1985 AIME 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

x1=97x_1=97,且当 n>1n\gt1 时,令 xn=nxn1x_n=\frac{n}{x_{n-1}}。求乘积 x1x2x8x_1x_2\cdots x_8

Let x1=97,x_1=97, and for n>1n\gt1 let xn=nxn1.x_n=\frac{n}{x_{n-1}}. Calculate the product x1x2x8.x_1x_2\cdots x_8.

知识点:递推代数变形
难度评级:1610
小提示:

利用递推关系将相邻项相乘

Multiply consecutive terms using the recurrence

大提示:

将所求乘积组合为 (x1x2)(x3x4)(x5x6)(x7x8)(x_1x_2)(x_3x_4)(x_5x_6)(x_7x_8)

Group the requested product as (x1x2)(x3x4)(x5x6)(x7x8)(x_1x_2)(x_3x_4)(x_5x_6)(x_7x_8)

解答:

由递推关系可得 xn1xn=nx_{n-1}x_n=n。因此 x1x2x8=(x1x2)(x3x4)(x5x6)(x7x8)=2468=384 \begin{aligned} x_1x_2\cdots x_8 &=(x_1x_2)(x_3x_4)\\ &\quad{}\cdot(x_5x_6)(x_7x_8)\\ &=2\cdot4\cdot6\cdot8\\ &=384 \end{aligned}\text{。}

The recurrence gives xn1xn=n.x_{n-1}x_n=n. Therefore x1x2x8=(x1x2)(x3x4)(x5x6)(x7x8)=2468=384. \begin{aligned} x_1x_2\cdots x_8 &=(x_1x_2)(x_3x_4)\\ &\quad{}\cdot(x_5x_6)(x_7x_8)\\ &=2\cdot4\cdot6\cdot8\\ &=384. \end{aligned}

2.

将一个直角三角形绕一条直角边旋转,所得圆锥的体积为 800π cm3800\pi\text{ cm}^3。将该三角形绕另一条直角边旋转,所得圆锥的体积为 1920π cm31920\pi\text{ cm}^3。该三角形的斜边长是多少厘米?

When a right triangle is rotated about one leg, the volume of the cone produced is 800π cm3.800\pi\text{ cm}^3. When the triangle is rotated about the other leg, the volume of the cone produced is 1920π cm3.1920\pi\text{ cm}^3. What is the length (in cm) of the hypotenuse of the triangle?

难度评级:1890
小提示:

用三角形的两条直角边 aabb 表示两个圆锥的体积

Write the two cone volumes in terms of the triangle’s legs aa and bb

大提示:

两个体积方程相除,即可得到两条直角边之比

Dividing the volume equations gives the ratio of the two legs

解答:

设两条直角边为 aabb。适当安排对应关系,可得 13πb2a=800π,13πa2b=1920π \begin{aligned} \frac13\pi b^2a&=800\pi,\\ \frac13\pi a^2b&=1920\pi \end{aligned}\text{。}两式相除得 ab=125\frac{a}{b}=\frac{12}{5},因而令 a=12ka=12k,且 b=5kb=5k。第一个方程化为 100k3=800100k^3=800,所以 k=2k=2。两条直角边分别为 24241010,因此斜边长为 242+102=26\sqrt{24^2+10^2}=26

Let the legs be aa and b.b. In a suitable order, 13πb2a=800π,13πa2b=1920π. \begin{aligned} \frac13\pi b^2a&=800\pi,\\ \frac13\pi a^2b&=1920\pi. \end{aligned} Their ratio gives ab=125,\frac{a}{b}=\frac{12}{5}, so write a=12ka=12k and b=5k.b=5k. The first equation becomes 100k3=800,100k^3=800, hence k=2.k=2. The legs are 2424 and 10,10, so the hypotenuse is 242+102=26.\sqrt{24^2+10^2}=26.

3.

若正整数 aabbcc 满足 c=(a+bi)3107ic=(a+bi)^3-107i,其中 i2=1i^2=-1,求 cc

Find cc if a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers which satisfy c=(a+bi)3107i,c=(a+bi)^3-107i, where i2=1.i^2=-1.

