1996 AIME 第 12 题

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12.

将整数 112233\ldots1010 的每个排列记为 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldotsa10a_{10},并构造和 a1a2+a3a4+a5a6+a7a8+a9a10\begin{gathered}|a_1-a_2|+|a_3-a_4|\\+|a_5-a_6|+|a_7-a_8|\\+|a_9-a_{10}|\end{gathered}\text{。}所有这些和的平均值可写成 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp+q

For each permutation a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, ,\ldots, a10a_{10} of the integers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 10,10, form the sum a1a2+a3a4+a5a6+a7a8+a9a10.\begin{gathered}|a_1-a_2|+|a_3-a_4|\\+|a_5-a_6|+|a_7-a_8|\\+|a_9-a_{10}|.\end{gathered} The average value of all such sums can be written in the form pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p+q.

答案:58
知识点:期望值linearity of expectation数对计数
难度评级:1850
小提示:

五个绝对值差具有相同的平均值

Each of the five absolute differences has the same average

大提示:

对随机选取的无序数对,差为 dd 的数对有 10d10-d

For a random unordered pair, difference dd occurs 10d10-d times

解答:

每一对的差都与从 1,,101,\ldots,10 中均匀选取一个无序数对所得差具有相同的期望。因此 Ea1a2=d=19d(10d)(102)=10d=19d45d=19d245=45028545=113\begin{aligned}\mathbb E|a_1-a_2|&=\frac{\sum_{d=1}^9d(10-d)}{\binom{10}{2}}\\&=\frac{10\sum_{d=1}^9d}{45}\\&\quad-\frac{\sum_{d=1}^9d^2}{45}\\&=\frac{450-285}{45}=\frac{11}{3}\end{aligned}\text{。}由期望的线性性质,五项和的平均值为 5113=553\frac{5\cdot11}{3}=\frac{55}{3}。所以 p+q=58p+q=58

Each paired difference has the same expected value as the difference of a uniformly selected unordered pair from 1,,10.1,\ldots,10. Therefore Ea1a2=d=19d(10d)(102)=10d=19d45d=19d245=45028545=113.\begin{aligned}\mathbb E|a_1-a_2|&=\frac{\sum_{d=1}^9d(10-d)}{\binom{10}{2}}\\&=\frac{10\sum_{d=1}^9d}{45}\\&\quad-\frac{\sum_{d=1}^9d^2}{45}\\&=\frac{450-285}{45}=\frac{11}{3}.\end{aligned} By linearity of expectation, the average of the five-term sum is 5113=553.\frac{5\cdot11}{3}=\frac{55}{3}. Thus p+q=58.p+q=58.

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