1998 AMC 12 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
如图所示,五个全等长方形的每条边都标有一个整数。将这五个长方形不经旋转或翻转,分别放入位置 至 ,使重合边上的标号相等。位置 中是哪一个长方形?
Each of the sides of five congruent rectangles is labeled with an integer, as shown. These five rectangles are placed, without rotating or reflecting, in positions through so that the labels on coincident sides are equal. Which of the rectangles is in position
答案:E
小提示:
位置 中长方形的两条竖边都必须能与另一个长方形匹配
The rectangle in position must match another rectangle on both vertical sides
大提示:
确定位置 后,把它的左边标号与位置 中长方形的右边标号匹配
After finding position , match its left label to the right label of position
解答:
位置 中长方形的左、右标号必须分别能在另两个长方形的右、左边找到。只有 能同时满足,因为它的两个侧边标号为 和 : 的右边标号为 ,而 的左边标号为 。因此位置 中是 ,正确答案是 E。
Position needs both its left and right labels to occur as right and left labels, respectively, on two other rectangles. Only with side labels and permits both matches: has right label and has left label Hence position contains so the correct answer is E.
2.
字母 、、 和 表示从 、、、、 中选出的四个不同数字。若 是尽可能大的整数,那么 的值是多少?
Letters and represent four different digits selected from If is an integer that is as large as possible, what is the value of
小提示:
用互不相同的数字使分母尽可能小
Make the denominator as small as possible using distinct digits
大提示:
两个最小数字与两个最大数字构成互不重叠的两对
The two smallest digits and the two largest digits are disjoint pairs
解答:
最小的正分母是 ,再用另两个数字组成的最大分子是 。它们的比是整数 ,显然已经最大。因此 ,正确答案是 E。
The least positive denominator is and the greatest numerator using two other digits is Their ratio is the integer which is plainly maximal. Thus and E is correct.
3.
若 、 和 是满足 的数字,则
If and are digits for which then
答案:D
小提示:
个位相减时必须向十位借位
The units column must borrow from the tens column
大提示:
继续依次处理十位和百位的借位
Continue the borrowing through the tens and hundreds columns
解答:
个位给出 ,所以 。十位中, 必须再借位,而 ,所以 。百位于是给出 。因此 ,正确答案是 D。
The units column gives so In the tens column, must borrow, and giving The hundreds column then gives Therefore so D is correct.
4.
定义 为 ,其中 。求
Define to mean where What is the value of
答案:E
小提示:
先计算三个内层方括号各自的值
Evaluate each of the three inner brackets first
大提示:
三个内层方括号的值全都相同
All three inner brackets have the same value
解答:
三个内层值都是 :,且 。所以外层表达式为 。正确答案是 E。
Each inner value is and Thus the outer expression is The correct answer is E.
5.
6.
把 写成两个正整数的乘积,并使这两个正整数的差尽可能小,则这个差为
If is written as a product of two positive integers whose difference is as small as possible, then the difference is
答案:C
小提示:
分解 ,并寻找接近其平方根的因数
Factor and look for divisors near its square root
大提示:
最接近的一对因数由 及另一个因数组成
The closest factor pair is formed from and the remaining factor
解答:
因为 ,最接近 的因数对是 。它们的差为 ,正确答案是 C。
Since its factor pair nearest is Their difference is so C is correct.
7.
若 ,则
If then
答案:D
小提示:
从最内层立方根开始,把它改写成指数形式
Start with the innermost cube root and convert it to an exponent
大提示:
每向外一层,先把指数加 ,再除以
At each outer level, add to the exponent and divide by
解答:
最内层根式为 。下一层为 。最外层为 。所以正确答案是 D。
The innermost radical is The next is The outermost is Thus D is correct.
8.
一个边长为 的正方形被分成两个全等梯形和一个五边形,三个图形面积相等;分割线由正方形中心连接三条边上的点而成,如图所示。求每个梯形较长平行边的长度 。
A square with sides of length is divided into two congruent trapezoids and a pentagon, which have equal areas, by joining the center of the square with points on three of the sides, as shown. Find the length of the longer parallel side of each trapezoid.