难度评级:2160
小提示:

展开 (a+bi)3(a+bi)^3,并令其虚部等于 107107

Expand (a+bi)3(a+bi)^3 and set its imaginary part equal to 107107

大提示:

所得方程说明正整数 bb107107 的因数

The resulting equation shows that the positive integer bb divides 107107

解答:

展开并利用 cc 为实数,可得 b(3a2b2)=107 b(3a^2-b^2)=107\text{。}由于 107107 是质数,b=1b=1107107。后一种情形要求 3a2=114503a^2=11450,这是不可能的。因此 b=1b=1,且 3a21=1073a^2-1=107,从而 a=6a=6。实部为 c=a33ab2=21618=198 c=a^3-3ab^2=216-18=198\text{。}

Expanding and using that cc is real gives b(3a2b2)=107. b(3a^2-b^2)=107. Since 107107 is prime, b=1b=1 or 107.107. The latter would require 3a2=11450,3a^2=11450, which is impossible. Thus b=1,b=1, and 3a21=107,3a^2-1=107, so a=6.a=6. The real part is c=a33ab2=21618=198. c=a^3-3ab^2=216-18=198.

4.

将一个面积为 11 的正方形的每条边分成 nn 个相等的部分,再将各顶点与最靠近其对面顶点的分点连接,如图所示,从而在单位正方形内部构造一个小正方形。若小正方形(图中阴影部分)的面积恰为 11985\frac1{1985},求 nn 的值。

A small square is constructed inside a square of area 11 by dividing each side of the unit square into nn equal parts, and then connecting the vertices to the division points closest to the opposite vertices, as shown. Find the value of nn if the area of the small square (shaded in the figure) is exactly 11985.\frac1{1985}.

难度评级:2260
小提示:

将单位正方形置于坐标平面上,并写出两条平行构造线的方程

Place the unit square on a coordinate plane and write equations for two parallel construction lines

大提示:

两条平行线之间的距离就是小正方形的边长

The distance between the parallel lines is the side length of the small square

解答:

将外正方形的四个顶点置于 (0,0)(0,0)(1,0)(1,0)(1,1)(1,1)(0,1)(0,1)。其中一对构造线的方程为 nx(n1)y=0,nx(n1)y=1 \begin{aligned} nx-(n-1)y&=0,\\ nx-(n-1)y&=1 \end{aligned}\text{。}另一对构造线与这一对垂直,而且两对平行线的间距相同。因此内正方形的边长为 1n2+(n1)2 \frac1{\sqrt{n^2+(n-1)^2}}\text{,}其面积为 1n2+(n1)2\frac{1}{n^2+(n-1)^2}。所以 n2+(n1)2=1985 n^2+(n-1)^2=1985\text{,}n2n992=0n^2-n-992=0。其正根为 n=1+632=32n=\frac{1+63}{2}=32

Put the outer square at (0,0),(0,0), (1,0),(1,0), (1,1),(1,1), (0,1).(0,1). One pair of construction lines has equations nx(n1)y=0,nx(n1)y=1. \begin{aligned} nx-(n-1)y&=0,\\ nx-(n-1)y&=1. \end{aligned} The other pair is perpendicular to this pair, and the two pairs have the same separation. Thus the inner square has side length 1n2+(n1)2 \frac1{\sqrt{n^2+(n-1)^2}} and area 1n2+(n1)2.\frac{1}{n^2+(n-1)^2}. Hence n2+(n1)2=1985, n^2+(n-1)^2=1985, or n2n992=0.n^2-n-992=0. Its positive root is n=1+632=32.n=\frac{1+63}{2}=32.

5.

一个整数数列 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldots 满足:对每个 n3n\geq3,都有 an=an1an2a_n=a_{n-1}-a_{n-2}。若该数列前 14921492 项的和为 19851985,且前 19851985 项的和为 14921492,求前 20012001 项的和。

A sequence of integers a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, \ldots is chosen so that an=an1an2a_n=a_{n-1}-a_{n-2} for each n3.n\geq3. What is the sum of the first 20012001 terms of this sequence if the sum of the first 14921492 terms is 1985,1985, and the sum of the first 19851985 terms is 1492?1492?

