1997 AIME 真题

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1.

1110001000(含端点)的整数中,有多少个可以表示为两个非负整数平方的差?

How many of the integers between 11 and 1000,1000, inclusive, can be expressed as the difference of the squares of two nonnegative integers?

答案:750
知识点:平方差奇偶性
难度评级:1890
小提示:

分解 a2b2=(ab)(a+b)a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b),并注意这两个因子奇偶性总是相同

Factor a2b2=(ab)(a+b)a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b) and note the two factors always have the same parity

大提示:

奇数和 44 的倍数都可以表示成这种形式;比 44 的倍数多 22 的数则不能

Odd numbers and multiples of 44 are all achievable; numbers that are 22 more than a multiple of 44 are not

解答:

n=a2b2=(ab)(a+b)n = a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b)。两个因子 aba - ba+ba + b 相差偶数 2b2b,所以它们奇偶性相同。如果二者都是奇数,则 nn 是奇数;如果二者都是偶数,则 nn 能被 44 整除。因此,没有整数 n2(mod4)n \equiv 2 \pmod 4 能表示为两个平方的差。

反过来,每个奇数 2k+12k + 1 都等于 (k+1)2k2(k+1)^2 - k^2;每个 44 的倍数(设为 4k4k)都等于 (k+1)2(k1)2(k+1)^2 - (k-1)^2(因为 k1k \ge 1,所以 k10k - 1 \ge 0)。

1110001000 之间有 500500 个奇数和 25025044 的倍数,总数为 500+250=750500 + 250 = 750

Write n=a2b2=(ab)(a+b).n = a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b). The factors aba - b and a+ba + b differ by the even number 2b,2b, so they have the same parity. If both are odd, nn is odd; if both are even, nn is divisible by 4.4. Hence no integer n2(mod4)n \equiv 2 \pmod 4 is a difference of two squares.

Conversely, every odd number 2k+12k + 1 equals (k+1)2k2,(k+1)^2 - k^2, and every multiple of 4,4, say 4k,4k, equals (k+1)2(k1)2(k+1)^2 - (k-1)^2 (with k10k - 1 \ge 0 since k1k \ge 1).

Between 11 and 10001000 there are 500500 odd numbers and 250250 multiples of 4,4, for a total of 500+250=750.500 + 250 = 750.

2.

一个 8×88 \times 8 棋盘上的九条横线和九条竖线共形成 rr 个矩形,其中有 ss 个是正方形。分数 sr\frac{s}{r} 可以写成 mn\frac{m}{n} 的形式,其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

The nine horizontal and nine vertical lines on an 8×88 \times 8 checkerboard form rr rectangles, of which ss are squares. The number sr\frac{s}{r} can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:125
难度评级:1890
小提示:

一个矩形由从 99 条横线中选 22 条、从 99 条竖线中选 22 条决定

A rectangle is determined by choosing 22 of the 99 horizontal lines and 22 of the 99 vertical lines

大提示:

k×kk \times k 的正方形有 (9k)2(9 - k)^2 个;将 k=1k = 188 的情形相加

There are (9k)2(9 - k)^2 squares of size k×k;k \times k; sum over k=1k = 1 to 88

解答:

一个矩形由选取两条横线和两条竖线决定,所以 r=(92)2=362=1296r = \binom{9}{2}^2 = 36^2 = 1296

一个 k×kk \times k 的正方形可以放在 (9k)2(9 - k)^2 个位置,因此 s=k=18(9k)2=82+72++12=89176=204 \begin{aligned} s &= \sum_{k=1}^{8} (9 - k)^2 \\ &= 8^2 + 7^2 + \cdots + 1^2 \\ &= \frac{8 \cdot 9 \cdot 17}{6} = 204 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以 sr=2041296=17108\frac{s}{r} = \frac{204}{1296} = \frac{17}{108},已经是最简分数,于是 m+n=17+108=125m + n = 17 + 108 = 125

A rectangle is determined by choosing two of the nine horizontal lines and two of the nine vertical lines, so r=(92)2=362=1296.r = \binom{9}{2}^2 = 36^2 = 1296.

A k×kk \times k square can be placed in (9k)2(9 - k)^2 positions, so s=k=18(9k)2=82+72++12=89176=204. \begin{aligned} s &= \sum_{k=1}^{8} (9 - k)^2 \\ &= 8^2 + 7^2 + \cdots + 1^2 \\ &= \frac{8 \cdot 9 \cdot 17}{6} = 204. \end{aligned}

Then sr=2041296=17108,\frac{s}{r} = \frac{204}{1296} = \frac{17}{108}, which is in lowest terms, so m+n=17+108=125.m + n = 17 + 108 = 125.

3.

萨拉本来要把一个两位数和一个三位数相乘,但她漏写了乘号,只把两位数写在三位数左边,形成一个五位数。这个五位数恰好是她本应得到的乘积的九倍。求这两个数的和。

Sarah intended to multiply a two-digit number and a three-digit number, but she left out the multiplication sign and simply placed the two-digit number to the left of the three-digit number, thereby forming a five-digit number. This number is exactly nine times the product Sarah should have obtained. What is the sum of the two-digit number and the three-digit number?

答案:126
难度评级:2110
小提示:

若两位数为 aa,三位数为 bb,则形成的五位数是 1000a+b1000a + b

If the two-digit number is aa and the three-digit number is b,b, the five-digit number is 1000a+b1000a + b

大提示:

1000a+b=9ab1000a + b = 9ab 改写为 b(9a1)=1000ab(9a - 1) = 1000a;由于 gcd(9a1,a)=1\gcd(9a - 1, a) = 1,因子 9a19a - 1 必须整除 10001000

Rewrite 1000a+b=9ab1000a + b = 9ab as b(9a1)=1000a;b(9a - 1) = 1000a; since gcd(9a1,a)=1,\gcd(9a - 1, a) = 1, the factor 9a19a - 1 must divide 10001000

解答:

aa 为两位数,bb 为三位数。条件为 1000a+b=9ab1000a + b = 9ab,整理得 b(9a1)=1000ab(9a - 1) = 1000a。由于 gcd(9a1,a)=1\gcd(9a - 1, a) = 1,数 9a19a - 1 必须整除 10001000

aa 是两位数时,9a19a - 18989890890,且 9a18(mod9)9a - 1 \equiv 8 \pmod 9。在这个范围内,与 8899 同余的 10001000 的唯一因数是 125125,所以 a=14a = 14,且 b=100014125=112b = \frac{1000 \cdot 14}{125} = 112,确实是三位数。检验:14112=91411214112 = 9 \cdot 14 \cdot 112

所求的和为 14+112=12614 + 112 = 126

Let aa be the two-digit number and bb the three-digit number. The condition is 1000a+b=9ab,1000a + b = 9ab, which rearranges to b(9a1)=1000a.b(9a - 1) = 1000a. Since gcd(9a1,a)=1,\gcd(9a - 1, a) = 1, the number 9a19a - 1 must divide 1000.1000.

