1979 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

矩形 ABCDABCD 的面积为 7272 平方米,EEGG 分别是边 ADADCDCD 的中点。矩形 DEFGDEFG 的面积是多少平方米?

If rectangle ABCDABCD has area 7272 square meters and EE and GG are the midpoints of sides ADAD and CD,CD, respectively, then the area of rectangle DEFGDEFG in square meters is

88

99

1212

1818

2424

知识点:矩形中点面积
难度评级:840
小提示:

两个中点条件使相应的边长各减半

The two midpoint conditions halve the relevant side lengths

大提示:

比较 DEFGDEFGABCDABCD 的面积缩放因子

Compare the area scale factor of DEFGDEFG with that of ABCDABCD

解答:

矩形 DEFGDEFG 的两条边长分别是矩形 ABCDABCD 相应边长的一半。因此,它的面积是 7272(12)(12)=14(\frac{1}{2})(\frac{1}{2})=\frac{1}{4},即 1818

因此,正确答案是 D

The side lengths of DEFGDEFG are one half the corresponding side lengths of ABCD.ABCD. Its area is therefore (12)(12)=14(\frac{1}{2})(\frac{1}{2})=\frac{1}{4} of 72,72, which is 18.18.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

2.

对于所有满足 xy=xyx-y=xy 的非零实数 xxyy1x1y\frac1x-\frac1y 等于

For all nonzero real numbers xx and yy such that xy=xy,x-y=xy, 1x1y\frac1x-\frac1y equals

1xy\frac1{xy}

1xy\frac1{x-y}

00

1-1

yxy-x

知识点:分数代数变形
难度评级:960
小提示:

把两个倒数通分到分母 xyxy

Combine the two reciprocals over the denominator xyxy

大提示:

用已知等式替换 yxy-x

Use the given equation to replace yxy-x

解答:

我们有 1x1y=yxxy=xyxy=1 \begin{aligned} \frac1x-\frac1y&=\frac{y-x}{xy}\\ &=-\frac{x-y}{xy}\\ &=-1 \end{aligned}\text{,}因为 xy=xyx-y=xy

因此,正确答案是 D

We have 1x1y=yxxy=xyxy=1, \begin{aligned} \frac1x-\frac1y&=\frac{y-x}{xy}\\ &=-\frac{x-y}{xy}\\ &=-1, \end{aligned} because xy=xy.x-y=xy.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

3.

在右图中,ABCDABCD 是正方形,ABEABE 是等边三角形,且点 EE 位于正方形 ABCDABCD 外。AED\angle AED 的度数是多少?

In the adjoining figure, ABCDABCD is a square, ABEABE is an equilateral triangle and point EE is outside square ABCD.ABCD. What is the measure of AED\angle AED in degrees?

1010

12.512.5

1515

2020

2525

难度评级:1410
小提示:

比较 DADAABABAEAE

Compare DA,DA, AB,AB, and AEAE

大提示:

先求 DAE\angle DAE,再利用等腰三角形 DAE\triangle DAE 的底角

Find DAE\angle DAE, then use the base angles of isosceles DAE\triangle DAE

解答:

由正方形和等边三角形可得 DA=AB=AEDA=AB=AE。此外,DAE=DAB+BAE=90+60=150 \begin{aligned} \angle DAE &=\angle DAB+\angle BAE\\ &=90^\circ+60^\circ\\ &=150^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}因此,DAE\triangle DAE 是等腰三角形,每个底角都是 1801502=15\frac{180^\circ-150^\circ}{2}=15^\circ

因此,正确答案是 C

The square and equilateral triangle give DA=AB=AE.DA=AB=AE. Also DAE=DAB+BAE=90+60=150. \begin{aligned} \angle DAE &=\angle DAB+\angle BAE\\ &=90^\circ+60^\circ\\ &=150^\circ. \end{aligned} Thus DAE\triangle DAE is isosceles, and each base angle is 1801502=15.\frac{180^\circ-150^\circ}{2}=15^\circ.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

4.

对于所有实数 xxx[x{x(2x)4}+10]+1x[x\{x(2-x)-4\}+10]+1 等于

For all real numbers x,x, x[x{x(2x)4}+10]+1x[x\{x(2-x)-4\}+10]+1 equals

x4+2x3+4x2+10x+1-x^4+2x^3+4x^2+10x+1

x42x3+4x2+10x+1-x^4-2x^3+4x^2+10x+1

x42x34x2+10x+1-x^4-2x^3-4x^2+10x+1

x42x34x210x+1-x^4-2x^3-4x^2-10x+1

x4+2x34x2+10x+1-x^4+2x^3-4x^2+10x+1

难度评级:1410
小提示:

从最内层括号开始向外展开

Expand from the innermost parentheses outward

大提示:

分别留意外面的两个因子 xx

Track the outer two factors of xx separately

解答:

从内向外展开,得到 x[x{x(2x)4}+10]+1=x[x(2xx24)+10]+1=x4+2x34x2+10x+1 \begin{aligned} &x[x\{x(2-x)-4\}+10]+1\\ &\quad=x[x(2x-x^2-4)+10]+1\\ &\quad=-x^4+2x^3-4x^2\\ &\qquad+10x+1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Expanding from the inside gives x[x{x(2x)4}+10]+1=x[x(2xx24)+10]+1=x4+2x34x2+10x+1. \begin{aligned} &x[x\{x(2-x)-4\}+10]+1\\ &\quad=x[x(2x-x^2-4)+10]+1\\ &\quad=-x^4+2x^3-4x^2\\ &\qquad+10x+1. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

5.

求交换个位与百位后保持不变的最大三位偶数(以十进制表示)的各位数字之和。

Find the sum of the digits of the largest even three digit number (in base ten representation) which is not changed when its units and hundreds digits are interchanged.

2222

2323

2424

2525

2626

难度评级:960
小提示:

百位数字与个位数字必须相同

The hundreds and units digits must be equal

大提示:

在保证这个数为偶数的条件下,先使相同的首尾数字最大,再使十位数字最大

Maximize the equal outer digits subject to the number being even, then maximize the tens digit

解答:

相同的百位数字与个位数字必须是偶数。最大的非零偶数数字是 88,十位数字可以取 99。因此最大的数是 898898,其各位数字之和为 8+9+8=258+9+8=25

因此,正确答案是 D

The equal hundreds and units digit must be even. The largest possible nonzero such digit is 8,8, and the tens digit can be 9.9. Thus the largest number is 898,898, whose digit sum is 8+9+8=25.8+9+8=25.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

6.

