1997 AIME 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
从 到 (含端点)的整数中,有多少个可以表示为两个非负整数平方的差?
How many of the integers between and inclusive, can be expressed as the difference of the squares of two nonnegative integers?
小提示:
分解 ,并注意这两个因子奇偶性总是相同
Factor and note the two factors always have the same parity
大提示:
奇数和 的倍数都可以表示成这种形式;比 的倍数多 的数则不能
Odd numbers and multiples of are all achievable; numbers that are more than a multiple of are not
解答:
设 。两个因子 和 相差偶数 ,所以它们奇偶性相同。如果二者都是奇数,则 是奇数;如果二者都是偶数,则 能被 整除。因此,没有整数 能表示为两个平方的差。
反过来,每个奇数 都等于 ;每个 的倍数(设为 )都等于 (因为 ,所以 )。
在 到 之间有 个奇数和 个 的倍数,总数为 。
Write The factors and differ by the even number so they have the same parity. If both are odd, is odd; if both are even, is divisible by Hence no integer is a difference of two squares.
Conversely, every odd number equals and every multiple of say equals (with since ).
Between and there are odd numbers and multiples of for a total of
2.
一个 棋盘上的九条横线和九条竖线共形成 个矩形,其中有 个是正方形。分数 可以写成 的形式,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
The nine horizontal and nine vertical lines on an checkerboard form rectangles, of which are squares. The number can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
一个矩形由从 条横线中选 条、从 条竖线中选 条决定
A rectangle is determined by choosing of the horizontal lines and of the vertical lines
大提示:
的正方形有 个;将 到 的情形相加
There are squares of size sum over to
解答:
一个矩形由选取两条横线和两条竖线决定,所以 。
一个 的正方形可以放在 个位置,因此
所以 ,已经是最简分数,于是 。
A rectangle is determined by choosing two of the nine horizontal lines and two of the nine vertical lines, so
A square can be placed in positions, so
Then which is in lowest terms, so
3.
萨拉本来要把一个两位数和一个三位数相乘,但她漏写了乘号,只把两位数写在三位数左边,形成一个五位数。这个五位数恰好是她本应得到的乘积的九倍。求这两个数的和。
Sarah intended to multiply a two-digit number and a three-digit number, but she left out the multiplication sign and simply placed the two-digit number to the left of the three-digit number, thereby forming a five-digit number. This number is exactly nine times the product Sarah should have obtained. What is the sum of the two-digit number and the three-digit number?
小提示:
若两位数为 ,三位数为 ,则形成的五位数是
If the two-digit number is and the three-digit number is the five-digit number is
大提示:
将 改写为 ;由于 ,因子 必须整除
Rewrite as since the factor must divide
解答:
设 为两位数, 为三位数。条件为 ,整理得 。由于 ,数 必须整除 。
当 是两位数时, 从 到 ,且 。在这个范围内,与 模 同余的 的唯一因数是 ,所以 ,且 ,确实是三位数。检验:。
所求的和为 。
Let be the two-digit number and the three-digit number. The condition is which rearranges to Since the number must divide
For a two-digit runs from to and The only divisor of in that range congruent to modulo is giving and which is indeed a three-digit number. Check:
The requested sum is
4.