For a two-digit a,a, 9a19a - 1 runs from 8989 to 890,890, and 9a18(mod9).9a - 1 \equiv 8 \pmod 9. The only divisor of 10001000 in that range congruent to 88 modulo 99 is 125,125, giving a=14a = 14 and b=100014125=112,b = \frac{1000 \cdot 14}{125} = 112, which is indeed a three-digit number. Check: 14112=914112.14112 = 9 \cdot 14 \cdot 112.

The requested sum is 14+112=126.14 + 112 = 126.

4.

半径为 555588,和 mn\frac{m}{n} 的四个圆两两外切,其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Circles of radii 5,5, 5,5, 8,8, and mn\frac{m}{n} are mutually externally tangent, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:17
难度评级:2390
小提示:

两个半径为 55 的圆心相距 1010,另外两个圆心都在这条线段的垂直平分线上

The two radius-55 centers are 1010 apart, and the other two centers both lie on the perpendicular bisector of that segment

大提示:

直角三角形给出它们到中点的距离分别为 1212r2+10r\sqrt{r^2 + 10r};先排除圆心位于中点两侧的情形,再将两段距离相减

Right triangles give midpoint distances 1212 and r2+10r;\sqrt{r^2 + 10r}; rule out opposite sides before subtracting them

解答:

设两个半径为 55 的圆心为 P1P_1P2P_2,则 P1P2=5+5=10P_1P_2 = 5 + 5 = 10,并设 MM 为中点。半径为 88 的圆的圆心 QQ 满足 QP1=QP2=13QP_1 = QP_2 = 13,所以 QQP1P2\overline{P_1P_2} 的垂直平分线上,且到 MM 的距离为 13252=12\sqrt{13^2 - 5^2} = 12。同理,第四个半径为 rr 的圆的圆心 RR 也在同一条垂直平分线上,且 RP1=5+rRP_1 = 5 + r,所以 RM=(5+r)225RM = \sqrt{(5+r)^2 - 25} =r2+10r= \sqrt{r^2 + 10r}

圆心 QQRR 不可能位于 MM 两侧:否则有 12+RM=8+r12 + RM = 8 + r,于是 RM=r4RM = r - 4,但平方后会得到 18r=1618r = 16,这与 r4r \ge 4 矛盾。RR 也不可能位于 QQ 的外侧,因为此时 RM12=8+rRM - 12 = 8 + r 会推出 RM=r+20RM = r + 20,与 RM2=r2+10rRM^2 = r^2 + 10r 不相容。因此 RR 位于 MMQQ 之间;它与半径为 88 的圆外切,故 12r2+10r=8+r12 - \sqrt{r^2 + 10r} = 8 + r\text{。}因此 r2+10r=4r\sqrt{r^2 + 10r} = 4 - r,平方得 r2+10r=168r+r2r^2 + 10r = 16 - 8r + r^2,所以 18r=1618r = 16,即 r=89r = \frac{8}{9}

因此 m+n=8+9=17m + n = 8 + 9 = 17

Let the radius-55 circles have centers P1P_1 and P2,P_2, so P1P2=5+5=10,P_1P_2 = 5 + 5 = 10, and let MM be the midpoint. The radius-88 circle’s center QQ satisfies QP1=QP2=13,QP_1 = QP_2 = 13, so QQ lies on the perpendicular bisector of P1P2\overline{P_1P_2} at distance 13252=12\sqrt{13^2 - 5^2} = 12 from M.M. Likewise the fourth circle, of radius r,r, has its center RR on the same perpendicular bisector with RP1=5+r,RP_1 = 5 + r, so RM=(5+r)225RM = \sqrt{(5+r)^2 - 25} =r2+10r.= \sqrt{r^2 + 10r}.

The centers QQ and RR cannot lie on opposite sides of M:M: that would give 12+RM=8+r,12 + RM = 8 + r, hence RM=r4,RM = r - 4, but squaring would yield 18r=16,18r = 16, contrary to r4.r \ge 4. Nor can RR lie beyond Q,Q, since then RM12=8+rRM - 12 = 8 + r would force RM=r+20,RM = r + 20, which is incompatible with RM2=r2+10r.RM^2 = r^2 + 10r. Thus RR lies between MM and Q,Q, and external tangency to the radius-88 circle gives 12r2+10r=8+r.12 - \sqrt{r^2 + 10r} = 8 + r. Then r2+10r=4r,\sqrt{r^2 + 10r} = 4 - r, and squaring yields r2+10r=168r+r2,r^2 + 10r = 16 - 8r + r^2, so 18r=1618r = 16 and r=89.r = \frac{8}{9}.

Thus m+n=8+9=17.m + n = 8 + 9 = 17.

5.

rr 可以表示成四位小数 0.abcd0.abcd,其中 aabbccdd 表示数字,任何一个都可以为零。现在希望用一个分子为 1122、分母为整数的分数来近似 rr。最接近 rr 的这种分数是 27\frac{2}{7}rr 可能有多少个值?

The number rr can be expressed as a four-place decimal 0.abcd,0.abcd, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd represent digits, any of which could be zero. It is desired to approximate rr by a fraction whose numerator is 11 or 22 and whose denominator is an integer. The closest such fraction to rr is 27.\frac{2}{7}. What is the number of possible values for r?r?

答案:417
难度评级:2450
小提示:

找出在 27\frac{2}{7} 两侧、分子为 1122 且最接近它的分数

Find the fractions with numerator 11 or 22 closest to 27\frac{2}{7} on each side

大提示:

rr27\frac{2}{7} 的距离必须分别小于它与 14\frac{1}{4}13\frac{1}{3} 的距离,所以它位于中点 1556\frac{15}{56}1342\frac{13}{42} 之间;数出这个范围内的四位小数

rr must be closer to 27\frac{2}{7} than to 14\frac{1}{4} or 13;\frac{1}{3}; count four-place decimals between 1556\frac{15}{56} and 1342\frac{13}{42}

解答:

在分子为 1122 的分数中,270.2857\frac{2}{7} \approx 0.2857 下方最近的候选是 14=0.25\frac{1}{4} = 0.25(注意 28=14\frac{2}{8} = \frac{1}{4}),上方最近的候选是 130.3333\frac{1}{3} \approx 0.3333(注意 26=13\frac{2}{6} = \frac{1}{3});它们之间没有其他候选分数。因此,27\frac{2}{7} 恰好是距离 rr 最近的分数,当且仅当 rr27\frac{2}{7} 的距离比它与 14\frac{1}{4}13\frac{1}{3} 的距离都小,也就是 rr 严格位于下列两个中点之间:12(14+27)=1556=0.26785 \begin{aligned} \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{4} + \frac{2}{7}\right) &= \frac{15}{56} \\ &= 0.26785\ldots \end{aligned} 以及 12(27+13)=1342=0.30952 \begin{aligned} \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{2}{7} + \frac{1}{3}\right) &= \frac{13}{42} \\ &= 0.30952\ldots \end{aligned}\text{。}