32+54+98+1716\frac32+\frac54+\frac98+\frac{17}{16} +3332+65647=+\frac{33}{32}+\frac{65}{64}-7=

164-\frac1{64}

116-\frac1{16}

00

116\frac1{16}

164\frac1{64}

难度评级:1540
小提示:

把每个分数写成 11 加上 22 的某个负整数次幂

Write each fraction as 11 plus a reciprocal power of 22

大提示:

12+14++164\frac12+\frac14+\cdots+\frac1{64} 看作有限等比数列求和

Sum 12+14++164\frac12+\frac14+\cdots+\frac1{64} as a finite geometric series

解答:

每个分子都比分母大一,因此原式为 6+(12+14+18+116+132+164)7 \begin{aligned} 6+\biggl(&\frac12+\frac14+\frac18\\ &+\frac1{16}+\frac1{32}+\frac1{64}\biggr)-7 \end{aligned}\text{。}括号内的等比数列之和为 1164=63641-\frac{1}{64}=\frac{63}{64}。所以原式的值为 6+63647=1646+\frac{63}{64}-7=-\frac{1}{64}

因此,正确答案是 A

Each numerator is one more than its denominator, so the expression is 6+(12+14+18+116+132+164)7. \begin{aligned} 6+\biggl(&\frac12+\frac14+\frac18\\ &+\frac1{16}+\frac1{32}+\frac1{64}\biggr)-7. \end{aligned} The parenthesized geometric sum is 1164=6364.1-\frac{1}{64}=\frac{63}{64}. Therefore the value is 6+63647=164.6+\frac{63}{64}-7=-\frac{1}{64}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

7.

整数的平方称为完全平方数。若 xx 是完全平方数,则下一个更大的完全平方数是

The square of an integer is called a perfect square. If xx is a perfect square, the next larger perfect square is

x+1x+1

x2+1x^2+1

x2+2x+1x^2+2x+1

x2+xx^2+x

x+2x+1x+2\sqrt x+1

难度评级:1100
小提示:

x=n2x=n^2,其中 nn 是非负整数

Write x=n2x=n^2 for a nonnegative integer nn

大提示:

展开下一个平方数 (n+1)2(n+1)^2,再用 x\sqrt x 替换 nn

Expand the next square (n+1)2(n+1)^2 and replace nn by x\sqrt x

解答:

x=n2x=n^2,其中 n0n\ge0。下一个更大的完全平方数是 (n+1)2=n2+2n+1=x+2x+1 \begin{aligned} (n+1)^2&=n^2+2n+1\\ &=x+2\sqrt x+1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Let x=n2x=n^2 with n0.n\ge0. The next larger perfect square is (n+1)2=n2+2n+1=x+2x+1. \begin{aligned} (n+1)^2&=n^2+2n+1\\ &=x+2\sqrt x+1. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

8.

求曲线 y=xy=|x|x2+y2=4x^2+y^2=4 所围成的最小区域的面积。

Find the area of the smallest region bounded by the graphs of y=xy=|x| and x2+y2=4.x^2+y^2=4.

π4\frac\pi4

3π4\frac{3\pi}4

π\pi

3π2\frac{3\pi}2

2π2\pi

难度评级:1540
小提示:

y=xy=|x| 的两条射线交于圆心

The two rays of y=xy=|x| meet at the center of the circle

大提示:

求射线 y=xy=xy=xy=-x 之间较小的圆心角

Find the smaller central angle between the rays y=xy=x and y=xy=-x

解答:

两条射线与圆的交点所对应的方向角分别为 4545^\circ135135^\circ,所以最小的有界区域是半径为 22 的圆的一个 9090^\circ 扇形。其面积为 90360π(2)2=π \frac{90^\circ}{360^\circ}\pi(2)^2=\pi\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The two rays meet the circle at angles 4545^\circ and 135,135^\circ, so the smallest bounded region is a 9090^\circ sector of the radius-22 circle. Its area is 90360π(2)2=π. \frac{90^\circ}{360^\circ}\pi(2)^2=\pi.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

9.

43\sqrt[3]{4}84\sqrt[4]{8} 的乘积等于

The product of 43\sqrt[3]{4} and 84\sqrt[4]{8} equals

127\sqrt[7]{12}

21272\sqrt[7]{12}

327\sqrt[7]{32}

3212\sqrt[12]{32}

232122\sqrt[12]{32}

难度评级:1590
小提示:

把两个被开方数都写成 22 的幂

Rewrite both radicands as powers of 22

大提示:

将指数 23\frac2334\frac34 相加,再分离出整数部分

Add the exponents 23\frac23 and 34\frac34, then separate the integer part

解答:

把两个根式都写成 22 的幂,得到 413814=223234=21712=22512=23212 \begin{aligned} 4^{\frac{1}{3}}8^{\frac{1}{4}} &=2^{\frac{2}{3}}2^{\frac{3}{4}}\\ &=2^{\frac{17}{12}}\\ &=2\sqrt[12]{2^5}\\ &=2\sqrt[12]{32} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Writing both radicals as powers of 22 gives 413814=223234=21712=22512=23212. \begin{aligned} 4^{\frac{1}{3}}8^{\frac{1}{4}} &=2^{\frac{2}{3}}2^{\frac{3}{4}}\\ &=2^{\frac{17}{12}}\\ &=2\sqrt[12]{2^5}\\ &=2\sqrt[12]{32}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

10.

正六边形 P1P2P3P4P5P6P_1P_2P_3P_4P_5P_6 的边心距(从中心到一条边中点的距离)为 22。对于 i=1i=1223344,点 QiQ_i 是边 PiPi+1P_iP_{i+1} 的中点。四边形 Q1Q2Q3Q4Q_1Q_2Q_3Q_4 的面积是

If P1P2P3P4P5P6P_1P_2P_3P_4P_5P_6 is a regular hexagon whose apothem (distance from the center to the midpoint of a side) is 2,2, and QiQ_i is the midpoint of side PiPi+1P_iP_{i+1} for i=1,i=1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, then the area of quadrilateral Q1Q2Q3Q4Q_1Q_2Q_3Q_4 is

66

262\sqrt6

833\frac{8\sqrt3}{3}

333\sqrt3

434\sqrt3

难度评级:1780
小提示:

各点 QiQ_i 位于一个半径等于该边心距的圆上

The points QiQ_i lie on a circle of radius equal to the apothem

大提示:

把中心与连续四条边的中点相连,再分割这个四边形

Join the center to the four consecutive side midpoints and decompose the quadrilateral

解答:

OO 为中心。相邻的边心距 OQiOQ_iOQi+1OQ_{i+1} 长度均为 22,夹角为 6060^\circ,所以每个 OQiQi+1\triangle OQ_iQ_{i+1} 都是边长为 22 的等边三角形。该四边形由三个这样的三角形组成,因此面积为 3(3422)=33 3\left(\frac{\sqrt3}{4}\cdot2^2\right)=3\sqrt3\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Let OO be the center. Consecutive apothems OQiOQ_i and OQi+1OQ_{i+1} have length 22 and form a 6060^\circ angle, so each OQiQi+1\triangle OQ_iQ_{i+1} is equilateral of side 2.2. The quadrilateral is the union of three such triangles, and hence has area 3(3422)=33. 3\left(\frac{\sqrt3}{4}\cdot2^2\right)=3\sqrt3.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

11.

求下列方程的一个正整数解:1+3+5++(2n1)2+4+6++2n=115116 \frac{\substack{1+3+5+\cdots\\{}+(2n-1)}} {\substack{2+4+6+\cdots\\{}+2n}}=\frac{115}{116}\text{。}

Find a positive integral solution to the equation 1+3+5++(2n1)2+4+6++2n=115116. \frac{\substack{1+3+5+\cdots\\{}+(2n-1)}} {\substack{2+4+6+\cdots\\{}+2n}}=\frac{115}{116}.

