2007 AIME II 第 12 题

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12.

递增的等比数列 x0x_0、x1x_1、x2x_2、…\ldots 完全由 33 的整数次幂组成。已知 ∑n=07log⁡3(xn)=308\sum_{n=0}^{7} \log_3(x_n) = 308 且 56≤log⁡3(∑n=07xn)≤57,56 \le \log_3\left(\sum_{n=0}^{7} x_n\right) \le 57\text{,}求 log⁡3(x14)\log_3(x_{14})。

The increasing geometric sequence x0,x_0, x1,x_1, x2,x_2, …\ldots consists entirely of integral powers of 3.3. Given that ∑n=07log⁡3(xn)=308\sum_{n=0}^{7} \log_3(x_n) = 308 and 56≤log⁡3(∑n=07xn)≤57,56 \le \log_3\left(\sum_{n=0}^{7} x_n\right) \le 57, find log⁡3(x14).\log_3(x_{14}).

答案:91
知识点:等比数列对数极限情形界定
难度评级:2650
小提示:

写成 xn=3a+bnx_n = 3^{a+bn},其中 aa 为整数,而 b≥1b \ge 1;对数和条件给出 2a+7b=772a + 7b = 77。

Write xn=3a+bnx_n = 3^{a+bn} with integers aa and b≥1;b \ge 1; the log-sum condition gives 2a+7b=772a + 7b = 77

大提示:

和 x0+⋯+x7x_0 + \cdots + x_7 严格大于 x7x_7 且小于 3x73 x_7,所以该和的以 33 为底的对数确定了 a+7ba + 7b。

The sum x0+⋯+x7x_0 + \cdots + x_7 lies strictly between x7x_7 and 3x7,3 x_7, so its base-33 log pins down a+7ba + 7b

解答:

每一项都是 33 的幂,公比也是两个 33 的幂之商,所以 xn=3a+bnx_n = 3^{a + bn},其中 aa 和 bb 为整数;又因为数列递增,b≥1b \ge 1。第一个条件给出 ∑n=07(a+bn)=8a+28b=308,\sum_{n=0}^{7} (a + bn) = 8a + 28b = 308\text{,}即 2a+7b=77。2a + 7b = 77\text{。}

对第二个条件,x7=3a+7bx_7 = 3^{a+7b} 是最大项,并且 x7<∑n=07xn<x7(1+13+19+⋯ )=32 x7<3x7, \begin{aligned} x_7 &\lt \sum_{n=0}^{7} x_n \\ &\lt x_7\left(1 + \tfrac{1}{3} + \tfrac{1}{9} + \cdots\right) \\ &= \tfrac{3}{2}\,x_7 \lt 3x_7 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 log⁡3(∑xn)\log_3\left(\sum x_n\right) 严格介于 a+7ba + 7b 和 a+7b+1a + 7b + 1 之间。给定界限迫使 a+7b=56a + 7b = 56。

从 2a+7b=772a + 7b = 77 中减去它,得 a=21a = 21,进而 b=5b = 5。因此 log⁡3(x14)=a+14b=21+70\log_3(x_{14}) = a + 14b = 21 + 70 =91= 91。

Every term is a power of 33 and the ratio is a quotient of powers of 3,3, so xn=3a+bnx_n = 3^{a + bn} for integers aa and b,b, with b≥1b \ge 1 since the sequence increases. The first condition gives ∑n=07(a+bn)=8a+28b=308,\sum_{n=0}^{7} (a + bn) = 8a + 28b = 308, i.e. 2a+7b=77.2a + 7b = 77.

For the second condition, x7=3a+7bx_7 = 3^{a+7b} is the largest term, and x7<∑n=07xn<x7(1+13+19+⋯ )=32 x7<3x7, \begin{aligned} x_7 &\lt \sum_{n=0}^{7} x_n \\ &\lt x_7\left(1 + \tfrac{1}{3} + \tfrac{1}{9} + \cdots\right) \\ &= \tfrac{3}{2}\,x_7 \lt 3x_7, \end{aligned} so log⁡3(∑xn)\log_3\left(\sum x_n\right) lies strictly between a+7ba + 7b and a+7b+1.a + 7b + 1. The given bounds then force a+7b=56.a + 7b = 56.

Subtracting from 2a+7b=772a + 7b = 77 yields a=21,a = 21, then b=5.b = 5. Therefore log⁡3(x14)=a+14b=21+70\log_3(x_{14}) = a + 14b = 21 + 70 =91.= 91.

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