这个区间内的四位小数为 0.2679,0.2680,,0.30950.2679, 0.2680, \ldots, 0.3095,共有 30952679+1=4173095 - 2679 + 1 = 417 个。

Among fractions with numerator 11 or 2,2, the closest neighbors of 270.2857\frac{2}{7} \approx 0.2857 are 14=0.25\frac{1}{4} = 0.25 below (note 28=14\frac{2}{8} = \frac{1}{4}) and 130.3333\frac{1}{3} \approx 0.3333 above (note 26=13\frac{2}{6} = \frac{1}{3}); no other candidate lies between them. So 27\frac{2}{7} is the unique closest fraction to rr exactly when rr is closer to 27\frac{2}{7} than to both 14\frac{1}{4} and 13,\frac{1}{3}, i.e. when rr lies strictly between the midpoints 12(14+27)=1556=0.26785 \begin{aligned} \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{4} + \frac{2}{7}\right) &= \frac{15}{56} \\ &= 0.26785\ldots \end{aligned} and 12(27+13)=1342=0.30952. \begin{aligned} \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{2}{7} + \frac{1}{3}\right) &= \frac{13}{42} \\ &= 0.30952\ldots. \end{aligned}

The four-place decimals in that interval are 0.2679,0.2680,,0.3095,0.2679, 0.2680, \ldots, 0.3095, and there are 30952679+1=4173095 - 2679 + 1 = 417 of them.

6.

BB 位于正 nn 边形 A1A2AnA_1A_2\cdots A_n 的外部,且 A1A2BA_1A_2B 是等边三角形。若 AnA_nA1A_1BB 是某个正多边形的连续三个顶点,求 nn 的最大值。

Point BB is in the exterior of the regular nn-sided polygon A1A2An,A_1A_2\cdots A_n, and A1A2BA_1A_2B is an equilateral triangle. What is the largest value of nn for which An,A_n, A1,A_1, and BB are consecutive vertices of a regular polygon?

答案:42
难度评级:2300
小提示:

A1A_1 处,nn 边形的内角、6060^\circ 角和 BA1An\angle BA_1A_n 合起来是 360360^\circ

The nn-gon’s interior angle, the 6060^\circ angle, and BA1An\angle BA_1A_n together fill 360360^\circ at A1A_1

大提示:

BA1An\angle BA_1A_n 等于正 mm 边形的内角,可得 1m=161n\frac{1}{m} = \frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{n},所以 n6n - 6 必须整除 3636

Setting BA1An\angle BA_1A_n equal to the interior angle of a regular mm-gon gives 1m=161n,\frac{1}{m} = \frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{n}, so n6n - 6 must divide 3636

解答:

因为 BBnn 边形外部,所以 A1A_1 处的三个角:内角 AnA1A2=(n2)180n\angle A_nA_1A_2 = \frac{(n-2)180^\circ}{n}、等边三角形的角 A2A1B=60\angle A_2A_1B = 60^\circ,以及 BA1An\angle BA_1A_n,合起来是一整圈。因此 BA1An=300(n2)180n=120+360n \begin{aligned} \angle BA_1A_n &= 300^\circ - \frac{(n-2)180^\circ}{n} \\ &= 120^\circ + \frac{360^\circ}{n} \end{aligned}\text{。}又因为这两条边都等于 nn 边形的边长,所以 AnA1=A1BA_nA_1 = A_1B

AnA_nA1A_1BB 是正 mm 边形的连续顶点,则这个角必须等于该正 mm 边形的内角:120+360n=180360m120^\circ + \frac{360^\circ}{n} = 180^\circ - \frac{360^\circ}{m},化简得 1m=161n\frac{1}{m} = \frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{n},所以 m=6nn6=6+36n6m = \frac{6n}{n - 6} = 6 + \frac{36}{n - 6}

因此 n6n - 6 必须整除 3636。最大选择为 n6=36n - 6 = 36,即 n=42n = 42(此时 m=7m = 7)。

Since BB is outside the nn-gon, the angles at A1A_1 — the interior angle AnA1A2=(n2)180n,\angle A_nA_1A_2 = \frac{(n-2)180^\circ}{n}, the equilateral angle A2A1B=60,\angle A_2A_1B = 60^\circ, and BA1An\angle BA_1A_n — fill a full revolution, so BA1An=300(n2)180n=120+360n. \begin{aligned} \angle BA_1A_n &= 300^\circ - \frac{(n-2)180^\circ}{n} \\ &= 120^\circ + \frac{360^\circ}{n}. \end{aligned} Also AnA1=A1B,A_nA_1 = A_1B, since both equal the side of the nn-gon.

For An,A_n, A1,A_1, BB to be consecutive vertices of a regular mm-gon, this angle must be the mm-gon’s interior angle: 120+360n=180360m,120^\circ + \frac{360^\circ}{n} = 180^\circ - \frac{360^\circ}{m}, which simplifies to 1m=161n,\frac{1}{m} = \frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{n}, so m=6nn6=6+36n6.m = \frac{6n}{n - 6} = 6 + \frac{36}{n - 6}.

Thus n6n - 6 must divide 36,36, and the largest choice is n6=36,n - 6 = 36, i.e. n=42n = 42 (with m=7m = 7).

7.

一辆汽车在一条又长又直的道路上向正东行驶,速度为每分钟 23\frac{2}{3} 英里。同时,一个半径为 5151 英里的圆形风暴以每分钟 122\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2} 英里的速度向东南方向移动。在 t=0t = 0 时,风暴中心在汽车正北方 110110 英里处。在 t=t1t = t_1 分钟时,汽车进入风暴圆;在 t=t2t = t_2 分钟时,汽车离开风暴圆。求 12(t1+t2)\frac{1}{2}(t_1 + t_2)

A car travels due east at 23\frac{2}{3} mile per minute on a long, straight road. At the same time, a circular storm, whose radius is 5151 miles, moves southeast at 122\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2} mile per minute. At time t=0,t = 0, the center of the storm is 110110 miles due north of the car. At time t=t1t = t_1 minutes, the car enters the storm circle, and at time t=t2t = t_2 minutes, the car leaves the storm circle. Find 12(t1+t2).\frac{1}{2}(t_1 + t_2).