110110

115115

116116

231231

这个方程没有正整数解。

The equation has no positive integral solutions.

难度评级:1540
小提示:

使用前 nn 个正奇数之和与前 nn 个正偶数之和

Use the sums of the first nn odd and first nn even positive integers

大提示:

这个分数可化简为 nn+1\frac{n}{n+1}

The fraction simplifies to nn+1\frac{n}{n+1}

解答:

分子为 n2n^2,分母为 n(n+1)n(n+1)。因而 nn+1=115116 \frac{n}{n+1}=\frac{115}{116}\text{,}116n=115n+115116n=115n+115,所以 n=115n=115

因此,正确答案是 B

The numerator is n2,n^2, and the denominator is n(n+1).n(n+1). Thus nn+1=115116, \frac{n}{n+1}=\frac{115}{116}, which gives 116n=115n+115,116n=115n+115, so n=115.n=115.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

12.

在右图中,CDCD 是以 OO 为圆心的半圆的直径。点 AA 位于 DCDC 经过 CC 后的延长线上;点 EE 位于半圆上,点 BB 是线段 AEAE 与半圆除 EE 以外的另一个交点。若线段 ABABODOD 等长,且 EOD\angle EOD 的度数为 4545^\circ,则 BAO\angle BAO 的度数为

In the adjoining figure, CDCD is the diameter of a semicircle with center O.O. Point AA lies on the extension of DCDC past C;C; point EE lies on the semicircle, and BB is the point of intersection (distinct from EE) of line segment AEAE with the semicircle. If length ABAB equals length OD,OD, and the measure of EOD\angle EOD is 45,45^\circ, then the measure of BAO\angle BAO is

1010^\circ

1515^\circ

2020^\circ

2525^\circ

3030^\circ

难度评级:1980
小提示:

y=BAOy=\angle BAO,并利用 AB=OB=OEAB=OB=OE

Let y=BAOy=\angle BAO and use AB=OB=OEAB=OB=OE

大提示:

利用等腰三角形和 4545^\circ 的圆心角,用两种方式表示 BOE\angle BOE

Express BOE\angle BOE in two ways using the isosceles triangles and the 4545^\circ central angle

解答:

y=BAOy=\angle BAO。因为 AB=OBAB=OB,所以 AOB=y\angle AOB=y,从而 EBO=2y\angle EBO=2y。又因为 OB=OEOB=OE,所以 BEO=2y\angle BEO=2y,且 BOE=1804y\angle BOE=180^\circ-4y。另一方面,BOD=180y \angle BOD=180^\circ-y\text{,}所以 BOE=135y\angle BOE=135^\circ-y。因此 1804y=135y180^\circ-4y=135^\circ-y,解得 y=15y=15^\circ

因此,正确答案是 B

Let y=BAO.y=\angle BAO. Since AB=OB,AB=OB, AOB=y,\angle AOB=y, so EBO=2y.\angle EBO=2y. Also OB=OE,OB=OE, hence BEO=2y\angle BEO=2y and BOE=1804y.\angle BOE=180^\circ-4y. On the other hand, BOD=180y, \angle BOD=180^\circ-y, so BOE=135y.\angle BOE=135^\circ-y. Therefore 1804y=135y,180^\circ-4y=135^\circ-y, giving y=15.y=15^\circ.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

13.

不等式 yx<x2y-x\lt\sqrt{x^2} 成立的充分必要条件是

The inequality yx<x2y-x\lt\sqrt{x^2} is satisfied if and only if

y<0y\lt0y<2xy\lt2x(或两个不等式都成立)

y<0y\lt0 or y<2xy\lt2x (or both inequalities hold)

y>0y\gt0y<2xy\lt2x(或两个不等式都成立)

y>0y\gt0 or y<2xy\lt2x (or both inequalities hold)

y2<2xyy^2\lt2xy

y<0y\lt0

x>0x\gt0y<2xy\lt2x

x>0x\gt0 and y<2xy\lt2x

难度评级:1650
小提示:

x2\sqrt{x^2} 换成 x|x|

Replace x2\sqrt{x^2} by x|x|

大提示:

分别讨论 x0x\ge0x<0x\lt0 两种情形,再合并所得区域

Separate the cases x0x\ge0 and x<0x\lt0, then combine the resulting regions

解答:

x0x\ge0 时,不等式化为 yx<xy-x\lt x,即 y<2xy\lt2x。当 x<0x\lt0 时,不等式化为 yx<xy-x\lt-x,即 y<0y\lt0。合并两种情形,恰好得到 y<0y\lt0y<2xy\lt2x,两者可以同时成立。

因此,正确答案是 A

If x0,x\ge0, the inequality becomes yx<x,y-x\lt x, or y<2x.y\lt2x. If x<0,x\lt0, it becomes yx<x,y-x\lt-x, or y<0.y\lt0. Combining the two cases gives exactly y<0y\lt0 or y<2x,y\lt2x, with overlap allowed.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

14.

在某个数列中,第一项是 11,并且对于所有 n2n\ge2,前 nn 项的乘积为 n2n^2。该数列的第三项与第五项之和为

In a certain sequence of numbers, the first number is 1,1, and, for all n2,n\ge2, the product of the first nn numbers in the sequence is n2.n^2. The sum of the third and the fifth numbers in the sequence is

259\frac{25}{9}

3115\frac{31}{15}

6116\frac{61}{16}

576225\frac{576}{225}

3434

难度评级:1590
小提示:

用前 nn 项的乘积除以前 n1n-1 项的乘积

Divide the product of the first nn terms by the product of the first n1n-1 terms

大提示:

这样便可直接把第 nn 项表示成两个平方数之比

This gives the nnth term directly as a ratio of two squares

解答:

n2n\ge2 时,第 nn 项为 an=n2(n1)2 a_n=\frac{n^2}{(n-1)^2}\text{。}所以 a3=94a_3=\frac{9}{4},且 a5=2516a_5=\frac{25}{16},两者之和为 3616+2516=6116\frac{36}{16}+\frac{25}{16}=\frac{61}{16}

因此,正确答案是 C

For n2,n\ge2, the nnth term is an=n2(n1)2. a_n=\frac{n^2}{(n-1)^2}. Therefore a3=94a_3=\frac{9}{4} and a5=2516,a_5=\frac{25}{16}, whose sum is 3616+2516=6116.\frac{36}{16}+\frac{25}{16}=\frac{61}{16}.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

15.