答案:D
小提示:
三个区域的面积均为
Each of the three regions has area
大提示:
每个梯形的高为 ,两条平行边长分别为 和
A trapezoid has height and parallel sides and
解答:
每个梯形的面积为 。它的高为 ,两条平行边长为 和 。因此 解得 。所以正确答案是 D。
Each trapezoid has area Its height is and its parallel sides have lengths and Therefore which gives Thus D is correct.
9.
一位演讲者在座无虚席的礼堂中演讲了六十分钟。听众中有百分之二十听完了全程,百分之十从头睡到尾。其余听众中,一半听了演讲的三分之一,另一半听了三分之二。听众平均听了多少分钟的演讲?
A speaker talked for sixty minutes to a full auditorium. Twenty percent of the audience heard the entire talk and ten percent slept through the entire talk. Half of the remainder heard one third of the talk and the other half heard two thirds of the talk. What was the average number of minutes of the talk heard by members of the audience?
答案:D
小提示:
其余听众分成的两半各占全体听众的
The two halves of the remainder are each of the audience
大提示:
用相应的听众比例对听讲时间 和 加权
Weight the heard times and by their audience fractions
解答:
平均时间为 分钟。所以正确答案是 D。
The average is minutes. Thus D is correct.
10.
如图所示,一个大正方形被分成一个小正方形和围绕它的四个全等长方形。每个全等长方形的周长为 。大正方形的面积是多少?
A large square is divided into a small square surrounded by four congruent rectangles as shown. The perimeter of each of the congruent rectangles is What is the area of the large square?
答案:A
小提示:
设一个长方形的两条边长为 和
Let the sides of one rectangle be and
大提示:
大正方形的边长为
The side length of the large square is
解答:
若长方形的边长为 ,则 ,所以 。大正方形的边长为 ,故其面积为 。正确答案是 A。
If a rectangle has sides then so The large square has side hence area The correct answer is A.
11.
设 是一个长方形。在 所在平面内,有多少个圆的某条直径以 的两个顶点为端点?
Let be a rectangle. How many circles in the plane of have a diameter both of whose endpoints are vertices of
答案:D
小提示:
长方形的四个顶点共有六个无序点对
There are six unordered pairs of rectangle vertices
大提示:
两条对角线确定的是同一个圆
The two diagonals determine the same circle
解答:
四条边分别确定四个不同的直径圆。两条对角线等长且中点相同,所以它们确定同一个、也就是第五个圆。因此共有 个,正确答案是 D。
The four sides determine four distinct diameter circles. The two diagonals are equal and share a midpoint, so they determine the same fifth circle. Hence there are and D is correct.
12.
若下式成立,则 有多少个不同的质因数?
How many different prime numbers are factors of if
答案:A
小提示:
从底数为 的最外层对数开始,逐层反向运算
Undo the logarithms one at a time, starting with base
大提示:
最后得到的 是 的幂
The final expression for is a power of
解答:
依次取幂得到 因此 是 唯一的质因数,正确答案是 A。
Successively exponentiating gives Thus is the only prime factor of so the correct answer is A.
13.
沃尔特掷四枚标准六面骰子,发现朝上四个面的数字之积为 。下列哪一个数不可能是朝上四个面的数字之和?
Walter rolls four standard six-sided dice and finds that the product of the numbers on the upper faces is Which of the following could not be the sum of the upper four faces?
答案:E
小提示:
把 分解成四个取值从 到 的因数
Factor using four factors from through
大提示:
分别考虑有零个、一个或两个面朝上为 的情形
Separate the cases with zero, one, or two faces showing
解答:
可行的结果包括: 的和为 , 的和为 , 的和为 ,而 的和为 。若出现两个 ,另外两个面的乘积为 ,其和至多为 ,故总和至多为 ;出现不足两个 时,也不可能使总和为 且乘积仍为 。所以 不可能出现,正确答案是 E。
Valid rolls include with sum with sum with sum and with sum If two s occur, the other two faces have product and sum at most giving total at most the cases with fewer s also cannot total while retaining product Thus is impossible, and E is correct.