难度评级:2110
小提示:

a1a_1a2a_2 表示前六项

Write the first six terms in terms of a1a_1 and a2a_2

大提示:

该数列每六项循环一次,而且每个六项组的和为 00

The sequence repeats every six terms, and each six-term block has sum 00

解答:

a1=xa_1=x,且 a2=ya_2=y。前六项为 x, y, yx, x, y, xy x,\ y,\ y-x,\ -x,\ -y,\ x-y\text{,}此后数列开始重复;这六项之和为 00。由于 14924(mod6)1492\equiv4\pmod6,且 19855(mod6)1985\equiv5\pmod6,已知条件给出 2yx=1985,yx=1492 \begin{aligned} 2y-x&=1985,\\ y-x&=1492 \end{aligned}\text{。}因而 y=493y=493。又因为 20013(mod6)2001\equiv3\pmod6,所求和为 x+y+(yx)=2y=986x+y+(y-x)=2y=986

Put a1=xa_1=x and a2=y.a_2=y. The first six terms are x, y, yx, x, y, xy, x,\ y,\ y-x,\ -x,\ -y,\ x-y, after which the sequence repeats; these six terms sum to 0.0. Since 14924(mod6)1492\equiv4\pmod6 and 19855(mod6),1985\equiv5\pmod6, the given equations are 2yx=1985,yx=1492. \begin{aligned} 2y-x&=1985,\\ y-x&=1492. \end{aligned} Thus y=493.y=493. Since 20013(mod6),2001\equiv3\pmod6, the requested sum is x+y+(yx)=2y=986.x+y+(y-x)=2y=986.

6.

如图所示,从三角形 ABCABC 的各顶点作经过同一内部点的直线,将它分成六个小三角形。其中四个三角形的面积已标在图中。求三角形 ABCABC 的面积。

As shown in the figure, triangle ABCABC is divided into six smaller triangles by lines drawn from the vertices through a common interior point. The areas of four of these triangles are as indicated. Find the area of triangle ABC.ABC.

难度评级:2440
小提示:

将右上方未标出的面积记为 xx,将左上方未标出的面积记为 yy

Call the upper-right unlabeled area xx and the upper-left unlabeled area yy

大提示:

结合等高三角形的面积比与塞瓦定理

Use equal-altitude area ratios along the sides, together with Ceva’s theorem

解答:

将右上方和左上方两个未标出的面积分别记为 xxyy。由三个分边比和塞瓦定理可得 4335x84y=1 \frac43\cdot\frac{35}{x}\cdot\frac{84}{y}=1\text{,}所以 xy=3920xy=3920

AA 引出的塞瓦线与 BCBC 相交。BCBC 上两段的长度比为 35x\frac{35}{x}。利用以 AA 为共同顶点的两个大三角形计算同一个比值,得到 35x=40+30+35x+y+84 \frac{35}{x}=\frac{40+30+35}{x+y+84}\text{,}因而 y+84=2xy+84=2x。与 xy=3920xy=3920 联立求解,得 x=70x=70,且 y=56y=56。因此 [ABC]=84+70+35+30+40+56=315 \begin{aligned} [ABC]&=84+70+35\\ &\quad{}+30+40+56=315 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Let the unlabeled upper-right and upper-left areas be xx and y,y, respectively. The three side-division ratios and Ceva’s theorem give 4335x84y=1, \frac43\cdot\frac{35}{x}\cdot\frac{84}{y}=1, so xy=3920.xy=3920.

The cevian from AA meets BC.BC. The ratio of the two segments of BCBC is 35x.\frac{35}{x}. Computing the same ratio from the two large triangles with vertex AA gives 35x=40+30+35x+y+84, \frac{35}{x}=\frac{40+30+35}{x+y+84}, so y+84=2x.y+84=2x. Solving with xy=3920xy=3920 yields x=70x=70 and y=56.y=56. Therefore [ABC]=84+70+35+30+40+56=315. \begin{aligned} [ABC]&=84+70+35\\ &\quad{}+30+40+56=315. \end{aligned}

7.

设正整数 aabbccdd 满足 a5=b4a^5=b^4c3=d2c^3=d^2,且 ca=19c-a=19。求 dbd-b

Assume that a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers such that a5=b4,a^5=b^4, c3=d2,c^3=d^2, and ca=19.c-a=19. Determine db.d-b.