两个完全相同的罐子里装有酒精溶液,其中一个罐子中酒精与水的体积比为 p:1p:1,另一个罐子中为 q:1q:1。把两罐中的全部溶液混合后,混合液中酒精与水的体积比为

Two identical jars are filled with alcohol solutions, the ratio of the volume of alcohol to the volume of water being p:1p:1 in one jar and q:1q:1 in the other jar. If the entire contents of the two jars are mixed together, the ratio of the volume of alcohol to the volume of water in the mixture is

p+q2\frac{p+q}{2}

p2+q2p+q\frac{p^2+q^2}{p+q}

2pqp+q\frac{2pq}{p+q}

2(p2+pq+q2)3(p+q)\frac{2(p^2+pq+q^2)}{3(p+q)}

p+q+2pqp+q+2\frac{p+q+2pq}{p+q+2}

难度评级:1860
小提示:

给两个罐子设定相同的总体积,再把每个比值换算成酒精和水各占的比例

Assign the same total volume to each jar and convert each ratio to alcohol and water fractions

大提示:

分别把两罐中的酒精量和水量相加,再求它们的比

Add the two alcohol amounts and the two water amounts before forming their ratio

解答:

两罐总体积相等时,酒精所占比例分别为 pp+1\frac{p}{p+1}qq+1\frac{q}{q+1},水所占比例分别为 1p+1\frac{1}{p+1}1q+1\frac{1}{q+1}。因而酒精与水的体积比为 pp+1+qq+11p+1+1q+1=p+q+2pqp+q+2 \frac{\frac p{p+1}+\frac q{q+1}} {\frac1{p+1}+\frac1{q+1}} =\frac{p+q+2pq}{p+q+2}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

For equal total volumes, the alcohol fractions are pp+1\frac{p}{p+1} and qq+1,\frac{q}{q+1}, while the water fractions are 1p+1\frac{1}{p+1} and 1q+1.\frac{1}{q+1}. Their ratio is pp+1+qq+11p+1+1q+1=p+q+2pqp+q+2. \frac{\frac p{p+1}+\frac q{q+1}} {\frac1{p+1}+\frac1{q+1}} =\frac{p+q+2pq}{p+q+2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

16.

面积为 A1A_1 的圆位于一个面积为 A1+A2A_1+A_2 的大圆内部。若大圆的半径为 33,且 A1A_1A2A_2A1+A2A_1+A_2 成等差数列,则小圆的半径为

A circle with area A1A_1 is contained in the interior of a larger circle with area A1+A2.A_1+A_2. If the radius of the larger circle is 3,3, and if A1,A_1, A2,A_2, A1+A2A_1+A_2 is an arithmetic progression, then the radius of the smaller circle is

32\frac{\sqrt3}{2}

11

23\frac2{\sqrt3}

32\frac32

3\sqrt3

难度评级:1590
小提示:

利用等差数列中间项的条件列出三个面积的关系

Use the middle-term condition for the three areas in arithmetic progression

大提示:

把大圆的面积表示成 A1A_1 的倍数

Express the larger circle’s area as a multiple of A1A_1

解答:

等差数列条件给出 2A2=A1+(A1+A2) 2A_2=A_1+(A_1+A_2)\text{,}因此 A2=2A1A_2=2A_1。所以大圆面积为 3A1=9π3A_1=9\pi,从而 A1=3πA_1=3\pi。若小圆半径为 rr,则 πr2=3π\pi r^2=3\pi,所以 r=3r=\sqrt3

因此,正确答案是 E

The progression condition gives 2A2=A1+(A1+A2), 2A_2=A_1+(A_1+A_2), so A2=2A1.A_2=2A_1. Hence the larger area is 3A1=9π,3A_1=9\pi, and A1=3π.A_1=3\pi. If the smaller radius is r,r, then πr2=3π,\pi r^2=3\pi, so r=3.r=\sqrt3.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

17.

互不相同的点 AABBCCDD 按此顺序位于同一直线上。线段 ABABACACADAD 的长度分别为 xxyyzz。若线段 ABABCDCD 可分别绕点 BBCC 旋转,使点 AADD 重合并形成一个面积为正的三角形,则下列三个不等式中哪些必须成立?I. x<z2II. y<x+z2III. y<z2 \begin{aligned} &\text{I. }x\lt\frac z2\\ &\text{II. }y\lt x+\frac z2\\ &\text{III. }y\lt\frac z2 \end{aligned}

Points A,A, B,B, C,C, and DD are distinct and lie, in the given order, on a straight line. Line segments AB,AB, AC,AC, and ADAD have lengths x,x, y,y, and z,z, respectively. If line segments ABAB and CDCD may be rotated about points BB and C,C, respectively, so that points AA and DD coincide, to form a triangle with positive area, then which of the following three inequalities must be satisfied? I. x<z2II. y<x+z2III. y<z2 \begin{aligned} &\text{I. }x\lt\frac z2\\ &\text{II. }y\lt x+\frac z2\\ &\text{III. }y\lt\frac z2 \end{aligned}

I\mathrm{I}

I\mathrm{I} only

II\mathrm{II}

II\mathrm{II} only

I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}

I\mathrm{I} and II\mathrm{II} only

II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III} only

I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

I,\mathrm{I}, II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III}

难度评级:2040
小提示:

旋转后,找出新三角形三条边的长度

After the rotations, identify the three side lengths of the new triangle

大提示:

xxyxy-xzyz-y 应用三个严格的三角形不等式

Apply all three strict triangle inequalities to x,x, yx,y-x, and zyz-y

解答:

新三角形的三条边长为 xxyxy-xzyz-y。由三角形不等式,x<(yx)+(zy),x<z2;yx<x+(zy),y<x+z2;zy<x+(yx),y>z2 \begin{aligned} x&\lt(y-x)+(z-y),\\ &\Longrightarrow x\lt \frac{z}{2};\\ y-x&\lt x+(z-y),\\ &\Longrightarrow y\lt x+\frac{z}{2};\\ z-y&\lt x+(y-x),\\ &\Longrightarrow y\gt \frac{z}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此,I 与 II 必须成立,而 III 必须不成立。

因此,正确答案是 C

The new triangle has side lengths x,x, yx,y-x, and zy.z-y. Its triangle inequalities give x<(yx)+(zy),x<z2;yx<x+(zy),y<x+z2;zy<x+(yx),y>z2. \begin{aligned} x&\lt(y-x)+(z-y),\\ &\Longrightarrow x\lt \frac{z}{2};\\ y-x&\lt x+(z-y),\\ &\Longrightarrow y\lt x+\frac{z}{2};\\ z-y&\lt x+(y-x),\\ &\Longrightarrow y\gt \frac{z}{2}. \end{aligned} Thus I and II must hold, while III must fail.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

18.

精确到千分位,log102\log_{10}20.3010.301log103\log_{10}30.4770.477。下列哪个数最接近 log510\log_5 10

To the nearest thousandth, log102\log_{10}2 is 0.3010.301 and log103\log_{10}3 is 0.477.0.477. Which of the following is the best approximation of log510?\log_5 10?