14.
一条抛物线的顶点为 ,并有两个 轴截距,一个为正,一个为负。若这条抛物线是 的图像,则 、 和 中哪些一定为正?
A parabola has vertex at and has two -intercepts, one positive and one negative. If this parabola is the graph of which of and must be positive?
仅
only
仅
only
仅
only
仅 和
and only
都不是
none
答案:A
小提示:
顶点在两个截距下方,据此判断抛物线的开口方向
The vertex lies below two intercepts, so determine the opening direction
大提示:
利用两根之积的符号以及 的符号
Use the signs of the roots’ product and of
解答:
抛物线开口向上,所以 。两根异号,因此 ,从而 。另外,,所以 。因此只有 一定为正,正确答案是 A。
The parabola opens upward, so Its roots have opposite signs, so and hence Also so Therefore only must be positive, and A is correct.
15.
一个正六边形与一个等边三角形面积相等。三角形边长与六边形边长之比是多少?
A regular hexagon and an equilateral triangle have equal areas. What is the ratio of the length of a side of the triangle to the length of a side of the hexagon?
答案:C
小提示:
把正六边形分成六个等边三角形
Partition the regular hexagon into six equilateral triangles
大提示:
等边三角形的面积与其边长的平方成正比
Equilateral-triangle area is proportional to the square of its side
解答:
边长为 的正六边形由六个边长为 的等边三角形组成。若面积相等的等边三角形边长为 ,则 ,所以 。正确答案是 C。
A regular hexagon of side is six equilateral triangles of side An equal-area equilateral triangle of side therefore satisfies so The correct answer is C.
16.
图形由一个圆和两个直径分别为 与 的半圆组成,三者的圆心共线。阴影区域面积与非阴影区域面积之比为
The figure shown is the union of a circle and two semicircles of diameters and all of whose centers are collinear. The ratio of the area of the shaded region to that of the unshaded region is
答案:B
小提示:
用大半圆和一个小半圆分别表示两个区域的面积
Express each region using the large semicircle and one small semicircle
大提示:
所得两个面积都含有 的一个公因式
Both resulting areas factor a common multiple of
解答:
阴影面积为 同理,非阴影面积为 。二者之比为 ,正确答案是 B。
The shaded area is Similarly, the unshaded area is Their ratio is so B is correct.
17.
函数 具有以下两个性质:
(a)对于任意两个实数 和 ,;
(b)。
求 的值。
Let be a function with the two properties:
(a) for any two real numbers and and
(b)
What is the value of
答案:E
小提示:
在函数方程中令
Set in the functional equation
大提示:
这两个性质直接确定了 对每一个实数 的值
The two properties determine directly for every real
解答:
令 ,得到 。因此 ,正确答案是 E。
Taking gives Hence so E is correct.
18.
一个体积为 的直圆锥、一个体积为 的直圆柱和一个体积为 的球具有相同半径,而且圆锥和圆柱的共同高度等于球的直径。则
A right circular cone of volume a right circular cylinder of volume and a sphere of volume all have the same radius, and the common height of the cone and the cylinder is equal to the diameter of the sphere. Then
答案:A
小提示:
设共同半径为 ,则圆锥和圆柱的高度均为
Let the common radius be , so the cone and cylinder height is
大提示:
把三个体积都写成 的倍数
Write all three volumes as multiples of
解答:
三个体积分别为 、 和 。因此 ,正确答案是 A。
The volumes are and Therefore so A is correct.
19.
有多少个三角形的面积为 ,且其三个顶点分别为 、 和 ,其中 是某个角?