答案:198
难度评级:2400
小提示:

建立坐标:汽车在 (2t3,0)\left(\frac{2t}{3}, 0\right),风暴中心在 (t2,110t2)\left(\frac{t}{2}, 110 - \frac{t}{2}\right)

Set up coordinates: the car is at (2t3,0)\left(\frac{2t}{3}, 0\right) and the storm center at (t2,110t2)\left(\frac{t}{2}, 110 - \frac{t}{2}\right)

大提示:

进入和离开发生在距离平方等于 51251^2 时;这会得到关于 tt 的二次方程,所以用韦达定理求 t1+t2t_1 + t_2

Entering and leaving happen when the squared distance equals 512;51^2; that is a quadratic in t,t, so use Vieta’s formulas for t1+t2t_1 + t_2

解答:

令汽车在 t=0t = 0 时位于原点,正东为 xx 轴正方向,正北为 yy 轴正方向。时刻 tt 时,汽车位置为 (2t3,0)\left(\frac{2t}{3}, 0\right),风暴中心向东南移动,速度 22\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} 的分量为向东 12\frac{1}{2}、向南 12\frac{1}{2},所以位置为 (t2,110t2)\left(\frac{t}{2}, 110 - \frac{t}{2}\right)

汽车在风暴边界上时,两者距离平方为 51251^2(2t3t2)2+(110t2)2=512\begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{2t}{3} - \frac{t}{2}\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ \left(110 - \frac{t}{2}\right)^2 = 51^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}也就是 t236+t24\frac{t^2}{36} + \frac{t^2}{4} 110t+121002601=0- 110t + 12100 - 2601 = 0,即 518t2110t+9499=0\frac{5}{18}t^2 - 110t + 9499 = 0

两个根为 t1t_1t2t_2,所以由韦达定理 t1+t2=110185=396t_1 + t_2 = \frac{110 \cdot 18}{5} = 396,从而 12(t1+t2)=198\frac{1}{2}(t_1 + t_2) = 198

Put the car at the origin at t=0,t = 0, with east as the positive xx-direction and north as the positive yy-direction. At time tt the car is at (2t3,0),\left(\frac{2t}{3}, 0\right), and the storm center, moving southeast at speed 22\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} (components 12\frac{1}{2} east and 12\frac{1}{2} south), is at (t2,110t2).\left(\frac{t}{2}, 110 - \frac{t}{2}\right).

The car is on the storm boundary when the squared distance is 512:51^2: (2t3t2)2+(110t2)2=512, \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{2t}{3} - \frac{t}{2}\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ \left(110 - \frac{t}{2}\right)^2 = 51^2, \end{aligned} that is t236+t24\frac{t^2}{36} + \frac{t^2}{4} 110t+121002601=0,- 110t + 12100 - 2601 = 0, or 518t2110t+9499=0.\frac{5}{18}t^2 - 110t + 9499 = 0.

The roots are t1t_1 and t2,t_2, so by Vieta’s formulas t1+t2=110185=396,t_1 + t_2 = \frac{110 \cdot 18}{5} = 396, and 12(t1+t2)=198.\frac{1}{2}(t_1 + t_2) = 198.

8.

有多少个不同的 4×44 \times 4 数组,其每个元素都是 111-1,并且每一行元素之和为 00,每一列元素之和也为 00

How many different 4×44 \times 4 arrays whose entries are all 11’s and 1-1’s have the property that the sum of the entries in each row is 00 and the sum of the entries in each column is 0?0?

答案:90
难度评级:2560
小提示:

用每行中放 11 的那一对列来记录该行,并按第 22 行与第 11 行的重叠情况分类

Record each row by the pair of columns holding its 11’s, and split into cases by how row 22 overlaps row 11

大提示:

当第 11 行和第 22 行共有 221100 列时,分别数第 33 和第 44 行有多少种补完方式

When rows 11 and 22 share 2,2, 1,1, or 00 columns, count how many ways rows 33 and 44 can finish the columns

解答:

每一行必须含有两个 11 和两个 1-1,所以可用这一行中含 11 的那一对列来表示;每一列最终必须被恰好两行选中。第 11 行有 (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 种选择。按第 22 行与第 11 行的重叠情况分类。

如果第 22 行使用同一对列(11 种),那么这两列已满,第 33 行和第 44 行都必须使用互补的一对列,共有 11 种补完。如果第 22 行使用互补的一对列(11 种),那么目前每列都有一个 11,所以第 33 行和第 44 行只需彼此互补:第 33 行有 66 种选择,第 44 行随之确定,共 66 种补完。如果第 22 行与第 11 行恰好共用一列(22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 种),那么一列已满,两列已有一个 11,一列为空;第 33 行和第 44 行都必须取空列以及两个半满列中的一个,所以有 22 种补完。

总数为 6(11+16+42)=6156\,(1 \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 6 + 4 \cdot 2) = 6 \cdot 15 =90= 90

Each row must contain two 11’s and two 1-1’s, so identify each row with the pair of columns holding its 11’s; each column must end up chosen by exactly two rows. There are (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 choices for row 1.1. Classify by how row 22 overlaps row 1.1.

If row 22 uses the same pair (11 way), those two columns are full, so rows 33 and 44 must both use the complementary pair: 11 completion. If row 22 uses the complementary pair (11 way), every column has one 11 so far, so rows 33 and 44 need only be a complementary pair themselves: 66 choices for row 3,3, row 44 forced, giving 66 completions. If row 22 shares exactly one column with row 11 (22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 ways), one column is full, two have one 1,1, and one is empty; rows 33 and 44 must each take the empty column together with one of the two half-filled columns, so there are 22 completions.

The total is 6(11+16+42)=6156\,(1 \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 6 + 4 \cdot 2) = 6 \cdot 15 =90.= 90.

9.

给定一个非负实数 xx,令 x\langle x\rangle 表示 xx 的小数部分;也就是说,x=xx\langle x\rangle = x - \lfloor x\rfloor,其中 x\lfloor x\rfloor 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数。设 aa 为正数,a1=a2\langle a^{-1}\rangle = \langle a^2\rangle,且 2<a2<32 \lt a^2 \lt 3。求 a12144a1a^{12} - 144a^{-1} 的值。

Given a nonnegative real number x,x, let x\langle x\rangle denote the fractional part of x;x; that is, x=xx,\langle x\rangle = x - \lfloor x\rfloor, where x\lfloor x\rfloor denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.x. Suppose that aa is positive, a1=a2,\langle a^{-1}\rangle = \langle a^2\rangle, and 2<a2<3.2 \lt a^2 \lt 3. Find the value of a12144a1.a^{12} - 144a^{-1}.