87\frac87

97\frac97

107\frac{10}{7}

117\frac{11}{7}

127\frac{12}{7}

知识点:对数估算分数
难度评级:1540
小提示:

利用 log105=1log102\log_{10}5=1-\log_{10}2

Use log105=1log102\log_{10}5=1-\log_{10}2

大提示:

使用换底公式,再将所得小数与五个分数比较

Apply change of base, then compare the decimal result with the five fractions

解答:

我们有 log10510.301=0.699\log_{10}5\approx1-0.301=0.699。因此,log510=1log10510.6991.431 \begin{aligned} \log_5 10&=\frac1{\log_{10}5}\\ &\approx\frac1{0.699}\\ &\approx1.431 \end{aligned}\text{。}在各选项中,1071.429\frac{10}{7}\approx1.429 最接近。

因此,正确答案是 C

We have log10510.301=0.699.\log_{10}5\approx1-0.301=0.699. Therefore log510=1log10510.6991.431. \begin{aligned} \log_5 10&=\frac1{\log_{10}5}\\ &\approx\frac1{0.699}\\ &\approx1.431. \end{aligned} Of the choices, 1071.429\frac{10}{7}\approx1.429 is closest.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

19.

求所有满足方程 x25625632=0x^{256}-256^{32}=0 的实数的平方和。

Find the sum of the squares of all real numbers satisfying the equation x25625632=0.x^{256}-256^{32}=0.

88

128128

512512

65,53665{,}536

2(25632)2(256^{32})

难度评级:1650
小提示:

25632256^{32} 改写成指数为 256256 的幂

Rewrite 25632256^{32} as a single power with exponent 256256

大提示:

求出哪两个实数的 256256 次幂等于 22562^{256}

Determine the two real values whose 256256th powers equal 22562^{256}

解答:

因为 256=28256=2^8,所以 25632=2256 256^{32}=2^{256}\text{。}因此 (x2)256=1(\frac{x}{2})^{256}=1。实数解为 x=2x=2x=2x=-2,它们的平方和为 4+4=84+4=8

因此,正确答案是 A

Since 256=28,256=2^8, 25632=2256. 256^{32}=2^{256}. Thus (x2)256=1.(\frac{x}{2})^{256}=1. The real solutions are x=2x=2 and x=2,x=-2, and the sum of their squares is 4+4=8.4+4=8.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

20.

a=12a=\frac12(a+1)(b+1)=2(a+1)(b+1)=2,则 Arctana+Arctanb\operatorname{Arctan}a+\operatorname{Arctan}b 的弧度数等于

If a=12a=\frac12 and (a+1)(b+1)=2,(a+1)(b+1)=2, then the radian measure of Arctana+Arctanb\operatorname{Arctan}a+\operatorname{Arctan}b equals

π2\frac\pi2

π3\frac\pi3

π4\frac\pi4

π5\frac\pi5

π6\frac\pi6

难度评级:1780
小提示:

先由所给乘积等式解出 bb

First solve the given product equation for bb

大提示:

对两个正的反正切角使用正切加法公式

Use the tangent addition formula on the two positive inverse-tangent angles

解答:

代入 a=12a=\frac{1}{2},得到 b=13b=\frac{1}{3}。令 u=Arctanau=\operatorname{Arctan}av=Arctanbv=\operatorname{Arctan}b,则 tan(u+v)=a+b1ab=12+13116=1 \begin{aligned} \tan(u+v)&=\frac{a+b}{1-ab}\\ &=\frac{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}}{1-\frac{1}{6}}\\ &=1 \end{aligned}\text{。}两个角都为正,且它们的和小于 π2\frac{\pi}{2},所以 u+v=π4u+v=\frac{\pi}{4}

因此,正确答案是 C

Substituting a=12a=\frac{1}{2} gives b=13.b=\frac{1}{3}. If u=Arctanau=\operatorname{Arctan}a and v=Arctanb,v=\operatorname{Arctan}b, then tan(u+v)=a+b1ab=12+13116=1. \begin{aligned} \tan(u+v)&=\frac{a+b}{1-ab}\\ &=\frac{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}}{1-\frac{1}{6}}\\ &=1. \end{aligned} Both angles are positive and their sum is less than π2,\frac{\pi}{2}, so u+v=π4.u+v=\frac{\pi}{4}.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

21.

一个直角三角形的斜边长为 hh,其内切圆半径为 rr。圆的面积与三角形面积之比为

The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is h,h, and the radius of the inscribed circle is r.r. The ratio of the area of the circle to the area of the triangle is

πrh+2r\frac{\pi r}{h+2r}

πrh+r\frac{\pi r}{h+r}

πr2h+r\frac{\pi r}{2h+r}

πr2h2+r2\frac{\pi r^2}{h^2+r^2}

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:1870
小提示:

使用三角形面积公式 K=rsK=rs

Use the formula K=rsK=rs for a triangle’s area

大提示:

对于直角三角形,把两条直角边之和用 hhrr 表示

For a right triangle, relate the sum of the legs to hh and rr

解答:

若两条直角边长为 xxyy,则直角三角形的内切圆半径恒等式为 x+y=h+2rx+y=h+2r。因此半周长为 s=x+y+h2=h+r s=\frac{x+y+h}{2}=h+r\text{。}三角形的面积为 rs=r(h+r)rs=r(h+r),圆的面积为 πr2\pi r^2。两者之比为 πrh+r\frac{\pi r}{h+r}

因此,正确答案是 B

If the legs are xx and y,y, then the right-triangle inradius identity is x+y=h+2r.x+y=h+2r. Hence the semiperimeter is s=x+y+h2=h+r. s=\frac{x+y+h}{2}=h+r. The triangle’s area is rs=r(h+r),rs=r(h+r), while the circle’s area is πr2.\pi r^2. Their ratio is πrh+r.\frac{\pi r}{h+r}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

22.

求满足下列方程的整数对 (m,n)(m,n) 的个数:m3+6m2+5m=27n3+9n2+9n+1 \begin{aligned} m^3+6m^2+5m &=27n^3+9n^2\\ &\quad+9n+1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Find the number of pairs (m,n)(m,n) of integers which satisfy the equation m3+6m2+5m=27n3+9n2+9n+1. \begin{aligned} m^3+6m^2+5m &=27n^3+9n^2\\ &\quad+9n+1. \end{aligned}

00

11

33

99

无穷多个

infinitely many

难度评级:1860
小提示:

把左边因式分解为 m(m+1)(m+5)m(m+1)(m+5)

Factor the left side as m(m+1)(m+5)m(m+1)(m+5)

大提示:

比较等式两边模 33 的余数

Compare the two sides modulo 33

解答:

左边等于 m(m+1)(m+5)=m(m+1)(m+2)+3m(m+1) \begin{gathered} m(m+1)(m+5)\\ =m(m+1)(m+2)\\ \quad+3m(m+1) \end{gathered}\text{,}对每个整数 mm 都能被 33 整除。右边为 3(9n3+3n2+3n)+13(9n^3+3n^2+3n)+1,与 1(mod3)1\pmod3 同余。因此不存在满足方程的整数对。

因此,正确答案是 A

The left side is m(m+1)(m+5)=m(m+1)(m+2)+3m(m+1), \begin{gathered} m(m+1)(m+5)\\ =m(m+1)(m+2)\\ \quad+3m(m+1), \end{gathered} which is divisible by 33 for every integer m.m. The right side is 3(9n3+3n2+3n)+1,3(9n^3+3n^2+3n)+1, which is congruent to 1(mod3).1\pmod3. Therefore no integer pair satisfies the equation.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

23.