半径为 、、,和 的四个圆两两外切,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Circles of radii and are mutually externally tangent, where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
两个半径为 的圆心相距 ,另外两个圆心都在这条线段的垂直平分线上
The two radius- centers are apart, and the other two centers both lie on the perpendicular bisector of that segment
大提示:
直角三角形给出它们到中点的距离分别为 和 ;先排除圆心位于中点两侧的情形,再将两段距离相减
Right triangles give midpoint distances and rule out opposite sides before subtracting them
解答:
设两个半径为 的圆心为 和 ,则 ,并设 为中点。半径为 的圆的圆心 满足 ,所以 在 的垂直平分线上,且到 的距离为 。同理,第四个半径为 的圆的圆心 也在同一条垂直平分线上,且 ,所以 。
圆心 与 不可能位于 两侧:否则有 ,于是 ,但平方后会得到 ,这与 矛盾。 也不可能位于 的外侧,因为此时 会推出 ,与 不相容。因此 位于 和 之间;它与半径为 的圆外切,故 因此 ,平方得 ,所以 ,即 。
因此 。
Let the radius- circles have centers and so and let be the midpoint. The radius- circle’s center satisfies so lies on the perpendicular bisector of at distance from Likewise the fourth circle, of radius has its center on the same perpendicular bisector with so
The centers and cannot lie on opposite sides of that would give hence but squaring would yield contrary to Nor can lie beyond since then would force which is incompatible with Thus lies between and and external tangency to the radius- circle gives Then and squaring yields so and
Thus
5.
数 可以表示成四位小数 ,其中 、、、 表示数字,任何一个都可以为零。现在希望用一个分子为 或 、分母为整数的分数来近似 。最接近 的这种分数是 。 可能有多少个值?
The number can be expressed as a four-place decimal where and represent digits, any of which could be zero. It is desired to approximate by a fraction whose numerator is or and whose denominator is an integer. The closest such fraction to is What is the number of possible values for
小提示:
找出在 两侧、分子为 或 且最接近它的分数
Find the fractions with numerator or closest to on each side
大提示:
与 的距离必须分别小于它与 及 的距离,所以它位于中点 和 之间;数出这个范围内的四位小数
must be closer to than to or count four-place decimals between and
解答:
在分子为 或 的分数中, 下方最近的候选是 (注意 ),上方最近的候选是 (注意 );它们之间没有其他候选分数。因此, 恰好是距离 最近的分数,当且仅当 与 的距离比它与 及 的距离都小,也就是 严格位于下列两个中点之间:以及
这个区间内的四位小数为 ,共有 个。
Among fractions with numerator or the closest neighbors of are below (note ) and above (note ); no other candidate lies between them. So is the unique closest fraction to exactly when is closer to than to both and i.e. when lies strictly between the midpoints and
The four-place decimals in that interval are and there are of them.
6.
点 位于正 边形 的外部,且 是等边三角形。若 、、 是某个正多边形的连续三个顶点,求 的最大值。
Point is in the exterior of the regular -sided polygon and is an equilateral triangle. What is the largest value of for which and are consecutive vertices of a regular polygon?
小提示:
在 处, 边形的内角、 角和 合起来是
The -gon’s interior angle, the angle, and together fill at
大提示:
令 等于正 边形的内角,可得 ,所以 必须整除
Setting equal to the interior angle of a regular -gon gives so must divide
解答:
因为 在 边形外部,所以 处的三个角:内角 、等边三角形的角 ,以及 ,合起来是一整圈。因此 又因为这两条边都等于 边形的边长,所以 。
若 、、 是正 边形的连续顶点,则这个角必须等于该正 边形的内角:,化简得 ,所以 。
因此 必须整除 。最大选择为 ,即 (此时 )。
Since is outside the -gon, the angles at — the interior angle the equilateral angle and — fill a full revolution, so Also since both equal the side of the -gon.
For to be consecutive vertices of a regular -gon, this angle must be the -gon’s interior angle: which simplifies to so
Thus must divide and the largest choice is i.e. (with ).
7.