答案:233
难度评级:2560
小提示:

因为 2<a2<32 \lt a^2 \lt 30<a1<10 \lt a^{-1} \lt 1,条件等价于 a1=a22a^{-1} = a^2 - 2

Since 2<a2<32 \lt a^2 \lt 3 and 0<a1<1,0 \lt a^{-1} \lt 1, the condition says a1=a22a^{-1} = a^2 - 2

大提示:

三次方程 a32a1=0a^3 - 2a - 1 = 0 有因式,对应根 a=1+52a = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2};反复用 a2=a+1a^2 = a + 1 化简 a12a^{12}

The cubic a32a1=0a^3 - 2a - 1 = 0 factors with root a=1+52;a = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}; use a2=a+1a^2 = a + 1 repeatedly to reduce a12a^{12}

解答:

2<a2<32 \lt a^2 \lt 32<a<3\sqrt{2} \lt a \lt \sqrt{3},所以 0<a1<10 \lt a^{-1} \lt 1,从而 a1=a1\langle a^{-1}\rangle = a^{-1},同时 a2=a22\langle a^2\rangle = a^2 - 2。条件变为 a1=a22a^{-1} = a^2 - 2,即 a32a1=0a^3 - 2a - 1 = 0,它可分解为 (a+1)(a2a1)=0(a + 1)(a^2 - a - 1) = 0\text{。}因为 a>0a \gt 0,所以 a=1+52a = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2},也就是黄金比例;确实有 a2=a+12.618a^2 = a + 1 \approx 2.618,位于 (2,3)(2, 3) 内。

反复使用 a2=a+1a^2 = a + 1a4=(a+1)2=3a+2a^4 = (a+1)^2 = 3a + 2a8=(3a+2)2a^8 = (3a+2)^2 =9(a+1)+12a+4= 9(a+1) + 12a + 4 =21a+13= 21a + 13,且 a12=a8a4a^{12} = a^8 a^4 =(21a+13)(3a+2)= (21a + 13)(3a + 2) =63(a+1)+81a+26= 63(a+1) + 81a + 26 =144a+89= 144a + 89。又由 a2=a+1a^2 = a + 1a1=a1a^{-1} = a - 1

因此 a12144a1a^{12} - 144a^{-1} =144a+89144(a1)= 144a + 89 - 144(a - 1) =89+144=233= 89 + 144 = 233

From 2<a2<32 \lt a^2 \lt 3 we get 2<a<3,\sqrt{2} \lt a \lt \sqrt{3}, so 0<a1<10 \lt a^{-1} \lt 1 and a1=a1,\langle a^{-1}\rangle = a^{-1}, while a2=a22.\langle a^2\rangle = a^2 - 2. The condition becomes a1=a22,a^{-1} = a^2 - 2, i.e. a32a1=0,a^3 - 2a - 1 = 0, which factors as (a+1)(a2a1)=0.(a + 1)(a^2 - a - 1) = 0. Since a>0,a \gt 0, we get a=1+52,a = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}, the golden ratio, and indeed a2=a+12.618a^2 = a + 1 \approx 2.618 lies in (2,3).(2, 3).

Using a2=a+1a^2 = a + 1 repeatedly: a4=(a+1)2=3a+2,a^4 = (a+1)^2 = 3a + 2, a8=(3a+2)2a^8 = (3a+2)^2 =9(a+1)+12a+4= 9(a+1) + 12a + 4 =21a+13,= 21a + 13, and a12=a8a4a^{12} = a^8 a^4 =(21a+13)(3a+2)= (21a + 13)(3a + 2) =63(a+1)+81a+26= 63(a+1) + 81a + 26 =144a+89.= 144a + 89. Also a1=a1a^{-1} = a - 1 from a2=a+1.a^2 = a + 1.

Therefore a12144a1a^{12} - 144a^{-1} =144a+89144(a1)= 144a + 89 - 144(a - 1) =89+144=233.= 89 + 144 = 233.

10.

一副牌中的每张牌都画有一种图形:圆形、正方形或三角形;并且涂成三种颜色之一:红色、蓝色或绿色。此外,每种颜色还使用三种深浅之一:浅色、中等或深色。整副牌有 2727 张,每一种图形、颜色、深浅的组合各有一张。若三张牌组成的集合满足以下所有条件,则称为互补

• 三张牌的图形要么各不相同,要么全都相同。

• 三张牌的颜色要么各不相同,要么全都相同。

• 三张牌的深浅要么各不相同,要么全都相同。

有多少个不同的、由三张牌组成的互补集合?

Every card in a deck has a picture of one shape — circle, square, or triangle, which is painted in one of the three colors — red, blue, or green. Furthermore, each color is applied in one of three shades — light, medium, or dark. The deck has 2727 cards, with every shape-color-shade combination represented. A set of three cards from the deck is called complementary if all of the following statements are true:

• Either each of the three cards has a different shape or all three of the cards have the same shape.

• Either each of the three cards has a different color or all three of the cards have the same color.

• Either each of the three cards has a different shade or all three of the cards have the same shade.

How many different complementary three-card sets are there?

答案:117
难度评级:2450
小提示:

检查任意两张不同的牌都恰好能由唯一的第三张牌补成互补集合

Check that any two distinct cards are completed to a complementary set by exactly one third card

大提示:

先数牌的成对选择,再判断同一个三张牌集合会由多少对牌产生

Count pairs of cards, then figure out how many different pairs give rise to the same three-card set

解答:

给定任意两张不同的牌,恰好有一张牌能把它们补成互补集合:在每个属性上,如果两张牌相同,第三张牌必须也取相同值;如果两张牌不同,第三张牌必须取剩下的那个值。补出的牌不同于原来的两张牌,因为原来的两张牌至少在某个属性上不同,而在这个属性上第三张牌与二者都不同。

因此 (272)=351\binom{27}{2} = 351 对牌各自延伸成一个互补集合,而每个互补集合由其中的 (32)=3\binom{3}{2} = 3 对牌产生。集合数为 3513=117\frac{351}{3} = 117

Given any two distinct cards, there is exactly one card completing them to a complementary set: in each attribute, if the two cards agree, the third card must share that value, and if they differ, the third must take the one remaining value. The completing card is distinct from both (the two given cards differ somewhere, and in that attribute the third card differs from each).

So the (272)=351\binom{27}{2} = 351 pairs of cards each extend to one complementary set, and each complementary set is produced by (32)=3\binom{3}{2} = 3 of these pairs. The number of sets is 3513=117.\frac{351}{3} = 117.

11.

x=n=144cosnn=144sinnx = \frac{\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}\text{。}求不超过 100x100x 的最大整数。

Let x=n=144cosnn=144sinn.x = \frac{\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{44} \cos n^\circ}{\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{44} \sin n^\circ}. What is the greatest integer that does not exceed 100x?100x?