难度评级:2340
小提示:

参数化方程 a5=b4a^5=b^4c3=d2c^3=d^2 的解

Parametrize the solutions of a5=b4a^5=b^4 and c3=d2c^3=d^2

大提示:

将所得差 s2t4s^2-t^4 分解因式

Factor the resulting difference s2t4s^2-t^4

解答:

比较各质因数的指数,可取正整数 sstt,使 a=t4,b=t5,c=s2,d=s3 \begin{aligned} a&=t^4,\quad b=t^5,\\ c&=s^2,\quad d=s^3 \end{aligned}\text{。}于是 (st2)(s+t2)=s2t4=19 (s-t^2)(s+t^2)=s^2-t^4=19\text{。}由于 1919 是质数,这两个因数分别为 111919,因而 s=10s=10,且 t2=9t^2=9。所以 t=3t=3,并且 db=10335=1000243=757 \begin{aligned} d-b&=10^3-3^5\\ &=1000-243=757 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Comparing prime exponents, write a=t4,b=t5,c=s2,d=s3 \begin{aligned} a&=t^4,\quad b=t^5,\\ c&=s^2,\quad d=s^3 \end{aligned} for positive integers s,s, t.t. Then (st2)(s+t2)=s2t4=19. (s-t^2)(s+t^2)=s^2-t^4=19. Since 1919 is prime, the factors are 11 and 19,19, giving s=10s=10 and t2=9.t^2=9. Thus t=3,t=3, and db=10335=1000243=757. \begin{aligned} d-b&=10^3-3^5\\ &=1000-243=757. \end{aligned}

8.

下列七个数的和恰为 1919a1=2.56,a2=2.61,a3=2.65,a4=2.71,a5=2.79,a6=2.82,a7=2.86 \begin{aligned} a_1&=2.56,\\ a_2&=2.61,\\ a_3&=2.65,\\ a_4&=2.71,\\ a_5&=2.79,\\ a_6&=2.82,\\ a_7&=2.86 \end{aligned}\text{。}现要将每个 aia_i 替换为整数近似值 AiA_i,其中 1i71\leq i\leq7,使各 AiA_i 之和也为 1919,并使“误差” Aiai|A_i-a_i| 的最大值 MM 尽可能小。对于这个最小的 MM,求 100M100M

The sum of the following seven numbers is exactly 19:19: a1=2.56,a2=2.61,a3=2.65,a4=2.71,a5=2.79,a6=2.82,a7=2.86. \begin{aligned} a_1&=2.56,\\ a_2&=2.61,\\ a_3&=2.65,\\ a_4&=2.71,\\ a_5&=2.79,\\ a_6&=2.82,\\ a_7&=2.86. \end{aligned} It is desired to replace each aia_i by an integer approximation Ai,A_i, 1i7,1\leq i\leq7, so that the sum of the AiA_i’s is also 1919 and so that M,M, the maximum of the “errors” Aiai,|A_i-a_i|, is as small as possible. For this minimum M,M, what is 100M?100M?

难度评级:2160
小提示:

从七个 33 出发,整数和必须减少 22

Starting from seven 33’s, the integer sum must be reduced by 22

大提示:

为使最大误差最小,将最小的两个 aia_i 向下取整为 22

To minimize the worst error, round the two smallest aia_i’s down to 22

解答:

A1=A2=2A_1=A_2=2,且 A3==A7=3A_3=\cdots=A_7=3。它们的和为 1919,最大误差为 A2a2=0.61|A_2-a_2|=0.61

M<0.61M\lt0.61,则 A2,,A7A_2,\ldots,A_7 必须都等于 33,而 A1A_1 只能为 2233。因而它们的和至少为 2020,矛盾。所以最小值为 M=0.61M=0.61,且 100M=61100M=61

Choose A1=A2=2A_1=A_2=2 and A3==A7=3.A_3=\cdots=A_7=3. The sum is 19,19, and the largest error is A2a2=0.61.|A_2-a_2|=0.61.

If M<0.61,M\lt0.61, then A2,,A7A_2,\ldots,A_7 must all equal 3,3, and A1A_1 can only be 22 or 3.3. Their sum would therefore be at least 20,20, a contradiction. Thus the minimum is M=0.61,M=0.61, and 100M=61.100M=61.

9.

在一个圆中,长度分别为 223344 的平行弦所对的圆心角依次为 α\alphaβ\betaα+β\alpha+\beta 弧度,其中 α+β<π\alpha+\beta\lt\pi。正有理数 cosα\cos\alpha 写成最简分数后,其分子与分母之和是多少?