一辆汽车在一条又长又直的道路上向正东行驶,速度为每分钟 英里。同时,一个半径为 英里的圆形风暴以每分钟 英里的速度向东南方向移动。在 时,风暴中心在汽车正北方 英里处。在 分钟时,汽车进入风暴圆;在 分钟时,汽车离开风暴圆。求 。
A car travels due east at mile per minute on a long, straight road. At the same time, a circular storm, whose radius is miles, moves southeast at mile per minute. At time the center of the storm is miles due north of the car. At time minutes, the car enters the storm circle, and at time minutes, the car leaves the storm circle. Find
小提示:
建立坐标:汽车在 ,风暴中心在
Set up coordinates: the car is at and the storm center at
大提示:
进入和离开发生在距离平方等于 时;这会得到关于 的二次方程,所以用韦达定理求
Entering and leaving happen when the squared distance equals that is a quadratic in so use Vieta’s formulas for
解答:
令汽车在 时位于原点,正东为 轴正方向,正北为 轴正方向。时刻 时,汽车位置为 ,风暴中心向东南移动,速度 的分量为向东 、向南 ,所以位置为 。
汽车在风暴边界上时,两者距离平方为 :也就是 ,即 。
两个根为 和 ,所以由韦达定理 ,从而 。
Put the car at the origin at with east as the positive -direction and north as the positive -direction. At time the car is at and the storm center, moving southeast at speed (components east and south), is at
The car is on the storm boundary when the squared distance is that is or
The roots are and so by Vieta’s formulas and
8.
有多少个不同的 数组,其每个元素都是 或 ,并且每一行元素之和为 ,每一列元素之和也为 ?
How many different arrays whose entries are all ’s and ’s have the property that the sum of the entries in each row is and the sum of the entries in each column is
小提示:
用每行中放 的那一对列来记录该行,并按第 行与第 行的重叠情况分类
Record each row by the pair of columns holding its ’s, and split into cases by how row overlaps row
大提示:
当第 行和第 行共有 、 或 列时,分别数第 和第 行有多少种补完方式
When rows and share or columns, count how many ways rows and can finish the columns
解答:
每一行必须含有两个 和两个 ,所以可用这一行中含 的那一对列来表示;每一列最终必须被恰好两行选中。第 行有 种选择。按第 行与第 行的重叠情况分类。
如果第 行使用同一对列( 种),那么这两列已满,第 行和第 行都必须使用互补的一对列,共有 种补完。如果第 行使用互补的一对列( 种),那么目前每列都有一个 ,所以第 行和第 行只需彼此互补:第 行有 种选择,第 行随之确定,共 种补完。如果第 行与第 行恰好共用一列( 种),那么一列已满,两列已有一个 ,一列为空;第 行和第 行都必须取空列以及两个半满列中的一个,所以有 种补完。
总数为 。
Each row must contain two ’s and two ’s, so identify each row with the pair of columns holding its ’s; each column must end up chosen by exactly two rows. There are choices for row Classify by how row overlaps row
If row uses the same pair ( way), those two columns are full, so rows and must both use the complementary pair: completion. If row uses the complementary pair ( way), every column has one so far, so rows and need only be a complementary pair themselves: choices for row row forced, giving completions. If row shares exactly one column with row ( ways), one column is full, two have one and one is empty; rows and must each take the empty column together with one of the two half-filled columns, so there are completions.
The total is
9.
给定一个非负实数 ,令 表示 的小数部分;也就是说,,其中 表示不超过 的最大整数。设 为正数,,且 。求 的值。
Given a nonnegative real number let denote the fractional part of that is, where denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to Suppose that is positive, and Find the value of
小提示:
因为 且 ,条件等价于
Since and the condition says
大提示:
三次方程 有因式,对应根 ;反复用 化简
The cubic factors with root use repeatedly to reduce
解答:
由 得 ,所以 ,从而 ,同时 。条件变为 ,即 ,它可分解为 因为 ,所以 ,也就是黄金比例;确实有 ,位于 内。
反复使用 :, ,且 。又由 得 。
因此 。
From we get so and while The condition becomes i.e. which factors as Since we get the golden ratio, and indeed lies in
Using repeatedly: and Also from
Therefore
10.
