1985 AIME 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
2.
将一个直角三角形绕一条直角边旋转,所得圆锥的体积为 。将该三角形绕另一条直角边旋转,所得圆锥的体积为 。该三角形的斜边长是多少厘米?
When a right triangle is rotated about one leg, the volume of the cone produced is When the triangle is rotated about the other leg, the volume of the cone produced is What is the length (in cm) of the hypotenuse of the triangle?
小提示:
用三角形的两条直角边 和 表示两个圆锥的体积
Write the two cone volumes in terms of the triangle’s legs and
大提示:
两个体积方程相除,即可得到两条直角边之比
Dividing the volume equations gives the ratio of the two legs
解答:
设两条直角边为 和 。适当安排对应关系,可得 两式相除得 ,因而令 ,且 。第一个方程化为 ,所以 。两条直角边分别为 和 ,因此斜边长为 。
Let the legs be and In a suitable order, Their ratio gives so write and The first equation becomes hence The legs are and so the hypotenuse is
3.
若正整数 、、 满足 ,其中 ,求 。
Find if and are positive integers which satisfy where
小提示:
展开 ,并令其虚部等于
Expand and set its imaginary part equal to
大提示:
所得方程说明正整数 是 的因数
The resulting equation shows that the positive integer divides
解答:
展开并利用 为实数,可得 由于 是质数, 或 。后一种情形要求 ,这是不可能的。因此 ,且 ,从而 。实部为
Expanding and using that is real gives Since is prime, or The latter would require which is impossible. Thus and so The real part is
4.
将一个面积为 的正方形的每条边分成 个相等的部分,再将各顶点与最靠近其对面顶点的分点连接,如图所示,从而在单位正方形内部构造一个小正方形。若小正方形(图中阴影部分)的面积恰为 ,求 的值。
A small square is constructed inside a square of area by dividing each side of the unit square into equal parts, and then connecting the vertices to the division points closest to the opposite vertices, as shown. Find the value of if the area of the small square (shaded in the figure) is exactly
小提示:
将单位正方形置于坐标平面上,并写出两条平行构造线的方程
Place the unit square on a coordinate plane and write equations for two parallel construction lines
大提示:
两条平行线之间的距离就是小正方形的边长
The distance between the parallel lines is the side length of the small square
解答:
将外正方形的四个顶点置于 、、、。其中一对构造线的方程为 另一对构造线与这一对垂直,而且两对平行线的间距相同。因此内正方形的边长为 其面积为 。所以 即 。其正根为 。
Put the outer square at One pair of construction lines has equations The other pair is perpendicular to this pair, and the two pairs have the same separation. Thus the inner square has side length and area Hence or Its positive root is
5.
一个整数数列 、、、 满足:对每个 ,都有 。若该数列前 项的和为 ,且前 项的和为 ,求前 项的和。
A sequence of integers is chosen so that for each What is the sum of the first terms of this sequence if the sum of the first terms is and the sum of the first terms is
小提示:
用 和 表示前六项
Write the first six terms in terms of and
大提示:
该数列每六项循环一次,而且每个六项组的和为
The sequence repeats every six terms, and each six-term block has sum
解答:
令 ,且 。前六项为 此后数列开始重复;这六项之和为 。由于 ,且 ,已知条件给出 因而 。又因为 ,所求和为 。
Put and The first six terms are after which the sequence repeats; these six terms sum to Since and the given equations are Thus Since the requested sum is
6.
如图所示,从三角形 的各顶点作经过同一内部点的直线,将它分成六个小三角形。其中四个三角形的面积已标在图中。求三角形 的面积。
As shown in the figure, triangle is divided into six smaller triangles by lines drawn from the vertices through a common interior point. The areas of four of these triangles are as indicated. Find the area of triangle
小提示:
将右上方未标出的面积记为 ,将左上方未标出的面积记为
Call the upper-right unlabeled area and the upper-left unlabeled area
大提示:
结合等高三角形的面积比与塞瓦定理
Use equal-altitude area ratios along the sides, together with Ceva’s theorem
解答:
将右上方和左上方两个未标出的面积分别记为 和 。由三个分边比和塞瓦定理可得 所以 。
从 引出的塞瓦线与 相交。 上两段的长度比为 。利用以 为共同顶点的两个大三角形计算同一个比值,得到 因而 。与 联立求解,得 ,且 。因此
Let the unlabeled upper-right and upper-left areas be and respectively. The three side-division ratios and Ceva’s theorem give so
The cevian from meets The ratio of the two segments of is Computing the same ratio from the two large triangles with vertex gives so Solving with yields and Therefore
7.