In a circle, parallel chords of lengths 2,2, 3,3, and 44 determine central angles of α,\alpha, β,\beta, and α+β\alpha+\beta radians, respectively, where α+β<π.\alpha+\beta\lt\pi. If cosα,\cos\alpha, which is a positive rational number, is expressed as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the sum of its numerator and denominator?

难度评级:2410
小提示:

所对圆心角为 θ\theta 的弦长为 2Rsin(θ2)2R\sin(\frac{\theta}{2})

A chord subtending angle θ\theta has length 2Rsin(θ2)2R\sin(\frac{\theta}{2})

大提示:

x=cos(α2)x=\cos(\frac{\alpha}{2}),且 y=cos(β2)y=\cos(\frac{\beta}{2}),再消去共同的半径

Let x=cos(α2)x=\cos(\frac{\alpha}{2}) and y=cos(β2),y=\cos(\frac{\beta}{2}), then eliminate the common radius

解答:

k=12Rk=\frac{1}{2R}x=cos(α2)x=\cos(\frac{\alpha}{2}),且 y=cos(β2)y=\cos(\frac{\beta}{2})。由弦长数据可得 sinα2=2k,sinβ2=3k,sinα+β2=4k \begin{aligned} \sin\frac\alpha2&=2k,\\ \sin\frac\beta2&=3k,\\ \sin\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}&=4k \end{aligned}\text{。}和角公式给出 2y+3x=42y+3x=4。另外,1x24=1y29 \frac{1-x^2}{4}=\frac{1-y^2}{9}\text{,}所以 9x24y2=59x^2-4y^2=5。代入 y=43x2y=\frac{4-3x}{2}x=78x=\frac{7}{8}。因此 cosα=2x21=1732 \cos\alpha=2x^2-1=\frac{17}{32}\text{,}所求之和为 17+32=4917+32=49

Put k=12R,k=\frac{1}{2R}, x=cos(α2),x=\cos(\frac{\alpha}{2}), and y=cos(β2).y=\cos(\frac{\beta}{2}). The chord data give sinα2=2k,sinβ2=3k,sinα+β2=4k. \begin{aligned} \sin\frac\alpha2&=2k,\\ \sin\frac\beta2&=3k,\\ \sin\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}&=4k. \end{aligned} The addition formula yields 2y+3x=4.2y+3x=4. Also 1x24=1y29, \frac{1-x^2}{4}=\frac{1-y^2}{9}, so 9x24y2=5.9x^2-4y^2=5. Substituting y=43x2y=\frac{4-3x}{2} gives x=78.x=\frac{7}{8}. Hence cosα=2x21=1732, \cos\alpha=2x^2-1=\frac{17}{32}, and the requested sum is 17+32=49.17+32=49.

10.

10001000 个正整数中,有多少个可表示为 2x+4x+6x+8x \lfloor2x\rfloor+\lfloor4x\rfloor+\lfloor6x\rfloor+\lfloor8x\rfloor\text{,}其中 xx 为实数,而 z\lfloor z\rfloor 表示不超过 zz 的最大整数?

How many of the first 10001000 positive integers can be expressed in the form 2x+4x+6x+8x, \lfloor2x\rfloor+\lfloor4x\rfloor+\lfloor6x\rfloor+\lfloor8x\rfloor, where xx is a real number, and z\lfloor z\rfloor denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to z?z?

难度评级:2340
小提示:

代入 y=2xy=2x,再将 yy 分为整数部分与小数部分

Substitute y=2xy=2x and separate yy into its integer and fractional parts

大提示:

0r<10\leq r\lt1r+2r+3r+4r\lfloor r\rfloor+\lfloor2r\rfloor+\lfloor3r\rfloor+\lfloor4r\rfloor 的所有可能值

Determine the values of r+2r+3r+4r\lfloor r\rfloor+\lfloor2r\rfloor+\lfloor3r\rfloor+\lfloor4r\rfloor for 0r<10\leq r\lt1

解答:

y=2x=m+ry=2x=m+r,其中 mm 为整数,且 0r<10\leq r\lt1。原式为 10m+r+2r+3r+4r 10m+\lfloor r\rfloor+\lfloor2r\rfloor+\lfloor3r\rfloor+\lfloor4r\rfloor\text{。}检查分界点 r=14r=\frac{1}{4}13\frac{1}{3}12\frac{1}{2}23\frac{2}{3}34\frac{3}{4},可知小数部分的贡献恰可取 001122445566。因而模 1010 时恰有六个可取的剩余类。前 10001000 个正整数中,可表示出的数共有 1006=600100\cdot6=600 个。

