1985 AIME 第 12 题

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12.

AABBCCDD 是一个棱长均为 11 米的正四面体的四个顶点。一只虫子从顶点 AA 出发,并遵循以下规则:每到一个顶点,它都从与该顶点相接的三条棱中等概率地选择一条,再沿这条棱爬到另一端的顶点。虫子恰好爬行 77 米后位于顶点 AA 的概率为 p=n729p=\frac{n}{729}。求 nn 的值。

Let A,A, B,B, C,C, and DD be the vertices of a regular tetrahedron, each of whose edges measures 11 meter. A bug, starting from vertex A,A, observes the following rule: at each vertex it chooses one of the three edges meeting at that vertex, each edge being equally likely to be chosen, and crawls along that edge to the vertex at its opposite end. Let p=n729p=\frac{n}{729} be the probability that the bug is at vertex AA when it has crawled exactly 77 meters. Find the value of n.n.

答案:182
知识点:随机游走递推基本概率
难度评级:2260
小提示:

pkp_k 为走 kk 步后位于 AA 的概率

Let pkp_k be the probability of being at AA after kk steps

大提示:

AA 以外的任意顶点出发,下一步走到 AA 的概率为 13\frac{1}{3}

From any vertex other than A,A, the probability of moving to AA is 13\frac{1}{3}

解答:

pkp_k 为虫子走 kk 步后位于 AA 的概率。它不能停留在 AA,而从其他任意顶点出发,下一步走到 AA 的概率为 13\frac{1}{3}。因此 pk+1=1pk3,p0=1 p_{k+1}=\frac{1-p_k}{3},\qquad p_0=1\text{。}解此递推关系,得 pk=14+34(13)k p_k=\frac14+\frac34\left(-\frac13\right)^k\text{。}所以 p7=143437=182729p_7=\frac14-\frac{3}{4\cdot3^7}=\frac{182}{729},从而 n=182n=182

Let pkp_k be the probability that the bug is at AA after kk steps. It cannot stay at A,A, while from any other vertex it moves to AA with probability 13.\frac{1}{3}. Hence pk+1=1pk3,p0=1. p_{k+1}=\frac{1-p_k}{3},\qquad p_0=1. Solving this recurrence gives pk=14+34(13)k. p_k=\frac14+\frac34\left(-\frac13\right)^k. Thus p7=143437=182729,p_7=\frac14-\frac{3}{4\cdot3^7}=\frac{182}{729}, so n=182.n=182.

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