1983 AIME 第 13 题

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13.

对于 {1,2,3,,n}\{1,2,3,\ldots,n\} 的每个非空子集,按以下方法定义一个唯一的交错和:先把子集中的数按递减顺序排列,再从最大的数开始,对后续各数交替做加法和减法。(例如,{1,2,4,6,9}\{1,2,4,6,9\} 的交错和是 96+42+1=69-6+4-2+1=6,而 {5}\{5\} 的交错和就是 55。)求 n=7n=7 时所有这些交错和的总和。

For {1,2,3,,n}\{1,2,3,\ldots,n\} and each of its nonempty subsets a unique alternating sum is defined as follows: Arrange the numbers in the subset in decreasing order and then, beginning with the largest, alternately add and subtract successive numbers. (For example, the alternating sum for {1,2,4,6,9}\{1,2,4,6,9\} is 96+42+1=69-6+4-2+1=6 and for {5}\{5\} it is simply 5.5.) Find the sum of all such alternating sums for n=7.n=7.

答案:448
知识点:子集双重计数二项式定理
难度评级:2650
小提示:

在所有子集中,分别计算每个数对总和的贡献

Add the contribution of each number separately over all subsets

大提示:

kk 的符号只取决于子集中大于 kk 的元素个数是偶数还是奇数

The sign of kk depends only on whether the subset contains an even or odd number of elements greater than kk

解答:

固定 kk。一旦选入 kk,比它小的 k1k-1 个元素都可以任意选择,因此产生因子 2k12^{k-1}。若恰好选入 jj 个元素,而可供选择的较大元素共有 7k7-k 个,则 kk 的符号为 (1)j(-1)^j。所以总和中 kk 的系数为 2k1j=07k(1)j(7kj)=2k1(11)7k \begin{aligned} &2^{k-1}\sum_{j=0}^{7-k} (-1)^j\binom{7-k}{j}\\ &\qquad=2^{k-1}(1-1)^{7-k} \end{aligned}\text{。}该系数等于 00(若 k<7k<7),并等于 262^6(若 k=7k=7)。因此总和为 726=4487\cdot2^6=448

Fix k.k. Once kk is included, the k1k-1 smaller elements may be chosen arbitrarily, contributing a factor of 2k1.2^{k-1}. If exactly jj of the 7k7-k larger elements are chosen, the sign of kk is (1)j.(-1)^j. Therefore the coefficient of kk in the total is 2k1j=07k(1)j(7kj)=2k1(11)7k. \begin{aligned} &2^{k-1}\sum_{j=0}^{7-k} (-1)^j\binom{7-k}{j}\\ &\qquad=2^{k-1}(1-1)^{7-k}. \end{aligned} This is 00 for k<7k<7 and 262^6 for k=7.k=7. Hence the total is 726=448.7\cdot2^6=448.

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