答案:241
难度评级:2710
小提示:

分子分母同乘 2sin122\sin\frac{1}{2}^\circ,并用积化和差公式裂项求和

Multiply numerator and denominator by 2sin122\sin\frac{1}{2}^\circ and telescope using product-to-sum identities

大提示:

和差化积会把结果化为 cot22.5\cot 22.5^\circ,再用半角公式精确求值

Sum-to-product turns the result into cot22.5,\cot 22.5^\circ, which the half-angle formula evaluates exactly

解答:

分子分母同乘 2sin122\sin\frac{1}{2}^\circ。由于 2cosnsin122\cos n^\circ \sin\frac{1}{2}^\circ =sin(n+12)= \sin\left(n + \frac{1}{2}\right)^\circ sin(n12)- \sin\left(n - \frac{1}{2}\right)^\circ,且 2sinnsin122\sin n^\circ \sin\frac{1}{2}^\circ =cos(n12)= \cos\left(n - \frac{1}{2}\right)^\circ cos(n+12)- \cos\left(n + \frac{1}{2}\right)^\circ,两边的求和都会裂项相消:x=sin44.5sin0.5cos0.5cos44.5=2cos22.5sin222sin22.5sin22=cot22.5 \begin{aligned} x &= \frac{\sin 44.5^\circ - \sin 0.5^\circ}{\cos 0.5^\circ - \cos 44.5^\circ} \\ &= \frac{2\cos 22.5^\circ \sin 22^\circ}{2\sin 22.5^\circ \sin 22^\circ} \\ &= \cot 22.5^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}最后一步使用了和差化积公式。

由半角公式,cot22.5=1+cos45sin45=2+1\cot 22.5^\circ = \frac{1 + \cos 45^\circ}{\sin 45^\circ} = \sqrt{2} + 1。因为 1.412<2<1.4221.41^2 \lt 2 \lt 1.42^2,所以 241<1002+100<242241 \lt 100\sqrt{2} + 100 \lt 242。因此,不超过 100x100x 的最大整数是 241241

Multiply numerator and denominator by 2sin12.2\sin\frac{1}{2}^\circ. Since 2cosnsin122\cos n^\circ \sin\frac{1}{2}^\circ =sin(n+12)= \sin\left(n + \frac{1}{2}\right)^\circ sin(n12)- \sin\left(n - \frac{1}{2}\right)^\circ and 2sinnsin122\sin n^\circ \sin\frac{1}{2}^\circ =cos(n12)= \cos\left(n - \frac{1}{2}\right)^\circ cos(n+12),- \cos\left(n + \frac{1}{2}\right)^\circ, both sums telescope: x=sin44.5sin0.5cos0.5cos44.5=2cos22.5sin222sin22.5sin22=cot22.5, \begin{aligned} x &= \frac{\sin 44.5^\circ - \sin 0.5^\circ}{\cos 0.5^\circ - \cos 44.5^\circ} \\ &= \frac{2\cos 22.5^\circ \sin 22^\circ}{2\sin 22.5^\circ \sin 22^\circ} \\ &= \cot 22.5^\circ, \end{aligned} using the sum-to-product identities in the last step.

By the half-angle formula, cot22.5=1+cos45sin45=2+1.\cot 22.5^\circ = \frac{1 + \cos 45^\circ}{\sin 45^\circ} = \sqrt{2} + 1. Since 1.412<2<1.422,1.41^2 \lt 2 \lt 1.42^2, we have 241<1002+100<242.241 \lt 100\sqrt{2} + 100 \lt 242. Therefore the greatest integer not exceeding 100x100x is 241.241.

12.

函数 ff 定义为 f(x)=ax+bcx+df(x) = \frac{ax + b}{cx + d},其中 aabbccdd 是非零实数。它满足 f(19)=19f(19) = 19f(97)=97f(97) = 97,并且除自变量等于 dc\frac{-d}{c} 时外,对所有可取的自变量都有 f(f(x))=xf(f(x)) = x。求唯一不在 ff 值域中的数。

The function ff defined by f(x)=ax+bcx+d,f(x) = \frac{ax + b}{cx + d}, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are nonzero real numbers, has the properties f(19)=19,f(19) = 19, f(97)=97,f(97) = 97, and f(f(x))=xf(f(x)) = x for all values except dc.\frac{-d}{c}. Find the unique number that is not in the range of f.f.

答案:58
难度评级:2560
小提示:

f(f(x))=xf(f(x)) = x 表示 ff 是自己的反函数;比较系数会推出 d=ad = -a

f(f(x))=xf(f(x)) = x means ff is its own inverse; comparing coefficients forces d=ad = -a

大提示:

19199797cx2+(da)xb=0cx^2 + (d - a)x - b = 0 的根,而缺失的值是水平渐近线 ac\frac{a}{c}

1919 and 9797 are the roots of cx2+(da)xb=0,cx^2 + (d - a)x - b = 0, and the missing value is the horizontal asymptote ac\frac{a}{c}

解答:

复合可得 f(f(x))=(a2+bc)x+b(a+d)c(a+d)x+(bc+d2)f(f(x)) = \frac{(a^2 + bc)x + b(a + d)}{c(a + d)x + (bc + d^2)},它恒等于 xx 时,必须有 c(a+d)=0c(a + d) = 0。由于 c0c \ne 0,得到 d=ad = -a,所以 f(x)=ax+bcxaf(x) = \frac{ax + b}{cx - a}

不动点满足 cx2ax=ax+bcx^2 - ax = ax + b,即 cx22axb=0cx^2 - 2ax - b = 0,其根为 19199797。由韦达定理,19+97=2ac19 + 97 = \frac{2a}{c},所以 ac=58\frac{a}{c} = 58

最后,yy 在值域中当且仅当 y=ax+bcxay = \frac{ax + b}{cx - a} 有解,也就是 x(cya)=ay+bx(cy - a) = ay + b。除非 cya=0cy - a = 0,否则可解出 xx;而当 y=acy = \frac{a}{c} 时,右边 a2c+b=a2+bcc\frac{a^2}{c} + b = \frac{a^2 + bc}{c} 非零(否则这个分式线性表达式会退化,与它有两个不同的不动点矛盾)。所以唯一不在值域中的数是 ac=58\frac{a}{c} = 58

Composing, f(f(x))=(a2+bc)x+b(a+d)c(a+d)x+(bc+d2),f(f(x)) = \frac{(a^2 + bc)x + b(a + d)}{c(a + d)x + (bc + d^2)}, and this equals xx identically only if c(a+d)=0.c(a + d) = 0. Since c0,c \ne 0, we get d=a,d = -a, so f(x)=ax+bcxa.f(x) = \frac{ax + b}{cx - a}.

A fixed point satisfies cx2ax=ax+b,cx^2 - ax = ax + b, i.e. cx22axb=0,cx^2 - 2ax - b = 0, whose roots are 1919 and 97.97. By Vieta’s formulas, 19+97=2ac,19 + 97 = \frac{2a}{c}, so ac=58.\frac{a}{c} = 58.

Finally, yy is in the range exactly when y=ax+bcxay = \frac{ax + b}{cx - a} has a solution, i.e. x(cya)=ay+b.x(cy - a) = ay + b. This solves for xx unless cya=0;cy - a = 0; and when y=ac,y = \frac{a}{c}, the right side a2c+b=a2+bcc\frac{a^2}{c} + b = \frac{a^2 + bc}{c} is nonzero (otherwise the fractional-linear expression would be degenerate, contrary to its two distinct fixed points). So the unique number not in the range is ac=58.\frac{a}{c} = 58.

13.