一副牌中的每张牌都画有一种图形:圆形、正方形或三角形;并且涂成三种颜色之一:红色、蓝色或绿色。此外,每种颜色还使用三种深浅之一:浅色、中等或深色。整副牌有 张,每一种图形、颜色、深浅的组合各有一张。若三张牌组成的集合满足以下所有条件,则称为互补:
• 三张牌的图形要么各不相同,要么全都相同。
• 三张牌的颜色要么各不相同,要么全都相同。
• 三张牌的深浅要么各不相同,要么全都相同。
有多少个不同的、由三张牌组成的互补集合?
Every card in a deck has a picture of one shape — circle, square, or triangle, which is painted in one of the three colors — red, blue, or green. Furthermore, each color is applied in one of three shades — light, medium, or dark. The deck has cards, with every shape-color-shade combination represented. A set of three cards from the deck is called complementary if all of the following statements are true:
• Either each of the three cards has a different shape or all three of the cards have the same shape.
• Either each of the three cards has a different color or all three of the cards have the same color.
• Either each of the three cards has a different shade or all three of the cards have the same shade.
How many different complementary three-card sets are there?
小提示:
检查任意两张不同的牌都恰好能由唯一的第三张牌补成互补集合
Check that any two distinct cards are completed to a complementary set by exactly one third card
大提示:
先数牌的成对选择,再判断同一个三张牌集合会由多少对牌产生
Count pairs of cards, then figure out how many different pairs give rise to the same three-card set
解答:
给定任意两张不同的牌,恰好有一张牌能把它们补成互补集合:在每个属性上,如果两张牌相同,第三张牌必须也取相同值;如果两张牌不同,第三张牌必须取剩下的那个值。补出的牌不同于原来的两张牌,因为原来的两张牌至少在某个属性上不同,而在这个属性上第三张牌与二者都不同。
因此 对牌各自延伸成一个互补集合,而每个互补集合由其中的 对牌产生。集合数为 。
Given any two distinct cards, there is exactly one card completing them to a complementary set: in each attribute, if the two cards agree, the third card must share that value, and if they differ, the third must take the one remaining value. The completing card is distinct from both (the two given cards differ somewhere, and in that attribute the third card differs from each).
So the pairs of cards each extend to one complementary set, and each complementary set is produced by of these pairs. The number of sets is
11.
令 求不超过 的最大整数。
Let What is the greatest integer that does not exceed
小提示:
分子分母同乘 ,并用积化和差公式裂项求和
Multiply numerator and denominator by and telescope using product-to-sum identities
大提示:
和差化积会把结果化为 ,再用半角公式精确求值
Sum-to-product turns the result into which the half-angle formula evaluates exactly
解答:
分子分母同乘 。由于 ,且 ,两边的求和都会裂项相消:最后一步使用了和差化积公式。
由半角公式,。因为 ,所以 。因此,不超过 的最大整数是 。
Multiply numerator and denominator by Since and both sums telescope: using the sum-to-product identities in the last step.
By the half-angle formula, Since we have Therefore the greatest integer not exceeding is
12.
函数 定义为 ,其中 、、、 是非零实数。它满足 、,并且除自变量等于 时外,对所有可取的自变量都有 。求唯一不在 值域中的数。
The function defined by where and are nonzero real numbers, has the properties and for all values except Find the unique number that is not in the range of
小提示:
表示 是自己的反函数;比较系数会推出
means is its own inverse; comparing coefficients forces
大提示:
和 是 的根,而缺失的值是水平渐近线
and are the roots of and the missing value is the horizontal asymptote
解答:
复合可得 ,它恒等于 时,必须有 。由于 ,得到 ,所以 。
不动点满足 ,即 ,其根为 和 。由韦达定理,,所以 。
最后, 在值域中当且仅当 有解,也就是 。除非 ,否则可解出 ;而当 时,右边 非零(否则这个分式线性表达式会退化,与它有两个不同的不动点矛盾)。所以唯一不在值域中的数是 。
Composing, and this equals identically only if Since we get so
A fixed point satisfies i.e. whose roots are and By Vieta’s formulas, so
Finally, is in the range exactly when has a solution, i.e. This solves for unless and when the right side is nonzero (otherwise the fractional-linear expression would be degenerate, contrary to its two distinct fixed points). So the unique number not in the range is
13.