Let y=2x=m+r,y=2x=m+r, where mm is an integer and 0r<1.0\leq r\lt1. The expression is 10m+r+2r+3r+4r. 10m+\lfloor r\rfloor+\lfloor2r\rfloor+\lfloor3r\rfloor+\lfloor4r\rfloor. Checking the breakpoints r=14,r=\frac{1}{4}, 13,\frac{1}{3}, 12,\frac{1}{2}, 23,\frac{2}{3}, 34\frac{3}{4} shows that the fractional-part contribution takes exactly the values 0,0, 1,1, 2,2, 4,4, 5,5, and 6.6. Thus precisely six residue classes modulo 1010 are attainable. Among the first 10001000 positive integers, this gives 1006=600.100\cdot6=600.

11.

xyxy 平面中,一个椭圆的两个焦点为 (9,20)(9,20)(49,55)(49,55),且该椭圆与 xx 轴相切。它的长轴长是多少?

An ellipse has foci at (9,20)(9,20) and (49,55)(49,55) in the xyxy-plane and is tangent to the xx-axis. What is the length of its major axis?

难度评级:2360
小提示:

在切点处,椭圆上各点到两焦点的恒定距离和,等于 xx 轴上点到两焦点距离之和的最小值

At tangency, the constant sum of distances is the minimum such sum for a point on the xx-axis

大提示:

将一个焦点关于 xx 轴反射,把折线路径化为直线段

Reflect one focus across the xx-axis to turn the broken path into a straight segment

解答:

(49,55)(49,55) 关于 xx 轴反射到 (49,55)(49,-55)。对 xx 轴上的点 PP,它到原来两个焦点的距离之和,等于从 (9,20)(9,20)PP(49,55)(49,-55) 的折线路径长度。其最小值为直线距离 (499)2+(5520)2=402+752=85 \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{(49-9)^2+(-55-20)^2}\\ &\qquad{}=\sqrt{40^2+75^2}=85 \end{aligned}\text{。}相切意味着椭圆上各点到两焦点的恒定距离和恰好等于这个最小值,而这个距离和就是长轴长,所以答案为 8585

Reflect (49,55)(49,55) across the xx-axis to (49,55).(49,-55). For a point PP on the xx-axis, the sum of its distances to the original foci equals the length of a broken path from (9,20)(9,20) through PP to (49,55).(49,-55). Its minimum is the straight-line distance (499)2+(5520)2=402+752=85. \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{(49-9)^2+(-55-20)^2}\\ &\qquad{}=\sqrt{40^2+75^2}=85. \end{aligned} Tangency means that the ellipse’s constant distance sum equals this minimum. That sum is the major-axis length, so the answer is 85.85.

12.

AABBCCDD 是一个棱长均为 11 米的正四面体的四个顶点。一只虫子从顶点 AA 出发,并遵循以下规则:每到一个顶点,它都从与该顶点相接的三条棱中等概率地选择一条,再沿这条棱爬到另一端的顶点。虫子恰好爬行 77 米后位于顶点 AA 的概率为 p=n729p=\frac{n}{729}。求 nn 的值。

Let A,A, B,B, C,C, and DD be the vertices of a regular tetrahedron, each of whose edges measures 11 meter. A bug, starting from vertex A,A, observes the following rule: at each vertex it chooses one of the three edges meeting at that vertex, each edge being equally likely to be chosen, and crawls along that edge to the vertex at its opposite end. Let p=n729p=\frac{n}{729} be the probability that the bug is at vertex AA when it has crawled exactly 77 meters. Find the value of n.n.

