD is located on BC\overline{BC} so that angle CADCAD is twice angle DAB.DAB. If ACAD=23,\frac{AC}{AD}=\frac{2}{3}, then CDBD=mn,\frac{CD}{BD}=\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m+n.

1010

1414

1818

2222

2626

答案:B
难度评级:2290
小提示:

DAB=α\angle DAB=\alpha,则 CAB=3α\angle CAB=3\alpha,且 cos2α=ACAD\cos2\alpha=\frac{AC}{AD}

Let DAB=α\angle DAB=\alpha, so CAB=3α\angle CAB=3\alpha and cos2α=ACAD\cos2\alpha=\frac{AC}{AD}

大提示:

AC=1AC=1,再用 tan2α\tan2\alphatan3α\tan3\alpha 分别表示 CDCDCBCB

Set AC=1AC=1 and express CDCD and CBCB using tan2α\tan2\alpha and tan3α\tan3\alpha

解答:

DAB=α\angle DAB=\alpha。因为 ACAD=cos2α=23\frac{AC}{AD}=\cos2\alpha=\frac{2}{3},由 cos2α\cos2\alpha 的恒等式可得 tanα=15\tan\alpha=\frac{1}{\sqrt5}。取 AC=1AC=1,则 CD=tan2α=52,CB=tan3α=755 \begin{aligned} CD&=\tan2\alpha=\frac{\sqrt5}{2},\\ CB&=\tan3\alpha=\frac{7\sqrt5}{5} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 BD=CBCD=9510BD=CB-CD=\frac{9\sqrt5}{10},且 CDBD=59\frac{CD}{BD}=\frac{5}{9}。所以 m+n=14m+n=14,正确答案是 B

Let DAB=α.\angle DAB=\alpha. Since ACAD=cos2α=23,\frac{AC}{AD}=\cos2\alpha=\frac{2}{3}, the identity for cos2α\cos2\alpha gives tanα=15.\tan\alpha=\frac{1}{\sqrt5}. Taking AC=1,AC=1, CD=tan2α=52,CB=tan3α=755. \begin{aligned} CD&=\tan2\alpha=\frac{\sqrt5}{2},\\ CB&=\tan3\alpha=\frac{7\sqrt5}{5}. \end{aligned} Thus BD=CBCD=9510,BD=CB-CD=\frac{9\sqrt5}{10}, and CDBD=59.\frac{CD}{BD}=\frac{5}{9}. Therefore m+n=14,m+n=14, so B is correct.

29.

若平面上的点 (x,y)(x,y) 的两个坐标 xxyy 都是整数,则称它为 格点。内部恰好含三个格点的最大正方形,其面积最接近

A point (x,y)(x,y) in the plane is called a lattice point if both xx and yy are integers. The area of the largest square that contains exactly three lattice points in its interior is closest to

4.04.0

4.24.2

4.54.5

5.05.0

5.65.6

答案:D
难度评级:2520
小提示:

三个共线的内部格点会迫使出现第四个,所以应使用面积最小的非共线格点三角形

Three collinear interior lattice points force a fourth, so use a smallest noncollinear lattice triangle

大提示:

正方形达到最大时,相对的两条边被附近格点卡住;比较这些平行线之间的距离

At a maximal square, opposite sides are pinned by nearby lattice points; compare their separation

解答:

只需包围三个非共线格点 (0,0),(0,1),(1,0)(0,0),(0,1),(1,0)。在最大位置,相对的两条边被邻近格点卡住;最大可能距离为 5\sqrt5,对应的两条平行线分别经过 (1,1)(1,1)(0,1)(0,-1)。因此面积至多为 55。由下列四条直线围成的正方形达到这个上界:y=2x+2,y=2x3,2y+x=3,2y+x=2 \begin{aligned} y&=2x+2,\\ y&=2x-3,\\ 2y+x&=3,\\ 2y+x&=-2 \end{aligned}\text{。}其面积为 55,且内部恰好包含上述三个格点。所以正确答案是 D

It suffices to enclose the three noncollinear lattice points (0,0),(0,1),(1,0).(0,0),(0,1),(1,0). In a maximal placement, two opposite sides are pinned by neighboring lattice points; the greatest possible separation is the distance 5\sqrt5 between parallel lines through (1,1)(1,1) and (0,1).(0,-1). Hence the area is at most 5.5. This is attained by the square bounded by y=2x+2,y=2x3,2y+x=3,2y+x=2. \begin{aligned} y&=2x+2,\\ y&=2x-3,\\ 2y+x&=3,\\ 2y+x&=-2. \end{aligned} Its area is 55 and exactly the three stated lattice points lie inside. Thus D is correct.

30.

对每个正整数 nn,定义 an=(n+9)!(n1)! a_n=\frac{(n+9)!}{(n-1)!}\text{。}kk 是使 aka_k 最右端非零数字为奇数的最小正整数。aka_k 最右端的非零数字为

For each positive integer n,n, let an=(n+9)!(n1)!. a_n=\frac{(n+9)!}{(n-1)!}. Let kk denote the smallest positive integer for which the rightmost nonzero digit of aka_k is odd. The rightmost nonzero digit of aka_k is

11

33

55

77

99

答案:E
难度评级:2630
小提示:

an=n(n+1)(n+9)a_n=n(n+1)\cdots(n+9) 写成连乘式,并比较其中因数 2255 的个数

Write an=n(n+1)(n+9)a_n=n(n+1)\cdots(n+9) and compare its powers of 22 and 55

大提示:

当十项数块中包含 575^7 时,最右端非零数字才第一次可能为奇数

An odd rightmost nonzero digit first becomes possible when the ten-term block contains 575^7

解答:

任意十个连续整数中的五个偶数至少贡献 282^8。所以只有当数块至少含八个因数 55 时,最右端非零数字才可能为奇数;第一次可能出现这种情形,是数块包含 57=781255^7=78125 时。对于 n=579n=5^7-9,数块中 v2=9v_2=9v5=8v_5=8,所以该数字仍为偶数。对于 n=578=78117n=5^7-8=78117,两个指数都为 88。约去 28582^8 5^8,再将剩余奇数的个位数字相乘,得到 7913931139(mod10) \begin{aligned} &7\cdot9\cdot1\cdot3\cdot9\cdot3\\ &\qquad\cdot1\cdot1\cdot3 \equiv9\pmod{10} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此第一个为奇数的最右端非零数字是 99,正确答案是 E

The five even terms in any ten consecutive integers contribute at least 28.2^8. Thus the rightmost nonzero digit can be odd only when the block contains at least eight factors of 5,5, first possible when it contains 57=78125.5^7=78125. For n=579,n=5^7-9, the block has v2=9v_2=9 and v5=8,v_5=8, so the digit remains even. For n=578=78117,n=5^7-8=78117, both valuations are 8.8. Cancelling 28582^8 5^8 and multiplying the remaining odd unit digits gives 7913931139(mod10). \begin{aligned} &7\cdot9\cdot1\cdot3\cdot9\cdot3\\ &\qquad\cdot1\cdot1\cdot3 \equiv9\pmod{10}. \end{aligned} Hence the first odd rightmost nonzero digit is 9,9, and E is correct.