正四面体的顶点为 AABBCCDD,每条棱的长度都是一。点 PP 位于棱 ABAB 上,点 QQ 位于棱 CDCD 上。求 PPQQ 之间距离的最小可能值。

The edges of a regular tetrahedron with vertices A,A, B,B, C,C, and DD each have length one. Find the least possible distance between a pair of points PP and Q,Q, where PP is on edge ABAB and QQ is on edge CD.CD.

12\frac12

34\frac34

22\frac{\sqrt2}{2}

32\frac{\sqrt3}{2}

33\frac{\sqrt3}{3}

难度评级:2100
小提示:

用顶点为 (±1,±1,±1)(\pm1,\pm1,\pm1) 的对称坐标表示正四面体

Use symmetric coordinates for a regular tetrahedron with vertices (±1,±1,±1)(\pm1,\pm1,\pm1)

大提示:

参数化两条对棱上的点,并使距离的平方最小

Parameterize points on the two opposite edges and minimize the squared distance

解答:

缩放之前,取 A=(1,1,1),B=(1,1,1),C=(1,1,1),D=(1,1,1) \begin{aligned} A&=(1,1,1),\\ B&=(1,-1,-1),\\ C&=(-1,1,-1),\\ D&=(-1,-1,1) \end{aligned}\text{。}这些棱的长度为 222\sqrt2,所以按比例因子 122\frac{1}{2\sqrt2} 缩放。ABABCDCD 上的点可分别写成 P=(1,t,t)P=(1,t,t)Q=(1,u,u)Q=(-1,u,-u)。缩放前,PQ2=4+(tu)2+(t+u)2=4+2t2+2u2 \begin{aligned} PQ^2&=4+(t-u)^2+(t+u)^2\\ &=4+2t^2+2u^2 \end{aligned}\text{,}t=u=0t=u=0 时取最小值。缩放后,最小距离的平方为 48=12\frac{4}{8}=\frac{1}{2},所以距离为 22\frac{\sqrt2}{2}

因此,正确答案是 C

Before scaling, take A=(1,1,1),B=(1,1,1),C=(1,1,1),D=(1,1,1). \begin{aligned} A&=(1,1,1),\\ B&=(1,-1,-1),\\ C&=(-1,1,-1),\\ D&=(-1,-1,1). \end{aligned} These edges have length 22,2\sqrt2, so scale by 122.\frac{1}{2\sqrt2}. Points on ABAB and CDCD have forms P=(1,t,t)P=(1,t,t) and Q=(1,u,u).Q=(-1,u,-u). Before scaling, PQ2=4+(tu)2+(t+u)2=4+2t2+2u2, \begin{aligned} PQ^2&=4+(t-u)^2+(t+u)^2\\ &=4+2t^2+2u^2, \end{aligned} minimized at t=u=0.t=u=0. After scaling, the minimum squared distance is 48=12,\frac{4}{8}=\frac{1}{2}, so the distance is 22.\frac{\sqrt2}{2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

24.

若一个多边形不自交,则称其为“简单”多边形。简单四边形 ABCDABCD 的边 ABABBCBCCDCD 的长度分别为 44552020。若顶点 BBCC 处的内角均为钝角,且 sinC=cosB=35\sin C=-\cos B=\frac35,则边 ADAD 的长度为多少?

A polygon is called “simple” if it is not self-intersecting. Sides AB,AB, BC,BC, and CDCD of simple quadrilateral ABCDABCD have lengths 4,4, 5,5, and 20,20, respectively. If vertex angles BB and CC are obtuse and sinC=cosB=35,\sin C=-\cos B=\frac35, then side ADAD has length

2424

24.524.5

24.624.6

24.824.8

2525

难度评级:2040
小提示:

B=(0,0)B=(0,0)C=(5,0)C=(5,0),再利用钝角所确定的符号

Place B=(0,0)B=(0,0) and C=(5,0)C=(5,0), then use the signs forced by the obtuse angles

大提示:

根据 33-44-55 的比例确定 AADD 的坐标

Determine coordinates for AA and DD from the 33-44-55 ratios

解答:

B=(0,0)B=(0,0)C=(5,0)C=(5,0)。因为 BB 为钝角且 cosB=35-\cos B=\frac{3}{5},可取 A=4(35,45)=(125,165) \begin{aligned} A&=4(-\frac{3}{5},\frac{4}{5})\\ &=(-\frac{12}{5},\frac{16}{5}) \end{aligned}\text{。}简单四边形的构型以及 CC 处的钝角给出 D=C+20(45,35)=(21,12) \begin{aligned} D&=C+20(\frac{4}{5},\frac{3}{5})\\ &=(21,12) \end{aligned}\text{。}因此,AD=(21+125)2+(12165)2=(1175)2+(445)2=25 \begin{aligned} AD&=\sqrt{\begin{gathered} (21+\frac{12}{5})^2\\ {}+(12-\frac{16}{5})^2 \end{gathered}}\\ &=\sqrt{(\frac{117}{5})^2+(\frac{44}{5})^2}\\ &=25 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Put B=(0,0)B=(0,0) and C=(5,0).C=(5,0). Since BB is obtuse and cosB=35,-\cos B=\frac{3}{5}, we may take A=4(35,45)=(125,165). \begin{aligned} A&=4(-\frac{3}{5},\frac{4}{5})\\ &=(-\frac{12}{5},\frac{16}{5}). \end{aligned} The simple configuration and the obtuse angle at CC give D=C+20(45,35)=(21,12). \begin{aligned} D&=C+20(\frac{4}{5},\frac{3}{5})\\ &=(21,12). \end{aligned} Thus AD=(21+125)2+(12165)2=(1175)2+(445)2=25. \begin{aligned} AD&=\sqrt{\begin{gathered} (21+\frac{12}{5})^2\\ {}+(12-\frac{16}{5})^2 \end{gathered}}\\ &=\sqrt{(\frac{117}{5})^2+(\frac{44}{5})^2}\\ &=25. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

25.

x+12x+\frac12 除多项式 x8x^8 时,商与余数分别为 q1(x)q_1(x)r1r_1;再用 x+12x+\frac12q1(x)q_1(x) 时,商与余数分别为 q2(x)q_2(x)r2r_2。那么 r2r_2 等于

If q1(x)q_1(x) and r1r_1 are the quotient and remainder, respectively, when the polynomial x8x^8 is divided by x+12,x+\frac12, and if q2(x)q_2(x) and r2r_2 are the quotient and remainder, respectively, when q1(x)q_1(x) is divided by x+12,x+\frac12, then r2r_2 equals

1256\frac1{256}

116-\frac1{16}

11

16-16

256256

难度评级:2040
小提示:

a=12a=-\frac12,利用 x8a8x^8-a^8 表示第一次相除所得的商

Let a=12a=-\frac12 and express the first quotient using x8a8x^8-a^8

大提示:

x=ax=a 处对 q1(x)q_1(x) 应用余式定理

Apply the remainder theorem to q1(x)q_1(x) at x=ax=a

解答:

a=12a=-\frac{1}{2}。因为第一次相除的余数为 a8a^8,所以 q1(x)=x8a8xa=x7+ax6++a7 \begin{aligned} q_1(x)&=\frac{x^8-a^8}{x-a}\\ &=x^7+ax^6+\cdots+a^7 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此第二次相除的余数为 q1(a)=8a7=8(12)7=116 \begin{aligned} q_1(a)&=8a^7\\ &=8(-\frac{1}{2})^7\\ &=-\frac{1}{16} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Let a=12.a=-\frac{1}{2}. Since the first remainder is a8,a^8, q1(x)=x8a8xa=x7+ax6++a7. \begin{aligned} q_1(x)&=\frac{x^8-a^8}{x-a}\\ &=x^7+ax^6+\cdots+a^7. \end{aligned} Therefore the second remainder is q1(a)=8a7=8(12)7=116. \begin{aligned} q_1(a)&=8a^7\\ &=8(-\frac{1}{2})^7\\ &=-\frac{1}{16}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

26.