How many triangles have area and vertices at and for some angle
小提示:
固定底边长为 ,第三个顶点的高为
The fixed base has length , and the third vertex has height
大提示:
数出圆上满足所得正弦方程的不同点
Count the distinct points on the circle satisfying the resulting sine equation
解答:
面积为 。所以 。圆上有四个相应的点,每个点都给出一个不同的三角形。因此答案为 ,正确答案是 C。
The area is Thus There are four corresponding points on the circle, and each gives a distinct triangle. Hence the answer is making C correct.
20.
三张牌背面朝上放在桌上,每张牌上写着一个正整数。凯西、斯泰西和特蕾西得知:
(a)三个数互不相同;
(b)三个数的和为 ;
(c)三个数从左到右递增。
首先,凯西看了最左边牌上的数,说:“我没有足够的信息确定另外两个数。”接着,特蕾西看了最右边牌上的数,说:“我没有足够的信息确定另外两个数。”最后,斯泰西看了中间牌上的数,说:“我没有足够的信息确定另外两个数。”假设每个人都知道另外两人能够进行完全正确的推理,而且都听到了他们的发言。中间牌上的数是多少?
Three cards, each with a positive integer written on it, are lying face-down on a table. Casey, Stacy, and Tracy are told that
(a) the numbers are all different,
(b) they sum to and
(c) they are in increasing order, left to right.
First, Casey looks at the number on the leftmost card and says, “I don’t have enough information to determine the other two numbers.” Then Tracy looks at the number on the rightmost card and says, “I don’t have enough information to determine the other two numbers.” Finally, Stacy looks at the number on the middle card and says, “I don’t have enough information to determine the other two numbers.” Assume that each person knows that the other two reason perfectly and hears their comments. What number is on the middle card?
没有足够的信息确定这个数。
There is not enough information to determine the number.
答案:C
小提示:
列出所有和为 的递增正整数三元组
List all increasing positive triples with sum
大提示:
按照三句话的先后顺序排除三元组,并利用每位发言者已经得知的信息
Eliminate triples in the order of the three statements, using what each speaker has learned
解答:
八个三元组为 凯西的话排除 。得知这一点后,特蕾西的话排除最右端为 或 的情形。剩下的三元组为 和 。若中间数为 或 ,斯泰西此时就能确定三元组,所以她的话迫使中间数为 。因此正确答案是 C。
The eight triples are Casey’s statement excludes With that known, Tracy’s statement excludes rightmost values and The remaining triples are and A middle value or would now identify the triple, so Stacy’s statement forces the middle value Thus C is correct.
21.
在一场全程 米的赛跑中,桑妮到达终点时正好领先温迪 米。两人下次比赛时,桑妮公平地从温迪后方 米处出发,而温迪在起跑线上。两人的匀速与第一次比赛时各自的速度相同。桑妮完成第二次比赛时领先多少米?
In an -meter race, Sunny is exactly meters ahead of Windy when Sunny finishes the race. The next time they race, Sunny sportingly starts meters behind Windy, who is at the starting line. Both runners run at the same constant speed as they did in the first race. How many meters ahead is Sunny when Sunny finishes the second race?
小提示:
利用第一次比赛,把温迪的速度表示为桑妮速度的一部分
Express Windy’s speed as a fraction of Sunny’s speed using the first race
大提示:
第二次比赛中,桑妮到达终点前共跑了 米
In the second race Sunny travels meters before finishing
解答:
若桑妮的速度为 ,则温迪的速度为 。第二次比赛中,桑妮需要 的时间,在此期间温迪跑了 桑妮到达位置 时完成比赛,所以领先距离为 。正确答案是 C。
If Sunny’s speed is Windy’s is Sunny needs time in the second race, during which Windy runs Sunny finishes at position so the lead is Thus C is correct.
22.
下列表达式的值是多少?
What is the value of the expression
答案:C
小提示:
利用倒数恒等式
Use the reciprocal identity
大提示:
合并所得的 的对数
Combine the resulting logarithms of
解答:
每一项都等于 。因此总和为 所以正确答案是 C。
Each term equals Therefore the sum is Thus C is correct.