难度评级:2260
小提示:

pkp_k 为走 kk 步后位于 AA 的概率

Let pkp_k be the probability of being at AA after kk steps

大提示:

AA 以外的任意顶点出发,下一步走到 AA 的概率为 13\frac{1}{3}

From any vertex other than A,A, the probability of moving to AA is 13\frac{1}{3}

解答:

pkp_k 为虫子走 kk 步后位于 AA 的概率。它不能停留在 AA,而从其他任意顶点出发,下一步走到 AA 的概率为 13\frac{1}{3}。因此 pk+1=1pk3,p0=1 p_{k+1}=\frac{1-p_k}{3},\qquad p_0=1\text{。}解此递推关系,得 pk=14+34(13)k p_k=\frac14+\frac34\left(-\frac13\right)^k\text{。}所以 p7=143437=182729p_7=\frac14-\frac{3}{4\cdot3^7}=\frac{182}{729},从而 n=182n=182

Let pkp_k be the probability that the bug is at AA after kk steps. It cannot stay at A,A, while from any other vertex it moves to AA with probability 13.\frac{1}{3}. Hence pk+1=1pk3,p0=1. p_{k+1}=\frac{1-p_k}{3},\qquad p_0=1. Solving this recurrence gives pk=14+34(13)k. p_k=\frac14+\frac34\left(-\frac13\right)^k. Thus p7=143437=182729,p_7=\frac14-\frac{3}{4\cdot3^7}=\frac{182}{729}, so n=182.n=182.

13.

数列 101101104104109109116116\ldots 中的各数均形如 an=100+n2a_n=100+n^2,其中 n=1n=12233\ldots。对每个 nn,令 dnd_nana_nan+1a_{n+1} 的最大公因数。当 nn 遍历所有正整数时,求 dnd_n 的最大值。

The numbers in the sequence 101,101, 104,104, 109,109, 116,116, \ldots are of the form an=100+n2,a_n=100+n^2, where n=1,n=1, 2,2, 3,3, .\ldots. For each n,n, let dnd_n be the greatest common divisor of ana_n and an+1.a_{n+1}. Find the maximum value of dnd_n as nn ranges through the positive integers.

难度评级:2410
小提示:

相邻两项的公因数也整除它们的差 2n+12n+1

A common divisor of consecutive terms also divides their difference 2n+12n+1

大提示:

组合 n2+100n^2+1002n+12n+1,证明其最大公因数整除一个固定质数

Combine n2+100n^2+100 and 2n+12n+1 to show that the gcd divides a fixed prime

解答:

公因数 dnd_n 整除 an+1an=2n+1 a_{n+1}-a_n=2n+1\text{。}因此它也整除 4(n2+100)(2n+1)2+2(2n+1)=401 \begin{aligned} &4(n^2+100)-(2n+1)^2\\ &\qquad{}+2(2n+1)=401 \end{aligned}\text{。}由于 401401 是质数,dn401d_n\leq401。当 n=200n=200 时等号成立,因为 2n+1=4012n+1=401,且 n2+100=40100=100401n^2+100=40100=100\cdot401。所以最大值为 401401

A common divisor dnd_n divides an+1an=2n+1. a_{n+1}-a_n=2n+1. It therefore also divides 4(n2+100)(2n+1)2+2(2n+1)=401. \begin{aligned} &4(n^2+100)-(2n+1)^2\\ &\qquad{}+2(2n+1)=401. \end{aligned} Since 401401 is prime, dn401.d_n\leq401. Equality occurs at n=200,n=200, because 2n+1=4012n+1=401 and n2+100=40100=100401.n^2+100=40100=100\cdot401. Hence the maximum is 401.401.

14.

在一场锦标赛中,每名选手与其他每名选手恰好比赛一场。每场比赛中,胜者得 11 分,负者得 00 分;若比赛打平,两名选手各得 12\frac12 分。锦标赛结束后发现,每名选手所得分数恰有一半来自与得分最低的十名选手之间的比赛。(特别地,这十名最低分选手中的每一名,都有一半的得分来自与其余九名最低分选手之间的比赛。)锦标赛共有多少名选手?

In a tournament each player played exactly one game against each of the other players. In each game the winner was awarded 11 point, the loser got 00 points, and each of the two players earned 12\frac12 point if the game was a tie. After the completion of the tournament, it was found that exactly half of the points earned by each player were earned against the ten players with the least number of points. (In particular, each of the ten lowest-scoring players earned half of her or his points against the other nine of the ten.) What was the total number of players in the tournament?

