2000 AIME I 第 1 题

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1.

求最小正整数 nn,使得无论怎样把 10n10^n 表示为两个正整数的乘积,这两个整数中至少有一个含有数字 00

Find the least positive integer nn such that no matter how 10n10^n is expressed as the product of any two positive integers, at least one of these two integers contains the digit 0.0.

答案:8
知识点:质因数分解数字
难度评级:2110
解答:

任意因式分解可写为 10n=(2x5y)(2nx5ny)10^n = (2^x 5^y)(2^{n-x} 5^{n-y})。若某因子同时被 2255 整除,它就是 1010 的倍数,末位为 00。所以,要使两个因子都不含数字零,唯一可能的分解是 10n=2n5n10^n = 2^n \cdot 5^n,我们要找最小的 nn,使得 2n2^n5n5^n 含有数字 00

21,,282^1, \ldots, 2^82,4,8,16,32,64,128,2562, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256,均不含零。51,,575^1, \ldots, 5^75,25,125,6255, 25, 125, 6253125,15625,781253125, 15625, 78125,均不含零,但 58=3906255^8 = 390625 含有 00

因此 10810^8 的每个分解都含有一个带数字 00 的因子,而 107=2757=1287812510^7 = 2^7 \cdot 5^7 = 128 \cdot 78125 不满足条件。答案是 88

Every factorization is 10n=(2x5y)(2nx5ny).10^n = (2^x 5^y)(2^{n-x} 5^{n-y}). If a factor is divisible by both 22 and 5,5, it is a multiple of 1010 and ends in the digit 0.0. So the only possible zero-free factorization is 10n=2n5n,10^n = 2^n \cdot 5^n, and we need the least nn for which 2n2^n or 5n5^n contains a digit 0.0.

The powers 21,,282^1, \ldots, 2^8 are 2,4,8,16,32,64,128,2562, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 — no zeros. The powers 51,,575^1, \ldots, 5^7 are 5,25,125,625,5, 25, 125, 625, 3125,15625,781253125, 15625, 78125 — no zeros — but 58=3906255^8 = 390625 contains a 0.0.

Hence every factorization of 10810^8 contains a digit 0,0, while 107=2757=1287812510^7 = 2^7 \cdot 5^7 = 128 \cdot 78125 does not, so the answer is 8.8.

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