设正整数 、、、 满足 、,且 。求 。
Assume that and are positive integers such that and Determine
8.
下列七个数的和恰为 :现要将每个 替换为整数近似值 ,其中 ,使各 之和也为 ,并使“误差” 的最大值 尽可能小。对于这个最小的 ,求 。
The sum of the following seven numbers is exactly It is desired to replace each by an integer approximation so that the sum of the ’s is also and so that the maximum of the “errors” is as small as possible. For this minimum what is
小提示:
从七个 出发,整数和必须减少
Starting from seven ’s, the integer sum must be reduced by
大提示:
为使最大误差最小,将最小的两个 向下取整为
To minimize the worst error, round the two smallest ’s down to
解答:
取 ,且 。它们的和为 ,最大误差为 。
若 ,则 必须都等于 ,而 只能为 或 。因而它们的和至少为 ,矛盾。所以最小值为 ,且 。
Choose and The sum is and the largest error is
If then must all equal and can only be or Their sum would therefore be at least a contradiction. Thus the minimum is and
9.
在一个圆中,长度分别为 、 和 的平行弦所对的圆心角依次为 、 和 弧度,其中 。正有理数 写成最简分数后,其分子与分母之和是多少?
In a circle, parallel chords of lengths and determine central angles of and radians, respectively, where If which is a positive rational number, is expressed as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the sum of its numerator and denominator?
10.
前 个正整数中,有多少个可表示为 其中 为实数,而 表示不超过 的最大整数?
How many of the first positive integers can be expressed in the form where is a real number, and denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
小提示:
代入 ,再将 分为整数部分与小数部分
Substitute and separate into its integer and fractional parts
大提示:
求 时 的所有可能值
Determine the values of for
解答:
令 ,其中 为整数,且 。原式为 检查分界点 、、、、,可知小数部分的贡献恰可取 、、、、、。因而模 时恰有六个可取的剩余类。前 个正整数中,可表示出的数共有 个。
Let where is an integer and The expression is Checking the breakpoints shows that the fractional-part contribution takes exactly the values and Thus precisely six residue classes modulo are attainable. Among the first positive integers, this gives
11.
在 平面中,一个椭圆的两个焦点为 和 ,且该椭圆与 轴相切。它的长轴长是多少?
An ellipse has foci at and in the -plane and is tangent to the -axis. What is the length of its major axis?
小提示:
在切点处,椭圆上各点到两焦点的恒定距离和,等于 轴上点到两焦点距离之和的最小值
At tangency, the constant sum of distances is the minimum such sum for a point on the -axis
大提示:
将一个焦点关于 轴反射,把折线路径化为直线段
Reflect one focus across the -axis to turn the broken path into a straight segment
解答:
将 关于 轴反射到 。对 轴上的点 ,它到原来两个焦点的距离之和,等于从 经 到 的折线路径长度。其最小值为直线距离 相切意味着椭圆上各点到两焦点的恒定距离和恰好等于这个最小值,而这个距离和就是长轴长,所以答案为 。
Reflect across the -axis to For a point on the -axis, the sum of its distances to the original foci equals the length of a broken path from through to Its minimum is the straight-line distance Tangency means that the ellipse’s constant distance sum equals this minimum. That sum is the major-axis length, so the answer is
12.
设 、、、 是一个棱长均为 米的正四面体的四个顶点。一只虫子从顶点 出发,并遵循以下规则:每到一个顶点,它都从与该顶点相接的三条棱中等概率地选择一条,再沿这条棱爬到另一端的顶点。虫子恰好爬行 米后位于顶点 的概率为 。求 的值。
Let and be the vertices of a regular tetrahedron, each of whose edges measures meter. A bug, starting from vertex observes the following rule: at each vertex it chooses one of the three edges meeting at that vertex, each edge being equally likely to be chosen, and crawls along that edge to the vertex at its opposite end. Let be the probability that the bug is at vertex when it has crawled exactly meters. Find the value of
小提示:
令 为走 步后位于 的概率
Let be the probability of being at after steps
大提示:
从 以外的任意顶点出发,下一步走到 的概率为
From any vertex other than the probability of moving to is
解答:
令 为虫子走 步后位于 的概率。它不能停留在 ,而从其他任意顶点出发,下一步走到 的概率为 。因此 解此递推关系,得 所以 ,从而 。
Let be the probability that the bug is at after steps. It cannot stay at while from any other vertex it moves to with probability Hence Solving this recurrence gives Thus so
13.