难度评级:2720
小提示:

汇总得分最低的十名选手的分数,并计算他们相互之间的比赛数

Sum the scores of the ten lowest-scoring players and count their internal games

大提示:

mm 为其余选手的人数,并对两组之间比赛产生的分数进行双重计数

Let mm be the number of other players and double-count points from games across the two groups

解答:

得分最低的十名选手相互之间的比赛共贡献 (102)=45\binom{10}{2}=45 分。这是这十名选手总得分的一半,因此他们的总得分为 9090。所以,他们在与其余 mm 名选手的比赛中共得到 4545 分。

因此,其余选手在对阵最低分十人时共得到 10m4510m-45 分。根据条件,这是其余选手总得分的一半,而所有选手的总分扣除最低分十人的总分后为 (m+102)90\binom{m+10}{2}-90。因而 2(10m45)=(m+102)90 2(10m-45)=\binom{m+10}{2}-90\text{,}得到 (m6)(m15)=0(m-6)(m-15)=0。若 m=6m=6,最低分十人的平均得分为 99 分,而其余六人的平均得分只有 55,后一组不可能排名在前一组之上。因此 m=15m=15,选手总数为 10+15=2510+15=25

The games among the ten lowest players contribute (102)=45\binom{10}{2}=45 total points. These are half of those ten players’ combined score, so their combined score is 90.90. Hence they earned 4545 points in games against the other mm players.

The other players therefore earned 10m4510m-45 points against the lowest ten. By the condition, this is half their combined score, which is (m+102)90.\binom{m+10}{2}-90. Thus 2(10m45)=(m+102)90, 2(10m-45)=\binom{m+10}{2}-90, giving (m6)(m15)=0.(m-6)(m-15)=0. If m=6,m=6, the lowest ten average 99 points while the other six average only 5,5, impossible for the latter group to rank above them. Hence m=15,m=15, and the total number of players is 10+15=25.10+15=25.

15.

如下面第一幅图所示,连接两个相邻边的中点,将三个 12 cm×12 cm12\text{ cm}\times12\text{ cm} 的正方形分别切成 AABB 两块。再如第二幅图所示,将这六块拼接到一个正六边形上,以便折成一个多面体。这个多面体的体积(单位:cm3\text{cm}^3)是多少?

Three 12 cm×12 cm12\text{ cm}\times12\text{ cm} squares are each cut into two pieces AA and B,B, as shown in the first figure below, by joining the midpoints of two adjacent sides. These six pieces are then attached to a regular hexagon, as shown in the second figure, so as to fold into a polyhedron. What is the volume (in cm3\text{cm}^3) of this polyhedron?

难度评级:2720
小提示:

看出每个 AA 是切去一个角的正方形面,而每个 BB 正是被切下的角三角形

Recognize each AA as a square face with one corner cut off and each BB as that corner triangle

大提示:

一个经过正方体六条棱中点的平面截出正六边形,并将正方体分成两个全等部分

A plane through six edge midpoints of a cube cuts a regular hexagon and divides the cube into two congruent parts

解答:

考虑一个 12×12×1212\times12\times12 的正方体,以及经过六条棱中点的平面;这六条棱连接两组互为相对的三个顶点。在坐标范围 0x,y,z120\leq x,y,z\leq12 内,该平面为 x+y+z=18x+y+z=18。它截出的截面是边长为 626\sqrt2 的正六边形,其边长与连接正方形相邻边中点的切割线段相同。

在正方体的三个面上,该平面留下一个切去角三角形的正方形,恰好就是 AA 块。在另外三个面上,它留下互补的等腰直角三角形,恰好就是 BB 块。因此,图示展开图就是该平面切分正方体所得的两部分之一。中心对称会交换这两部分,所以每部分的体积都是正方体体积的一半:V=1232=864 V=\frac{12^3}{2}=864\text{。}

Consider a 12×12×1212\times12\times12 cube and the plane through the midpoints of the six edges that join opposite groups of three vertices. In coordinates 0x,y,z12,0\leq x,y,z\leq12, this is the plane x+y+z=18.x+y+z=18. Its cross-section is a regular hexagon with side 62,6\sqrt2, the same as the cut edge joining adjacent side midpoints.

On three faces of the cube, the plane leaves a square with a corner triangle removed, exactly piece A.A. On the other three faces, it leaves the complementary right-isosceles corner triangle, exactly piece B.B. Thus the pictured net is one of the two pieces into which this plane cuts the cube. Central symmetry interchanges the two pieces, so each has half the cube’s volume: V=1232=864. V=\frac{12^3}{2}=864.