1985 AIME 第 13 题

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13.

数列 101101104104109109116116\ldots 中的各数均形如 an=100+n2a_n=100+n^2,其中 n=1n=12233\ldots。对每个 nn,令 dnd_nana_nan+1a_{n+1} 的最大公因数。当 nn 遍历所有正整数时,求 dnd_n 的最大值。

The numbers in the sequence 101,101, 104,104, 109,109, 116,116, \ldots are of the form an=100+n2,a_n=100+n^2, where n=1,n=1, 2,2, 3,3, .\ldots. For each n,n, let dnd_n be the greatest common divisor of ana_n and an+1.a_{n+1}. Find the maximum value of dnd_n as nn ranges through the positive integers.

答案:401
知识点:最大公约数代数变形质数
难度评级:2410
小提示:

相邻两项的公因数也整除它们的差 2n+12n+1

A common divisor of consecutive terms also divides their difference 2n+12n+1

大提示:

组合 n2+100n^2+1002n+12n+1,证明其最大公因数整除一个固定质数

Combine n2+100n^2+100 and 2n+12n+1 to show that the gcd divides a fixed prime

解答:

公因数 dnd_n 整除 an+1an=2n+1 a_{n+1}-a_n=2n+1\text{。}因此它也整除 4(n2+100)(2n+1)2+2(2n+1)=401 \begin{aligned} &4(n^2+100)-(2n+1)^2\\ &\qquad{}+2(2n+1)=401 \end{aligned}\text{。}由于 401401 是质数,dn401d_n\leq401。当 n=200n=200 时等号成立,因为 2n+1=4012n+1=401,且 n2+100=40100=100401n^2+100=40100=100\cdot401。所以最大值为 401401

A common divisor dnd_n divides an+1an=2n+1. a_{n+1}-a_n=2n+1. It therefore also divides 4(n2+100)(2n+1)2+2(2n+1)=401. \begin{aligned} &4(n^2+100)-(2n+1)^2\\ &\qquad{}+2(2n+1)=401. \end{aligned} Since 401401 is prime, dn401.d_n\leq401. Equality occurs at n=200,n=200, because 2n+1=4012n+1=401 and n2+100=40100=100401.n^2+100=40100=100\cdot401. Hence the maximum is 401.401.

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