SS 为笛卡尔平面中满足 x21+y21=1 \begin{aligned} &\Bigl|\bigl||x| - 2\bigr| - 1\Bigr| \\ &\quad {}+ \Bigl|\bigl||y| - 2\bigr| - 1\Bigr| = 1 \end{aligned} 的点集。如果用可忽略粗细的铁丝做出 SS 的模型,则所需铁丝总长度为 aba\sqrt{b},其中 aabb 是正整数,且 bb 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 a+ba + b

Let SS be the set of points in the Cartesian plane that satisfy x21+y21=1. \begin{aligned} &\Bigl|\bigl||x| - 2\bigr| - 1\Bigr| \\ &\quad {}+ \Bigl|\bigl||y| - 2\bigr| - 1\Bigr| = 1. \end{aligned} If a model of SS were built from wire of negligible thickness, then the total length of wire required would be ab,a\sqrt{b}, where aa and bb are positive integers and bb is not divisible by the square of any prime number. Find a+b.a + b.

答案:66
难度评级:2920
小提示:

0x20 \le x \le 2 时,表达式 x21\bigl||x| - 2\bigr| - 1 等于 1x1 - x,当 2x42 \le x \le 4 时,它等于 x3x - 3

For 0x20 \le x \le 2 the expression x21\bigl||x| - 2\bigr| - 1 equals 1x,1 - x, and for 2x42 \le x \le 4 it equals x3x - 3

大提示:

图形是若干菱形 xa+yb=1|x - a| + |y - b| = 1 的并;数出可能的中心,再乘以一个菱形的周长

The graph is a union of diamonds xa+yb=1;|x - a| + |y - b| = 1; count the possible centers and multiply by one diamond’s perimeter

解答:

f(t)=t21f(t) = \bigl|\,||t| - 2| - 1\,\bigr|,则方程为 f(x)+f(y)=1f(x) + f(y) = 1。函数 ff 是偶函数。当 t0t \ge 0 时:在 [0,2][0, 2] 上,t21=(2t)1||t| - 2| - 1 = (2 - t) - 1 =1t= 1 - t,所以 f(t)=t1f(t) = |t - 1|;在 [2,4][2, 4] 上,f(t)=t3f(t) = |t - 3|;当 t>4t \gt 4 时,f(t)=t3>1f(t) = t - 3 \gt 1,已经太大。因此在相关范围内,f(t)=taf(t) = |t - a|,其中 a{3,1,1,3}a \in \{-3, -1, 1, 3\} 是这四个值中最接近 tt 的一个。

因此 SS 是以下 1616 个曼哈顿圆的并:xa+yb=1,a,b{3,1,1,3} \begin{aligned} &|x - a| + |y - b| = 1, \\ &\qquad a, b \in \{-3, -1, 1, 3\} \end{aligned}\text{。}它们只在孤立点相交。每个都是对角线长为 22 的正方形(菱形),所以边长为 2\sqrt{2},周长为 424\sqrt{2}

总长度为 1642=64216 \cdot 4\sqrt{2} = 64\sqrt{2},所以 a+b=64+2=66a + b = 64 + 2 = 66

Let f(t)=t21,f(t) = \bigl|\,||t| - 2| - 1\,\bigr|, so the equation is f(x)+f(y)=1.f(x) + f(y) = 1. The function ff is even, and for t0:t \ge 0: on [0,2],[0, 2], t21=(2t)1||t| - 2| - 1 = (2 - t) - 1 =1t,= 1 - t, so f(t)=t1;f(t) = |t - 1|; on [2,4],[2, 4], f(t)=t3;f(t) = |t - 3|; and for t>4,t \gt 4, f(t)=t3>1,f(t) = t - 3 \gt 1, which is too large. So on the relevant range, f(t)=taf(t) = |t - a| where a{3,1,1,3}a \in \{-3, -1, 1, 3\} is the nearest of those four values to t.t.

Therefore SS is the union of the 1616 taxicab circles xa+yb=1,a,b{3,1,1,3}, \begin{aligned} &|x - a| + |y - b| = 1, \\ &\qquad a, b \in \{-3, -1, 1, 3\}, \end{aligned} which meet only at isolated points. Each is a square (diamond) with diagonal 2,2, hence side 2\sqrt{2} and perimeter 42.4\sqrt{2}.

The total length is 1642=642,16 \cdot 4\sqrt{2} = 64\sqrt{2}, so a+b=64+2=66.a + b = 64 + 2 = 66.

14.

vvww 为从方程 z19971=0z^{1997} - 1 = 0 的根中随机选取且互不相同的两个根。设 mn\frac{m}{n} 为满足 2+3v+w\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{3}} \le |v + w| 的概率,其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let vv and ww be distinct, randomly chosen roots of the equation z19971=0.z^{1997} - 1 = 0. Let mn\frac{m}{n} be the probability that 2+3v+w,\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{3}} \le |v + w|, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:582
难度评级:2920
小提示:

固定 vv;若 w=ve2πik1997w = v e^{\frac{2\pi i k}{1997}},则 v+w=2cosπk1997|v + w| = 2\left|\cos\frac{\pi k}{1997}\right|

Fix v;v; if w=ve2πik1997,w = v e^{\frac{2\pi i k}{1997}}, then v+w=2cosπk1997|v + w| = 2\left|\cos\frac{\pi k}{1997}\right|

大提示:

因为 2+3=2cos15\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{3}} = 2\cos 15^\circ,数出满足 k1997112\frac{k}{1997} \le \frac{1}{12}k19971112\frac{k}{1997} \ge \frac{11}{12}kk

Since 2+3=2cos15,\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{3}} = 2\cos 15^\circ, count kk with k1997112\frac{k}{1997} \le \frac{1}{12} or k19971112\frac{k}{1997} \ge \frac{11}{12}

解答:

由旋转对称性,可以固定 vv,令 w=ve2πik1997w = v e^{\frac{2\pi i k}{1997}},其中 kk{1,2,,1996}\{1, 2, \ldots, 1996\} 中均匀取值。于是 v+w=1+e2πik1997=2cosπk1997 \begin{aligned} |v + w| &= \left|1 + e^{\frac{2\pi i k}{1997}}\right| \\ &= 2\left|\cos\frac{\pi k}{1997}\right| \end{aligned}\text{。}又因为 (2cos15)2=2+2cos30\left(2\cos 15^\circ\right)^2 = 2 + 2\cos 30^\circ =2+3= 2 + \sqrt{3},所以阈值为 2+3=2cosπ12\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{3}} = 2\cos\frac{\pi}{12}

条件 cosπk1997cosπ12\left|\cos\frac{\pi k}{1997}\right| \ge \cos\frac{\pi}{12} 恰好在 πk1997\frac{\pi k}{1997}00π\pi 的距离不超过 π12\frac{\pi}{12} 时成立,即 k199712=166.41k \le \frac{1997}{12} = 166.41\ldotsk11199712=1830.58k \ge \frac{11 \cdot 1997}{12} = 1830.58\ldots。共有 166+166=332166 + 166 = 332 个有利的 kk

概率为 3321996=83499\frac{332}{1996} = \frac{83}{499},且 499499 是素数,所以 m+n=83+499=582m + n = 83 + 499 = 582

By rotational symmetry we may fix vv and let w=ve2πik1997w = v e^{\frac{2\pi i k}{1997}} with kk uniform in {1,2,,1996}.\{1, 2, \ldots, 1996\}. Then v+w=1+e2πik1997=2cosπk1997. \begin{aligned} |v + w| &= \left|1 + e^{\frac{2\pi i k}{1997}}\right| \\ &= 2\left|\cos\frac{\pi k}{1997}\right|. \end{aligned} Also (2cos15)2=2+2cos30\left(2\cos 15^\circ\right)^2 = 2 + 2\cos 30^\circ =2+3,= 2 + \sqrt{3}, so the threshold is 2+3=2cosπ12.\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{3}} = 2\cos\frac{\pi}{12}.