令 为笛卡尔平面中满足 的点集。如果用可忽略粗细的铁丝做出 的模型,则所需铁丝总长度为 ,其中 和 是正整数,且 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 。
Let be the set of points in the Cartesian plane that satisfy If a model of were built from wire of negligible thickness, then the total length of wire required would be where and are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime number. Find
小提示:
当 时,表达式 等于 ,当 时,它等于
For the expression equals and for it equals
大提示:
图形是若干菱形 的并;数出可能的中心,再乘以一个菱形的周长
The graph is a union of diamonds count the possible centers and multiply by one diamond’s perimeter
解答:
令 ,则方程为 。函数 是偶函数。当 时:在 上, ,所以 ;在 上,;当 时,,已经太大。因此在相关范围内,,其中 是这四个值中最接近 的一个。
因此 是以下 个曼哈顿圆的并:它们只在孤立点相交。每个都是对角线长为 的正方形(菱形),所以边长为 ,周长为 。
总长度为 ,所以 。
Let so the equation is The function is even, and for on so on and for which is too large. So on the relevant range, where is the nearest of those four values to
Therefore is the union of the taxicab circles which meet only at isolated points. Each is a square (diamond) with diagonal hence side and perimeter
The total length is so
14.
令 和 为从方程 的根中随机选取且互不相同的两个根。设 为满足 的概率,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Let and be distinct, randomly chosen roots of the equation Let be the probability that where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
固定 ;若 ,则
Fix if then
大提示:
因为 ,数出满足 或 的
Since count with or
解答:
由旋转对称性,可以固定 ,令 ,其中 在 中均匀取值。于是 又因为 ,所以阈值为 。
条件 恰好在 与 或 的距离不超过 时成立,即 或 。共有 个有利的 。
概率为 ,且 是素数,所以 。
By rotational symmetry we may fix and let with uniform in Then Also so the threshold is
The condition holds exactly when is within of or of i.e. or That gives favorable values of
The probability is and is prime, so
15.
矩形 的边长为 和 。画一个等边三角形,使得三角形没有任何点落在 外。这样的三角形的最大可能面积可以写成 的形式,其中 、、 是正整数,且 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 。
The sides of rectangle have lengths and An equilateral triangle is drawn so that no point of the triangle lies outside The maximum possible area of such a triangle can be written in the form where and are positive integers, and is not divisible by the square of any prime number. Find
小提示:
最大的三角形是倾斜的,其中一个顶点在矩形的一个角上,另外两个顶点在远侧的两条边上
The largest triangle is tilted, with one vertex at a corner of the rectangle and the other two on the far sides
大提示:
若边长为 ,并与长为 的边成 角,则 且 ;解出
With side tilted above the length- side, and solve for
解答:
通过反射或旋转,不妨设等边三角形的一条边与矩形长为 的边成角 。在这种朝向下,边长为 的三角形在水平方向和竖直方向的跨度分别为 和 。因此 第一个上界随 增大,第二个上界则减小,所以二者相等时,它们的较小值最大。把一个顶点放在矩形的一角,另外两个顶点分别放在远侧的两条边上,即可达到这个上界,此时
两式相除得 ,展开左边:,所以 (约为 ,是合法的倾角)。于是
面积为 ,确实超过了边长为 的不倾斜三角形。因此 。
By reflecting or rotating the configuration, take one side of the equilateral triangle to make an angle with the length- side of the rectangle. A triangle of side in this orientation has horizontal and vertical spans and respectively. Hence The first bound increases with and the second decreases, so their minimum is largest when they are equal. This bound is attainable by putting one vertex at a corner and the other two on the far sides, giving
Dividing, and expanding the left side gives so (about a legal tilt). Then
The area is which indeed beats the untilted triangle of side Thus