23.
图像 与 在 满足 时相交,并且对其他 值均不相交。求 。
The graphs of and intersect when satisfies and for no other values of Find
答案:D
小提示:
配方求出两个圆的圆心和半径
Complete the square to find both circle centers and radii
大提示:
两圆相交,当且仅当圆心距介于两半径之差与两半径之和之间
Two circles intersect exactly when the center distance lies between the difference and sum of their radii
解答:
两个圆分别为 两圆圆心距为 。设第二个圆的半径为 ,相交条件为 ,即 。所以 ,且 。正确答案是 D。
The circles are Their centers are units apart. With second radius intersection requires or Thus and The correct answer is D.
24.
若一个 位电话号码 - 的前三位序列 与序列 或 完全相同(也可能两者都相同),则称它是 易记的。假设每个 都可以是十进制数字 、、、、 中的任意一个,则不同的易记电话号码共有
Call a -digit telephone number - memorable if the prefix sequence is exactly the same as either of the sequences or (possibly both). Assuming that each can be any of the ten decimal digits the number of different memorable telephone numbers is
答案:C
小提示:
分别数出满足两个匹配条件之一的电话号码个数
Count numbers satisfying each of the two matching conditions separately
大提示:
若两个匹配条件同时成立,则七个数字都由同一个重复数字确定
If both matches hold, all seven digits are forced by one repeated digit
解答:
每个匹配条件都给出 个号码:选择三个前缀数字和剩余一个不受限制的数字。若两个条件同时成立,则 ,迫使所有数字相同,所以交集有 个。由容斥原理,答案为 ,正确答案是 C。
Each matching condition gives numbers: choose the three prefix digits and the one unconstrained remaining digit. If both hold, then forcing all digits equal, so there are overlaps. Inclusion-exclusion gives so C is correct.
25.
把一张方格纸折叠一次,使 与 重合,并使 与 重合。求 。
A piece of graph paper is folded once so that is matched with and is matched with Find
答案:B
小提示:
折痕是连接 与 的线段的垂直平分线
The crease is the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining and
大提示:
先求出直线 ,再把 关于它反射
Find the line , then reflect across it
解答:
折痕经过 ,斜率为 ,所以其方程为 。过 的垂线斜率为 ,与折痕交于 。该交点是 与 的中点,所以 。因此 ,正确答案是 B。
The crease passes through with slope so it is The perpendicular through has slope and meets the crease at This intersection is the midpoint of and giving Hence so B is correct.
26.
在四边形 中,已知 ,角 和角 均为直角,,且 。则
In quadrilateral it is given that angles and are right angles, and Then
答案:B
小提示:
两个直角说明 是以 为直径的圆内接四边形
The two right angles make cyclic with as a diameter
大提示:
先在三角形 中求出 ,再使用正弦定理的推广形式
Find in triangle , then use the extended law of sines
解答:
因为 ,四边形为圆内接四边形,且 是其直径。在三角形 中,由正弦定理的推广形式, 。所以正确答案是 B。
Because the quadrilateral is cyclic, and is its diameter. In triangle By the extended law of sines, Thus B is correct.
27.