The condition cosπk1997cosπ12\left|\cos\frac{\pi k}{1997}\right| \ge \cos\frac{\pi}{12} holds exactly when πk1997\frac{\pi k}{1997} is within π12\frac{\pi}{12} of 00 or of π,\pi, i.e. k199712=166.41k \le \frac{1997}{12} = 166.41\ldots or k11199712=1830.58.k \ge \frac{11 \cdot 1997}{12} = 1830.58\ldots. That gives 166+166=332166 + 166 = 332 favorable values of k.k.

The probability is 3321996=83499,\frac{332}{1996} = \frac{83}{499}, and 499499 is prime, so m+n=83+499=582.m + n = 83 + 499 = 582.

15.

矩形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 10101111。画一个等边三角形,使得三角形没有任何点落在 ABCDABCD 外。这样的三角形的最大可能面积可以写成 pqrp\sqrt{q} - r 的形式,其中 ppqqrr 是正整数,且 qq 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 p+q+rp + q + r

The sides of rectangle ABCDABCD have lengths 1010 and 11.11. An equilateral triangle is drawn so that no point of the triangle lies outside ABCD.ABCD. The maximum possible area of such a triangle can be written in the form pqr,p\sqrt{q} - r, where p,p, q,q, and rr are positive integers, and qq is not divisible by the square of any prime number. Find p+q+r.p + q + r.

答案:554
难度评级:3160
小提示:

最大的三角形是倾斜的,其中一个顶点在矩形的一个角上,另外两个顶点在远侧的两条边上

The largest triangle is tilted, with one vertex at a corner of the rectangle and the other two on the far sides

大提示:

若边长为 ss,并与长为 1111 的边成 θ\theta 角,则 scosθ=11s\cos\theta = 11ssin(θ+60)=10s\sin(\theta + 60^\circ) = 10;解出 tanθ\tan\theta

With side ss tilted θ\theta above the length-1111 side, scosθ=11s\cos\theta = 11 and ssin(θ+60)=10;s\sin(\theta + 60^\circ) = 10; solve for tanθ\tan\theta

解答:

通过反射或旋转,不妨设等边三角形的一条边与矩形长为 1111 的边成角 0θ300\le\theta\le30^\circ。在这种朝向下,边长为 ss 的三角形在水平方向和竖直方向的跨度分别为 scosθs\cos\thetassin(θ+60)s\sin(\theta+60^\circ)。因此 smin(11cosθ,10sin(θ+60)) s\le\min\left(\frac{11}{\cos\theta}, \frac{10}{\sin(\theta+60^\circ)}\right)\text{。}第一个上界随 θ\theta 增大,第二个上界则减小,所以二者相等时,它们的较小值最大。把一个顶点放在矩形的一角,另外两个顶点分别放在远侧的两条边上,即可达到这个上界,此时 scosθ=11,ssin(θ+60)=10 \begin{aligned} s\cos\theta &= 11, \\ s\sin(\theta + 60^\circ) &= 10 \end{aligned}\text{。}

两式相除得 11sin(θ+60)=10cosθ11\sin(\theta + 60^\circ) = 10\cos\theta,展开左边:112sinθ+1132cosθ=10cosθ\frac{11}{2}\sin\theta + \frac{11\sqrt{3}}{2}\cos\theta = 10\cos\theta,所以 tanθ=2011311\tan\theta = \frac{20 - 11\sqrt{3}}{11}(约为 4.94.9^\circ,是合法的倾角)。于是 s2=121cos2θ=121(1+tan2θ)=121+(20113)2=8844403 \begin{aligned} s^2 &= \frac{121}{\cos^2\theta} \\ &= 121\left(1 + \tan^2\theta\right) \\ &= 121 + \left(20 - 11\sqrt{3}\right)^2 \\ &= 884 - 440\sqrt{3} \end{aligned}\text{。}

面积为 34s2=34(8844403)\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}s^2 = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\left(884 - 440\sqrt{3}\right) =221333052.8= 221\sqrt{3} - 330 \approx 52.8,确实超过了边长为 1010 的不倾斜三角形。因此 p+q+rp + q + r =221+3+330=554= 221 + 3 + 330 = 554

By reflecting or rotating the configuration, take one side of the equilateral triangle to make an angle 0θ300\le\theta\le30^\circ with the length-1111 side of the rectangle. A triangle of side ss in this orientation has horizontal and vertical spans scosθs\cos\theta and ssin(θ+60),s\sin(\theta+60^\circ), respectively. Hence smin(11cosθ,10sin(θ+60)). s\le\min\left(\frac{11}{\cos\theta}, \frac{10}{\sin(\theta+60^\circ)}\right). The first bound increases with θ\theta and the second decreases, so their minimum is largest when they are equal. This bound is attainable by putting one vertex at a corner and the other two on the far sides, giving scosθ=11,ssin(θ+60)=10. \begin{aligned} s\cos\theta &= 11, \\ s\sin(\theta + 60^\circ) &= 10. \end{aligned}

Dividing, 11sin(θ+60)=10cosθ,11\sin(\theta + 60^\circ) = 10\cos\theta, and expanding the left side gives 112sinθ+1132cosθ=10cosθ,\frac{11}{2}\sin\theta + \frac{11\sqrt{3}}{2}\cos\theta = 10\cos\theta, so tanθ=2011311\tan\theta = \frac{20 - 11\sqrt{3}}{11} (about 4.9,4.9^\circ, a legal tilt). Then s2=121cos2θ=121(1+tan2θ)=121+(20113)2=8844403. \begin{aligned} s^2 &= \frac{121}{\cos^2\theta} \\ &= 121\left(1 + \tan^2\theta\right) \\ &= 121 + \left(20 - 11\sqrt{3}\right)^2 \\ &= 884 - 440\sqrt{3}. \end{aligned}

The area is 34s2=34(8844403)\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}s^2 = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\left(884 - 440\sqrt{3}\right) =221333052.8,= 221\sqrt{3} - 330 \approx 52.8, which indeed beats the untilted triangle of side 10.10. Thus p+q+rp + q + r =221+3+330=554.= 221 + 3 + 330 = 554.