数列 、、、、 中的各数均形如 ,其中 、、、。对每个 ,令 为 与 的最大公因数。当 遍历所有正整数时,求 的最大值。
The numbers in the sequence are of the form where For each let be the greatest common divisor of and Find the maximum value of as ranges through the positive integers.
小提示:
相邻两项的公因数也整除它们的差
A common divisor of consecutive terms also divides their difference
大提示:
组合 与 ,证明其最大公因数整除一个固定质数
Combine and to show that the gcd divides a fixed prime
解答:
公因数 整除 因此它也整除 由于 是质数,。当 时等号成立,因为 ,且 。所以最大值为 。
A common divisor divides It therefore also divides Since is prime, Equality occurs at because and Hence the maximum is
14.
在一场锦标赛中,每名选手与其他每名选手恰好比赛一场。每场比赛中,胜者得 分,负者得 分;若比赛打平,两名选手各得 分。锦标赛结束后发现,每名选手所得分数恰有一半来自与得分最低的十名选手之间的比赛。(特别地,这十名最低分选手中的每一名,都有一半的得分来自与其余九名最低分选手之间的比赛。)锦标赛共有多少名选手?
In a tournament each player played exactly one game against each of the other players. In each game the winner was awarded point, the loser got points, and each of the two players earned point if the game was a tie. After the completion of the tournament, it was found that exactly half of the points earned by each player were earned against the ten players with the least number of points. (In particular, each of the ten lowest-scoring players earned half of her or his points against the other nine of the ten.) What was the total number of players in the tournament?
小提示:
汇总得分最低的十名选手的分数,并计算他们相互之间的比赛数
Sum the scores of the ten lowest-scoring players and count their internal games
大提示:
令 为其余选手的人数,并对两组之间比赛产生的分数进行双重计数
Let be the number of other players and double-count points from games across the two groups
解答:
得分最低的十名选手相互之间的比赛共贡献 分。这是这十名选手总得分的一半,因此他们的总得分为 。所以,他们在与其余 名选手的比赛中共得到 分。
因此,其余选手在对阵最低分十人时共得到 分。根据条件,这是其余选手总得分的一半,而所有选手的总分扣除最低分十人的总分后为 。因而 得到 。若 ,最低分十人的平均得分为 分,而其余六人的平均得分只有 ,后一组不可能排名在前一组之上。因此 ,选手总数为 。
The games among the ten lowest players contribute total points. These are half of those ten players’ combined score, so their combined score is Hence they earned points in games against the other players.
The other players therefore earned points against the lowest ten. By the condition, this is half their combined score, which is Thus giving If the lowest ten average points while the other six average only impossible for the latter group to rank above them. Hence and the total number of players is
15.
如下面第一幅图所示,连接两个相邻边的中点,将三个 的正方形分别切成 和 两块。再如第二幅图所示,将这六块拼接到一个正六边形上,以便折成一个多面体。这个多面体的体积(单位:)是多少?
Three squares are each cut into two pieces and as shown in the first figure below, by joining the midpoints of two adjacent sides. These six pieces are then attached to a regular hexagon, as shown in the second figure, so as to fold into a polyhedron. What is the volume (in ) of this polyhedron?
小提示:
看出每个 是切去一个角的正方形面,而每个 正是被切下的角三角形
Recognize each as a square face with one corner cut off and each as that corner triangle
大提示:
一个经过正方体六条棱中点的平面截出正六边形,并将正方体分成两个全等部分
A plane through six edge midpoints of a cube cuts a regular hexagon and divides the cube into two congruent parts
解答:
考虑一个 的正方体,以及经过六条棱中点的平面;这六条棱连接两组互为相对的三个顶点。在坐标范围 内,该平面为 。它截出的截面是边长为 的正六边形,其边长与连接正方形相邻边中点的切割线段相同。
在正方体的三个面上,该平面留下一个切去角三角形的正方形,恰好就是 块。在另外三个面上,它留下互补的等腰直角三角形,恰好就是 块。因此,图示展开图就是该平面切分正方体所得的两部分之一。中心对称会交换这两部分,所以每部分的体积都是正方体体积的一半:
Consider a cube and the plane through the midpoints of the six edges that join opposite groups of three vertices. In coordinates this is the plane Its cross-section is a regular hexagon with side the same as the cut edge joining adjacent side midpoints.
On three faces of the cube, the plane leaves a square with a corner triangle removed, exactly piece On the other three faces, it leaves the complementary right-isosceles corner triangle, exactly piece Thus the pictured net is one of the two pieces into which this plane cuts the cube. Central symmetry interchanges the two pieces, so each has half the cube’s volume: