1997 AIME 第 13 题

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13.

令 SS 为笛卡尔平面中满足 ∣∣∣x∣−2∣−1∣+∣∣∣y∣−2∣−1∣=1 \begin{aligned} &\Bigl|\bigl||x| - 2\bigr| - 1\Bigr| \\ &\quad {}+ \Bigl|\bigl||y| - 2\bigr| - 1\Bigr| = 1 \end{aligned} 的点集。如果用可忽略粗细的铁丝做出 SS 的模型,则所需铁丝总长度为 aba\sqrt{b},其中 aa 和 bb 是正整数,且 bb 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 a+ba + b。

Let SS be the set of points in the Cartesian plane that satisfy ∣∣∣x∣−2∣−1∣+∣∣∣y∣−2∣−1∣=1. \begin{aligned} &\Bigl|\bigl||x| - 2\bigr| - 1\Bigr| \\ &\quad {}+ \Bigl|\bigl||y| - 2\bigr| - 1\Bigr| = 1. \end{aligned} If a model of SS were built from wire of negligible thickness, then the total length of wire required would be ab,a\sqrt{b}, where aa and bb are positive integers and bb is not divisible by the square of any prime number. Find a+b.a + b.

答案:66
知识点:绝对值坐标几何周长
难度评级:2920
小提示:

当 0≤x≤20 \le x \le 2 时,表达式 ∣∣x∣−2∣−1\bigl||x| - 2\bigr| - 1 等于 1−x1 - x,当 2≤x≤42 \le x \le 4 时,它等于 x−3x - 3

For 0≤x≤20 \le x \le 2 the expression ∣∣x∣−2∣−1\bigl||x| - 2\bigr| - 1 equals 1−x,1 - x, and for 2≤x≤42 \le x \le 4 it equals x−3x - 3

大提示:

图形是若干菱形 ∣x−a∣+∣y−b∣=1|x - a| + |y - b| = 1 的并;数出可能的中心,再乘以一个菱形的周长

The graph is a union of diamonds ∣x−a∣+∣y−b∣=1;|x - a| + |y - b| = 1; count the possible centers and multiply by one diamond’s perimeter

解答:

令 f(t)=∣ ∣∣t∣−2∣−1 ∣f(t) = \bigl|\,||t| - 2| - 1\,\bigr|,则方程为 f(x)+f(y)=1f(x) + f(y) = 1。函数 ff 是偶函数。当 t≥0t \ge 0 时:在 [0,2][0, 2] 上,∣∣t∣−2∣−1=(2−t)−1||t| - 2| - 1 = (2 - t) - 1 =1−t= 1 - t,所以 f(t)=∣t−1∣f(t) = |t - 1|;在 [2,4][2, 4] 上,f(t)=∣t−3∣f(t) = |t - 3|;当 t>4t \gt 4 时,f(t)=t−3>1f(t) = t - 3 \gt 1,已经太大。因此在相关范围内,f(t)=∣t−a∣f(t) = |t - a|,其中 a∈{−3,−1,1,3}a \in \{-3, -1, 1, 3\} 是这四个值中最接近 tt 的一个。

因此 SS 是以下 1616 个曼哈顿圆的并:∣x−a∣+∣y−b∣=1,a,b∈{−3,−1,1,3}。 \begin{aligned} &|x - a| + |y - b| = 1, \\ &\qquad a, b \in \{-3, -1, 1, 3\} \end{aligned}\text{。}它们只在孤立点相交。每个都是对角线长为 22 的正方形(菱形),所以边长为 2\sqrt{2},周长为 424\sqrt{2}。

总长度为 16⋅42=64216 \cdot 4\sqrt{2} = 64\sqrt{2},所以 a+b=64+2=66a + b = 64 + 2 = 66。

Let f(t)=∣ ∣∣t∣−2∣−1 ∣,f(t) = \bigl|\,||t| - 2| - 1\,\bigr|, so the equation is f(x)+f(y)=1.f(x) + f(y) = 1. The function ff is even, and for t≥0:t \ge 0: on [0,2],[0, 2], ∣∣t∣−2∣−1=(2−t)−1||t| - 2| - 1 = (2 - t) - 1 =1−t,= 1 - t, so f(t)=∣t−1∣;f(t) = |t - 1|; on [2,4],[2, 4], f(t)=∣t−3∣;f(t) = |t - 3|; and for t>4,t \gt 4, f(t)=t−3>1,f(t) = t - 3 \gt 1, which is too large. So on the relevant range, f(t)=∣t−a∣f(t) = |t - a| where a∈{−3,−1,1,3}a \in \{-3, -1, 1, 3\} is the nearest of those four values to t.t.

Therefore SS is the union of the 1616 taxicab circles ∣x−a∣+∣y−b∣=1,a,b∈{−3,−1,1,3}, \begin{aligned} &|x - a| + |y - b| = 1, \\ &\qquad a, b \in \{-3, -1, 1, 3\}, \end{aligned} which meet only at isolated points. Each is a square (diamond) with diagonal 2,2, hence side 2\sqrt{2} and perimeter 42.4\sqrt{2}.

The total length is 16⋅42=642,16 \cdot 4\sqrt{2} = 64\sqrt{2}, so a+b=64+2=66.a + b = 64 + 2 = 66.

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