函数 ff 对每一对实数 xxyy 都满足函数方程 f(x)+f(y)=f(x+y)xy1 f(x)+f(y)=f(x+y)-xy-1\text{。}f(1)=1f(1)=1,则满足 n1n\ne1f(n)=nf(n)=n 的整数有多少个?

The function ff satisfies the functional equation f(x)+f(y)=f(x+y)xy1 f(x)+f(y)=f(x+y)-xy-1 for every pair x,x, yy of real numbers. If f(1)=1,f(1)=1, then the number of integers n1n\ne1 for which f(n)=nf(n)=n is

00

11

22

33

无穷多个

infinite

难度评级:2200
小提示:

令一个变量等于 11,得到整数自变量相邻两项的递推关系

Set one variable equal to 11 to get a recurrence for consecutive integer inputs

大提示:

先求 f(0)f(0),再利用递推关系求出所有整数自变量对应的函数值,最后令 f(n)=nf(n)=n

Find f(0)f(0), solve the recurrence for all integers, and then impose f(n)=nf(n)=n

解答:

x=1x=1,得到 f(y+1)f(y)=y+2f(y+1)-f(y)=y+2。令 x=y=0x=y=0,得到 f(0)=1f(0)=-1。向两个方向延拓递推关系,可得对每个整数 nnf(n)=n2+3n22 f(n)=\frac{n^2+3n-2}{2}\text{。}因而 f(n)=nf(n)=n 等价于 n2+n2=(n+2)(n1)=0 \begin{aligned} n^2+n-2&=(n+2)(n-1)\\ &=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}整数解为 n=2n=-2n=1n=1,排除 11 后恰好剩一个。

因此,正确答案是 B

Setting x=1x=1 gives f(y+1)f(y)=y+2.f(y+1)-f(y)=y+2. Setting x=y=0x=y=0 gives f(0)=1.f(0)=-1. Extending the recurrence in both directions yields, for every integer n,n, f(n)=n2+3n22. f(n)=\frac{n^2+3n-2}{2}. Thus f(n)=nf(n)=n is equivalent to n2+n2=(n+2)(n1)=0. \begin{aligned} n^2+n-2&=(n+2)(n-1)\\ &=0. \end{aligned} The integer solutions are n=2n=-2 and n=1,n=1, and after excluding 11 exactly one remains.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

27.

从所有整数有序对 (b,c)(b,c) 中等可能地随机选取一对,其中两个整数的绝对值都不超过五。方程 x2+bx+c=0x^2+bx+c=0 没有两个不同的正实根的概率是多少?

An ordered pair (b,c)(b,c) of integers, each of which has absolute value less than or equal to five, is chosen at random, with each such ordered pair having an equal likelihood of being chosen. What is the probability that the equation x2+bx+c=0x^2+bx+c=0 will not have distinct positive real roots?

106121\frac{106}{121}

108121\frac{108}{121}

110121\frac{110}{121}

112121\frac{112}{121}

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:2200
小提示:

有两个不同的正实根要求 b<0b\lt0c>0c\gt0b2>4cb^2\gt4c

Distinct positive roots require b<0,b\lt0, c>0,c\gt0, and b2>4cb^2\gt4c

大提示:

分别计算 b=1b=-1b=2b=-2\ldotsb=5b=-5 时符合条件的 cc 的个数,再从 121121 对中取补集

Count the qualifying cc values for each b=1,b=-1, b=2,b=-2, ,\ldots, b=5,b=-5, then take the complement among 121121 pairs

解答:

共有 112=12111^2=121 个有序对。要有两个不同的正实根,必须有 b<0b\lt0c>0c\gt0b2>4cb^2\gt4c。当 b=1b=-1b=2b=-2 时没有可选值;当 b=3b=-3b=4b=-4b=5b=-5 时,分别有 223355 个可选的 cc。因此只有 1010 个有序对会产生两个不同的正实根,所求概率为 110121=111121 1-\frac{10}{121}=\frac{111}{121}\text{,}该数不在选项中。

因此,正确答案是 E

There are 112=12111^2=121 ordered pairs. Distinct positive roots require b<0,b\lt0, c>0,c\gt0, and b2>4c.b^2\gt4c. For b=1b=-1 and b=2b=-2 there are no choices; for b=3,b=-3, b=4,b=-4, and b=5b=-5 there are respectively 2,2, 3,3, and 55 choices of c.c. Thus only 1010 pairs produce distinct positive roots, so the requested probability is 110121=111121, 1-\frac{10}{121}=\frac{111}{121}, which is not listed.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

28.

AABBCC 为圆心的三个圆半径均为 rr,其中 1<r<21\lt r\lt2。任意两个圆心之间的距离都是 22。设 BB' 是圆 AA 与圆 CC 位于圆 BB 外部的交点,CC' 是圆 AA 与圆 BB 位于圆 CC 外部的交点,则 BCB'C' 的长度等于

Circles with centers A,A, B,B, and CC each have radius r,r, where 1<r<2.1\lt r\lt2. The distance between each pair of centers is 2.2. If BB' is the point of intersection of circle AA and circle CC which is outside circle B,B, and if CC' is the point of intersection of circle AA and circle BB which is outside circle C,C, then length BCB'C' equals

3r23r-2

r2r^2

r+3(r1)r+\sqrt{3(r-1)}

1+3(r21)1+\sqrt{3(r^2-1)}

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:2200
小提示:

引入位于圆 AA 外部的类似点 AA';由对称性,ABCA'B'C' 是等边三角形

Introduce the analogous point AA' outside circle AA; symmetry makes ABCA'B'C' equilateral

大提示:

利用共同的重心以及边长为 rrrr22 的等腰三角形的高 r21\sqrt{r^2-1}

Use the common centroid and the altitude r21\sqrt{r^2-1} of an isosceles triangle with sides r,r, r,r, and 22

解答:

AA' 为以 BBCC 为圆心的两圆在外侧的对应交点。那么 ABCA'B'C'ABCABC 是同心的等边三角形。设 KK 为它们的共同重心,MMBCBC 的中点,则 AM=r21,MK=33,AK=233 \begin{aligned} A'M&=\sqrt{r^2-1},\\ MK&=\frac{\sqrt3}{3},\\ AK&=\frac{2\sqrt3}{3} \end{aligned}\text{。}由相似性,BC2=AKAK=r21+33233 \begin{aligned} \frac{B'C'}2&=\frac{A'K}{AK}\\ &=\frac{\sqrt{r^2-1}+\frac{\sqrt3}{3}} {\frac{2\sqrt3}{3}} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 BC=1+3(r21)B'C'=1+\sqrt{3(r^2-1)}