一个 的大立方体由二十七个 的小立方体组成。按如下方式给大立方体“打隧道”:首先,如图所示,移除构成每个面中心的六个 小立方体以及正中心的一个 小立方体。其次,对剩余二十个 小立方体逐个进行同样的操作,即移除各面中心的单位立方体以及正中心的单位立方体。最终图形的表面积为
A cube is composed of twenty-seven cubes. The big cube is “tunneled” as follows: First, the six cubes which make up the center of each face as well as the center cube are removed as shown. Second, each of the twenty remaining cubes is diminished in the same way. That is, the center facial unit cubes as well as each center cube are removed. The surface area of the final figure is
答案:E
小提示:
第一步之后,把剩余二十个大块小立方体分成角块和棱块两类
After the first stage, classify the twenty remaining large subcubes as corner or edge cubes
大提示:
第二步每打通一个隧道,都要减去外露的中心正方形,并加上新露出的隧道内壁
For each second-stage tunnel, subtract exposed center squares and add the newly exposed tunnel walls
解答:
第一步之后, 个角块各贡献 个外露单位面, 个棱块各贡献 个。给一个角块打隧道会移除 个外露单位正方形,并增加 个隧道内壁正方形;给一个棱块打隧道会移除 个外露面,也增加 个内壁面。因此最终面积为 所以正确答案是 E。
After the first stage, corner subcubes contribute exposed units each, and edge subcubes contribute each. Tunneling a corner subcube removes exposed unit squares and adds tunnel-wall squares; tunneling an edge subcube removes and also adds Hence the final area is Thus E is correct.
28.
在三角形 中,角 是直角且 。点 位于 上,使得角 是角 的两倍。若 ,则 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
In triangle angle is a right angle and Point is located on so that angle is twice angle If then where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
答案:B
小提示:
设 ,则 ,且
Let , so and
大提示:
令 ,再用 和 分别表示 和
Set and express and using and
解答:
设 。因为 ,由 的恒等式可得 。取 ,则 因此 ,且 。所以 ,正确答案是 B。
Let Since the identity for gives Taking Thus and Therefore so B is correct.
29.
若平面上的点 的两个坐标 和 都是整数,则称它为 格点。内部恰好含三个格点的最大正方形,其面积最接近
A point in the plane is called a lattice point if both and are integers. The area of the largest square that contains exactly three lattice points in its interior is closest to
答案:D
小提示:
三个共线的内部格点会迫使出现第四个,所以应使用面积最小的非共线格点三角形
Three collinear interior lattice points force a fourth, so use a smallest noncollinear lattice triangle
大提示:
正方形达到最大时,相对的两条边被附近格点卡住;比较这些平行线之间的距离
At a maximal square, opposite sides are pinned by nearby lattice points; compare their separation
解答:
只需包围三个非共线格点 。在最大位置,相对的两条边被邻近格点卡住;最大可能距离为 ,对应的两条平行线分别经过 与 。因此面积至多为 。由下列四条直线围成的正方形达到这个上界:其面积为 ,且内部恰好包含上述三个格点。所以正确答案是 D。
It suffices to enclose the three noncollinear lattice points In a maximal placement, two opposite sides are pinned by neighboring lattice points; the greatest possible separation is the distance between parallel lines through and Hence the area is at most This is attained by the square bounded by Its area is and exactly the three stated lattice points lie inside. Thus D is correct.
30.
对每个正整数 ,定义 设 是使 最右端非零数字为奇数的最小正整数。 最右端的非零数字为
For each positive integer let Let denote the smallest positive integer for which the rightmost nonzero digit of is odd. The rightmost nonzero digit of is
答案:E
小提示:
把 写成连乘式,并比较其中因数 和 的个数
Write and compare its powers of and
大提示:
当十项数块中包含 时,最右端非零数字才第一次可能为奇数
An odd rightmost nonzero digit first becomes possible when the ten-term block contains
解答:
任意十个连续整数中的五个偶数至少贡献 。所以只有当数块至少含八个因数 时,最右端非零数字才可能为奇数;第一次可能出现这种情形,是数块包含 时。对于 ,数块中 、,所以该数字仍为偶数。对于 ,两个指数都为 。约去 ,再将剩余奇数的个位数字相乘,得到 因此第一个为奇数的最右端非零数字是 ,正确答案是 E。
The five even terms in any ten consecutive integers contribute at least Thus the rightmost nonzero digit can be odd only when the block contains at least eight factors of first possible when it contains For the block has and so the digit remains even. For both valuations are Cancelling and multiplying the remaining odd unit digits gives Hence the first odd rightmost nonzero digit is and E is correct.