1979 AMC 12 第 26 题

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26.

函数 ff 对每一对实数 xxyy 都满足函数方程 f(x)+f(y)=f(x+y)xy1 f(x)+f(y)=f(x+y)-xy-1\text{。}f(1)=1f(1)=1,则满足 n1n\ne1f(n)=nf(n)=n 的整数有多少个?

The function ff satisfies the functional equation f(x)+f(y)=f(x+y)xy1 f(x)+f(y)=f(x+y)-xy-1 for every pair x,x, yy of real numbers. If f(1)=1,f(1)=1, then the number of integers n1n\ne1 for which f(n)=nf(n)=n is

00

11

22

33

无穷多个

infinite

答案:B
知识点:函数方程递推二次方程
难度评级:2200
小提示:

令一个变量等于 11,得到整数自变量相邻两项的递推关系

Set one variable equal to 11 to get a recurrence for consecutive integer inputs

大提示:

先求 f(0)f(0),再利用递推关系求出所有整数自变量对应的函数值,最后令 f(n)=nf(n)=n

Find f(0)f(0), solve the recurrence for all integers, and then impose f(n)=nf(n)=n

解答:

x=1x=1,得到 f(y+1)f(y)=y+2f(y+1)-f(y)=y+2。令 x=y=0x=y=0,得到 f(0)=1f(0)=-1。向两个方向延拓递推关系,可得对每个整数 nnf(n)=n2+3n22 f(n)=\frac{n^2+3n-2}{2}\text{。}因而 f(n)=nf(n)=n 等价于 n2+n2=(n+2)(n1)=0 \begin{aligned} n^2+n-2&=(n+2)(n-1)\\ &=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}整数解为 n=2n=-2n=1n=1,排除 11 后恰好剩一个。

因此,正确答案是 B

Setting x=1x=1 gives f(y+1)f(y)=y+2.f(y+1)-f(y)=y+2. Setting x=y=0x=y=0 gives f(0)=1.f(0)=-1. Extending the recurrence in both directions yields, for every integer n,n, f(n)=n2+3n22. f(n)=\frac{n^2+3n-2}{2}. Thus f(n)=nf(n)=n is equivalent to n2+n2=(n+2)(n1)=0. \begin{aligned} n^2+n-2&=(n+2)(n-1)\\ &=0. \end{aligned} The integer solutions are n=2n=-2 and n=1,n=1, and after excluding 11 exactly one remains.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

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