因此,正确答案是 D

Let AA' be the analogous outer intersection of the circles centered at BB and C.C. Then ABCA'B'C' and ABCABC are concentric equilateral triangles. If KK is their common centroid and MM is the midpoint of BC,BC, then AM=r21,MK=33,AK=233. \begin{aligned} A'M&=\sqrt{r^2-1},\\ MK&=\frac{\sqrt3}{3},\\ AK&=\frac{2\sqrt3}{3}. \end{aligned} Similarity gives BC2=AKAK=r21+33233. \begin{aligned} \frac{B'C'}2&=\frac{A'K}{AK}\\ &=\frac{\sqrt{r^2-1}+\frac{\sqrt3}{3}} {\frac{2\sqrt3}{3}}. \end{aligned} Hence BC=1+3(r21).B'C'=1+\sqrt{3(r^2-1)}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

29.

对于每个正数 xx,定义 f(x)=(x+1x)6(x6+1x6)2(x+1x)3+(x3+1x3) f(x)= \frac{\begin{gathered} \left(x+\frac1x\right)^6\\ {}-\left(x^6+\frac1{x^6}\right)-2 \end{gathered}} {\begin{gathered} \left(x+\frac1x\right)^3\\ {}+\left(x^3+\frac1{x^3}\right) \end{gathered}}\text{。}f(x)f(x) 的最小值为

For each positive number x,x, let f(x)=(x+1x)6(x6+1x6)2(x+1x)3+(x3+1x3). f(x)= \frac{\begin{gathered} \left(x+\frac1x\right)^6\\ {}-\left(x^6+\frac1{x^6}\right)-2 \end{gathered}} {\begin{gathered} \left(x+\frac1x\right)^3\\ {}+\left(x^3+\frac1{x^3}\right) \end{gathered}}. The minimum value of f(x)f(x) is

11

22

33

44

66

难度评级:2100
小提示:

t=x+1xt=x+\frac{1}{x},并把 x3+x3x^3+x^{-3} 表示成 tt 的式子

Set t=x+1xt=x+\frac{1}{x} and write x3+x3x^3+x^{-3} in terms of tt

大提示:

把分子因式分解为平方差,再利用 x+1x2x+\frac{1}{x}\ge2

Factor the numerator as a difference of squares, then use x+1x2x+\frac{1}{x}\ge2

解答:

t=x+1xt=x+\frac{1}{x}u=x3+x3=t33tu=x^3+x^{-3}=t^3-3t。因为 x6+x6=u22x^6+x^{-6}=u^2-2,所以分子为 t6u2=(t3u)(t3+u)=3t(t3+u) \begin{aligned} t^6-u^2&=(t^3-u)(t^3+u)\\ &=3t(t^3+u) \end{aligned}\text{。}分母为 t3+ut^3+u,所以 f(x)=3t=3(x+1x)f(x)=3t=3(x+\frac{1}{x})。当 x>0x\gt0 时,x+1x2x+\frac{1}{x}\ge2,且在 x=1x=1 时取等号。因此最小值为 66

因此,正确答案是 E

Let t=x+1xt=x+\frac{1}{x} and u=x3+x3=t33t.u=x^3+x^{-3}=t^3-3t. Since x6+x6=u22,x^6+x^{-6}=u^2-2, the numerator is t6u2=(t3u)(t3+u)=3t(t3+u). \begin{aligned} t^6-u^2&=(t^3-u)(t^3+u)\\ &=3t(t^3+u). \end{aligned} The denominator is t3+u,t^3+u, so f(x)=3t=3(x+1x).f(x)=3t=3(x+\frac{1}{x}). For x>0,x\gt0, x+1x2,x+\frac{1}{x}\ge2, with equality at x=1.x=1. Thus the minimum is 6.6.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

30.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,EE 是边 BCBC 的中点,DD 位于边 ACAC 上。若 ACAC 的长度为 11,且 BAC=60\angle BAC=60^\circABC=100\angle ABC=100^\circACB=20\angle ACB=20^\circDEC=80\angle DEC=80^\circ,则 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积加上 CDE\triangle CDE 面积的两倍等于

In ABC,\triangle ABC, EE is the midpoint of side BCBC and DD is on side AC.AC. If the length of ACAC is 11 and BAC=60,\angle BAC=60^\circ, ABC=100,\angle ABC=100^\circ, ACB=20,\angle ACB=20^\circ, and DEC=80,\angle DEC=80^\circ, then the area of ABC\triangle ABC plus twice the area of CDE\triangle CDE equals

14cos10\frac14\cos10^\circ

38\frac{\sqrt3}{8}

14cos40\frac14\cos40^\circ

14cos50\frac14\cos50^\circ

18\frac18

难度评级:2200
小提示:

延长 ABABFF,使 AF=ACAF=AC,从而构造等边三角形

Extend ABAB to FF so that AF=ACAF=AC, creating an equilateral triangle

大提示:

BFBF 上取点 GG,使 BCG=20\angle BCG=20^\circ;比较 BCG\triangle BCGDCE\triangle DCE

Choose GG on BFBF with BCG=20\angle BCG=20^\circ; compare BCG\triangle BCG with DCE\triangle DCE

解答:

ABAB 经过 BB 延长至 FF,使 AF=AC=1AF=AC=1。则 ACF\triangle ACF 为等边三角形。在 BFBF 上取点 GG,使 BCG=20\angle BCG=20^\circ。由角度条件可得 FGCABC\triangle FGC\cong\triangle ABC,且 BCGDCE\triangle BCG\sim\triangle DCE。因为 EEBCBC 的中点,所以相似比为 22,从而 [BCG]=4[CDE] [BCG]=4[CDE]\text{。}分割这个等边三角形可得 34=2[ABC]+4[CDE] \frac{\sqrt3}{4} =2[ABC]+4[CDE]\text{。}两边除以 22,得到 [ABC]+2[CDE]=38[ABC]+2[CDE]=\frac{\sqrt3}{8}

因此,正确答案是 B

Extend ABAB through BB to FF with AF=AC=1.AF=AC=1. Then ACF\triangle ACF is equilateral. Choose GG on BFBF so that BCG=20.\angle BCG=20^\circ. The angle conditions give FGCABC,\triangle FGC\cong\triangle ABC, while BCGDCE.\triangle BCG\sim\triangle DCE. Since EE is the midpoint of BC,BC, the similarity scale is 2,2, so [BCG]=4[CDE]. [BCG]=4[CDE]. Decomposing the equilateral triangle gives 34=2[ABC]+4[CDE]. \frac{\sqrt3}{4} =2[ABC]+4[CDE]. Dividing by 22 yields [ABC]+2[CDE]=38.[ABC]+2[CDE]=\frac{\sqrt3}{8}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.