1997 AIME 第 1 题

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1.

1110001000(含端点)的整数中,有多少个可以表示为两个非负整数平方的差?

How many of the integers between 11 and 1000,1000, inclusive, can be expressed as the difference of the squares of two nonnegative integers?

答案:750
知识点:平方差奇偶性
难度评级:1890
小提示:

分解 a2b2=(ab)(a+b)a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b),并注意这两个因子奇偶性总是相同

Factor a2b2=(ab)(a+b)a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b) and note the two factors always have the same parity

大提示:

奇数和 44 的倍数都可以表示成这种形式;比 44 的倍数多 22 的数则不能

Odd numbers and multiples of 44 are all achievable; numbers that are 22 more than a multiple of 44 are not

解答:

n=a2b2=(ab)(a+b)n = a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b)。两个因子 aba - ba+ba + b 相差偶数 2b2b,所以它们奇偶性相同。如果二者都是奇数,则 nn 是奇数;如果二者都是偶数,则 nn 能被 44 整除。因此,没有整数 n2(mod4)n \equiv 2 \pmod 4 能表示为两个平方的差。

反过来,每个奇数 2k+12k + 1 都等于 (k+1)2k2(k+1)^2 - k^2;每个 44 的倍数(设为 4k4k)都等于 (k+1)2(k1)2(k+1)^2 - (k-1)^2(因为 k1k \ge 1,所以 k10k - 1 \ge 0)。

1110001000 之间有 500500 个奇数和 25025044 的倍数,总数为 500+250=750500 + 250 = 750

Write n=a2b2=(ab)(a+b).n = a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b). The factors aba - b and a+ba + b differ by the even number 2b,2b, so they have the same parity. If both are odd, nn is odd; if both are even, nn is divisible by 4.4. Hence no integer n2(mod4)n \equiv 2 \pmod 4 is a difference of two squares.

Conversely, every odd number 2k+12k + 1 equals (k+1)2k2,(k+1)^2 - k^2, and every multiple of 4,4, say 4k,4k, equals (k+1)2(k1)2(k+1)^2 - (k-1)^2 (with k10k - 1 \ge 0 since k1k \ge 1).

Between 11 and 10001000 there are 500500 odd numbers and 250250 multiples of 4,4, for a total of 500+250=750.500 + 250 = 750.

完整试卷

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